Research Article
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Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 83 - 91, 25.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.389609

Abstract

References

  • Gebauer T, Horna V, Leuschner C (2008) Variability in radial sap flux density patterns and sapwood area among seven co-occurring temperate broad-leaved tree species. Tree physiology 28:1821-1830.
  • Güney A, Küppers M, Rathgeber C, Şahin M, Zimmermann R (2017) Intra-annual stem growth dynamics of Lebanon Cedar along climatic gradients. Trees 31:587–606.
  • Güney A, Zimmermann R, Krupp A, Haas K (2016) Needle characteristics of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.): degradation of epicuticular waxes and decrease of photosynthetic rates with increasing needle age. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry:40.
  • Horna V, Schuldt B, Brix S, Leuschner C (2011) Environment and tree size controlling stem sap flux in a perhumid tropical forest of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Annals of Forest Science 68:1027-1038.
  • Jonckheere I, Fleck S, Nackaerts K, Muys B, Coppin P, Weiss M, Baret F (2004) Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination: Part I. Theories, sensors and hemispherical photography. Agricultural and forest meteorology 121:19-35.
  • Kantola A, Mäkelä A (2004) Crown development in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Trees 18:408-421.
  • Kaufmann MR, Troendle CA (1981) The relationship of leaf area and foliage biomass to sapwood conducting area in four subalpine forest tree species. Forest Science 27:477-482.
  • Kavgacı A, Başaran S, Başaran M (2010) Cedar forest communities in Western Antalya (Taurus Mountains, Turkey). Plant Biosystems 144:271-287.
  • Köstner B, Falge EM, Alsheimer M, Geyer R, Tenhunen JD Estimating tree canopy water use via xylem sapflow in an old Norway spruce forest and a comparison with simulation-based canopy transpiration estimates. In: Annales des sciences forestières, 1998. vol 1-2. EDP Sciences, pp 125-139.
  • Kutscha NP, Sachs IB (1962) Color tests for differentiating heartwood and sapwood in certain softwood tree species. Madison, Wis.: US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
  • Atalay İ (1987) Sedir (Cedrus libani A. Rich) Ormanlarının Yayılış Gösterdiği Alanlar ve Yakın Çevresinin Genel Ekolojik Özellikleri ile Sedir Tohum Transfer Rejyonlaması. Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını.
  • Lehmann J, Becker G (1993) Xylem-conductive area of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of different age and vitality. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff (Germany).
  • Long JN, Dean TJ (1986) Sapwood area ofPinus contorta stands as a function of mean size and density. Oecologia 68:410-412.
  • Longuetaud F, Mothe F, Leban J-M, Mäkelä A (2006) Picea abies sapwood width: variations within and between trees. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 21:41-53.
  • Mäkelä A, Virtanen K, Nikinmaa E (1995) The effects of ring width, stem position, and stand density on the relationship between foliage biomass and sapwood area in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25:970-977.Matyssek R, Fromm J, Rennenberg H, Roloff A (2010) Biologie der Bäume: von der Zelle zur globalen Ebene vol 8450. UTB.
  • Meinzer F, Goldstein G, Andrade J (2001) Regulation of water flux through tropical forest canopy trees: do universal rules apply? Tree physiology 21:19-26.
  • Messinger J, Güney A, Zimmermann R, Ganser B, Bachmann M, Remmele S, Aas G (2015) Cedrus libani: A promising tree species for Central European forestry facing climate change? European Journal of Forest Research 134:1005-1017.
  • Motzer T, Munz N, Kuppers M, Schmitt D, Anhuf D (2005) Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY-VICTORIA- 25:1283.
  • Phillips N, Oren R, Zimmermann R (1996) Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non‐, diffuse‐and ring‐porous tree species. Plant, cell & environment 19:983-990.
  • Plomion C, Leprovost G, Stokes A (2001) Wood formation in trees. Plant physiology 127:1513-1523.
  • Rodriguez‐Calcerrada J, López R, Salomón R, Gordaliza GG, VALBUENA‐CARABAÑA M, Oleksyn J, Gil L (2015) Stem CO2 efflux in six co‐occurring tree species: underlying factors and ecological implications. Plant, cell & environment 38:1104-1115.
  • Barnard DM, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, McCulloh KA, Johnson DM, Woodruff DR (2011) Climate‐related trends in sapwood biophysical properties in two conifers: avoidance of hydraulic dysfunction through coordinated adjustments in xylem efficiency, safety and capacitance. Plant, cell & environment 34:643-654.
  • Rust S (1999) Comparison of three methods for determining the conductive xylem area of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Forestry 72:103-108.
  • Vertessy R, Benyon R, O'sullivan S, Gribben P (1995) Relationships between stem diameter, sapwood area, leaf area and transpiration in a young mountain ash forest. Tree physiology 15:559-567.
  • Wullschleger SD, McLaughlin SB, Ayres MP (2004) High-resolution analysis of stem increment and sap flow for loblolly pine trees attacked by southern pine beetle. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34:2387-2393.
  • Basaran M et al. (2008) Determining the actual state of Cedar Research Forest Elmali by GIS based digital maps. South-West Anatolia Forest Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey. 331 pages.
  • Boydak M (2003) Regeneration of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) on karstic lands in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management 178:231-243.
  • Boydak M (2007) Reforestation of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) in bare karstic lands by broadcast seeding in Turkey. In : Leone V. (ed.), Lovreglio R. (ed.). Proceedings of the international workshop MEDPINE 3: conservation, regeneration and restoration of Mediterranean pines and their ecosystems. Bari : CIHEAM, 2007. p. 33-42 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 75).
  • Ducci F, Fusaro E, Lucci S, Ricciotti L Strategies for finalizing Conifers experimental tests to the production of improved reproductive materials. In: Proceedings of the Inter. Workshop MEDPINE3“Conservation, Regeneration and restauration of Mediterranean Pines and thei Ecosystems”,(Valenzano-BA, 2005) Options médit., Serie A, 2007. vol 75. pp 99-104.
  • Evcimen BS (1963) Türkiye Sedir ormanlarının ekonomik önemi, hasılat ve amenajman esasları.
  • Ford CR, McGuire MA, Mitchell RJ, Teskey RO (2004) Assessing variation in the radial profile of sap flux density in Pinus species and its effect on daily water use. Tree physiology 24:241-249.
  • Galván J, Camarero JJ, Sangüesa‐Barreda G, Alla AQ, Gutierrez E (2012) Sapwood area drives growth in mountain conifer forests. Journal of Ecology 100:1233-1244.

