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Sınırlı Yetkiye Rağmen Yüksek Kapasite, Üniter Devletlerde Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları: Emilia-Romagna Örneği

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 109 - 134, 31.05.2021

Abstract

Genel olarak üniter devletlerdeki bölgesel kalkınma politikalarının ve kurumlarının bölgelerin kendine özgü özelliklerine yer bırakmadan, merkezin güçlü etkisi altında şekillendiği kabul edilmektedir. Bölgesel kalkınma politikalarının ortaya çıkması ve gelişmesi belli yetki ve sorumlulukların yerel yönetim kademelerine devredilmesini gerektirdiğinden, merkezi yönetimler süreci sıkı bir şekilde kontrol etmeye ve yerel/bölgesel yetkileri kısıtlamaya çalışır. Emilia-Romagna bölgesi ve ERVET, aynı zorluklarla karşılaştılar ancak merkezi kısıtlamaların etkisini azaltacak çeşitli yöntem ve araçları aşamalı olarak keşfettikleri bir politika öğrenme süreci yaşadılar. ERVET'in yapısını ve faaliyetlerini analiz eden bu makale, genel kabul gördüğü gibi merkezi yönetimin bölgesel kalkınma politikalarının tek belirleyicisi olmayabileceğini iddia ediyor. BKA’lar bölgenin kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik özelliklerini idari yapılarına ve politikalarına etkili bir şekilde eklemlerse ve kalkınma öncelikleri üzerinde bölgesel bir fikir birliği yaratırsa, merkezi hükümetin tahsis ettiğinden daha etkin bir rol oynayabilir ve bölgesel kalkınmanın şekillenmesinde oldukça etkili olabilirler.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

BİDEP2219

References

  • Amin, Ash. 1999. “The Emilian Model: Institutional Challenges.” European Planning Studies 7 (4): 389-405.
  • Ansell, Chris. 2000. “The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe.” Governance 13(2): 279–293.
  • Asheim, Bjorn T. and Meric S. Gertler. 2005. The Geography of Innovation: Regional Innovation Systems. In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, eds. Fagenberg, Jan and David C. Mowery, 292-318. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bache, Ian