Sapwood Area Related to Tree Size, Tree Age, and Leaf Area Index in Cedrus libani

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 83 - 91, 25.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.389609

Abstract

Sapwood
includes the water conducting part of the stem which transports water and
minerals from roots to leaves. Studies using sap flow gauges have to determine
the area of the sapwood in order to scale measured sap flow densities to the
tree or stand level. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship
between sapwood area at breast height and other tree parameters which are easy
to measure of the montane Mediterranean conifer Cedrus libani, including a total number of 92 study trees of
different size and age. The study was conducted at four different stands
situated between 1000 and 2000 m altitude in the Elmalı Cedar Research Forest
of Antalya, SW-Turkey. Sapwood area of the sample trees was determined by
extracting two tree cores from opposite directions of the stem using an
increment borer and by visually assessing the wet part of the core. Parameters
measured besides sapwood area were diameter at breast height, stem radius
without bark, sapwood depth, tree basal area, tree height, tree age, and projected
crown area. Furthermore, at each stand, leaf area index (LAI) was determined
using hemispherical photographs of the forest canopy. The most significant
relationship was found between stem radius without bark and sapwood area (R2:
0.94) followed by tree basal area and sapwood area (R2: 0.90).
Although it was the second best predictor, tree basal area should be used to
estimate sapwood area when estimating stand transpiration since it can be
measured faster and without giving damage to the tree. Mean sapwood area and mean
site-specific LAI showed a significant positive correlation. The findings of
this study can be used in ecophysiological studies when transpiration rates of C. libani are measured using sap flow
gauges.

References

  • Gebauer T, Horna V, Leuschner C (2008) Variability in radial sap flux density patterns and sapwood area among seven co-occurring temperate broad-leaved tree species. Tree physiology 28:1821-1830.
  • Güney A, Küppers M, Rathgeber C, Şahin M, Zimmermann R (2017) Intra-annual stem growth dynamics of Lebanon Cedar along climatic gradients. Trees 31:587–606.
  • Güney A, Zimmermann R, Krupp A, Haas K (2016) Needle characteristics of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.): degradation of epicuticular waxes and decrease of photosynthetic rates with increasing needle age. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry:40.
  • Horna V, Schuldt B, Brix S, Leuschner C (2011) Environment and tree size controlling stem sap flux in a perhumid tropical forest of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Annals of Forest Science 68:1027-1038.
  • Jonckheere I, Fleck S, Nackaerts K, Muys B, Coppin P, Weiss M, Baret F (2004) Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination: Part I. Theories, sensors and hemispherical photography. Agricultural and forest meteorology 121:19-35.
  • Kantola A, Mäkelä A (2004) Crown development in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Trees 18:408-421.
  • Kaufmann MR, Troendle CA (1981) The relationship of leaf area and foliage biomass to sapwood conducting area in four subalpine forest tree species. Forest Science 27:477-482.
  • Kavgacı A, Başaran S, Başaran M (2010) Cedar forest communities in Western Antalya (Taurus Mountains, Turkey). Plant Biosystems 144:271-287.
  • Köstner B, Falge EM, Alsheimer M, Geyer R, Tenhunen JD Estimating tree canopy water use via xylem sapflow in an old Norway spruce forest and a comparison with simulation-based canopy transpiration estimates. In: Annales des sciences forestières, 1998. vol 1-2. EDP Sciences, pp 125-139.
  • Kutscha NP, Sachs IB (1962) Color tests for differentiating heartwood and sapwood in certain softwood tree species. Madison, Wis.: US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
  • Atalay İ (1987) Sedir (Cedrus libani A. Rich) Ormanlarının Yayılış Gösterdiği Alanlar ve Yakın Çevresinin Genel Ekolojik Özellikleri ile Sedir Tohum Transfer Rejyonlaması. Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını.
  • Lehmann J, Becker G (1993) Xylem-conductive area of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) of different age and vitality. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff (Germany).
  • Long JN, Dean TJ (1986) Sapwood area ofPinus contorta stands as a function of mean size and density. Oecologia 68:410-412.
  • Longuetaud F, Mothe F, Leban J-M, Mäkelä A (2006) Picea abies sapwood width: variations within and between trees. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 21:41-53.
  • Mäkelä A, Virtanen K, Nikinmaa E (1995) The effects of ring width, stem position, and stand density on the relationship between foliage biomass and sapwood area in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25:970-977.Matyssek R, Fromm J, Rennenberg H, Roloff A (2010) Biologie der Bäume: von der Zelle zur globalen Ebene vol 8450. UTB.
  • Meinzer F, Goldstein G, Andrade J (2001) Regulation of water flux through tropical forest canopy trees: do universal rules apply? Tree physiology 21:19-26.
  • Messinger J, Güney A, Zimmermann R, Ganser B, Bachmann M, Remmele S, Aas G (2015) Cedrus libani: A promising tree species for Central European forestry facing climate change? European Journal of Forest Research 134:1005-1017.
  • Motzer T, Munz N, Kuppers M, Schmitt D, Anhuf D (2005) Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY-VICTORIA- 25:1283.
  • Phillips N, Oren R, Zimmermann R (1996) Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non‐, diffuse‐and ring‐porous tree species. Plant, cell & environment 19:983-990.
  • Plomion C, Leprovost G, Stokes A (2001) Wood formation in trees. Plant physiology 127:1513-1523.
  • Rodriguez‐Calcerrada J, López R, Salomón R, Gordaliza GG, VALBUENA‐CARABAÑA M, Oleksyn J, Gil L (2015) Stem CO2 efflux in six co‐occurring tree species: underlying factors and ecological implications. Plant, cell & environment 38:1104-1115.
  • Barnard DM, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, McCulloh KA, Johnson DM, Woodruff DR (2011) Climate‐related trends in sapwood biophysical properties in two conifers: avoidance of hydraulic dysfunction through coordinated adjustments in xylem efficiency, safety and capacitance. Plant, cell & environment 34:643-654.
  • Rust S (1999) Comparison of three methods for determining the conductive xylem area of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Forestry 72:103-108.
  • Vertessy R, Benyon R, O'sullivan S, Gribben P (1995) Relationships between stem diameter, sapwood area, leaf area and transpiration in a young mountain ash forest. Tree physiology 15:559-567.
  • Wullschleger SD, McLaughlin SB, Ayres MP (2004) High-resolution analysis of stem increment and sap flow for loblolly pine trees attacked by southern pine beetle. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34:2387-2393.
  • Basaran M et al. (2008) Determining the actual state of Cedar Research Forest Elmali by GIS based digital maps. South-West Anatolia Forest Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey. 331 pages.
  • Boydak M (2003) Regeneration of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) on karstic lands in Turkey. Forest Ecology and Management 178:231-243.
  • Boydak M (2007) Reforestation of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) in bare karstic lands by broadcast seeding in Turkey. In : Leone V. (ed.), Lovreglio R. (ed.). Proceedings of the international workshop MEDPINE 3: conservation, regeneration and restoration of Mediterranean pines and their ecosystems. Bari : CIHEAM, 2007. p. 33-42 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 75).
  • Ducci F, Fusaro E, Lucci S, Ricciotti L Strategies for finalizing Conifers experimental tests to the production of improved reproductive materials. In: Proceedings of the Inter. Workshop MEDPINE3“Conservation, Regeneration and restauration of Mediterranean Pines and thei Ecosystems”,(Valenzano-BA, 2005) Options médit., Serie A, 2007. vol 75. pp 99-104.
  • Evcimen BS (1963) Türkiye Sedir ormanlarının ekonomik önemi, hasılat ve amenajman esasları.
  • Ford CR, McGuire MA, Mitchell RJ, Teskey RO (2004) Assessing variation in the radial profile of sap flux density in Pinus species and its effect on daily water use. Tree physiology 24:241-249.
  • Galván J, Camarero JJ, Sangüesa‐Barreda G, Alla AQ, Gutierrez E (2012) Sapwood area drives growth in mountain conifer forests. Journal of Ecology 100:1233-1244.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology, Forest Industry Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aylin Güney

Publication Date March 25, 2018
Acceptance Date March 20, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güney, A. (2018). Sapwood Area Related to Tree Size, Tree Age, and Leaf Area Index in Cedrus libani. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 2(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.389609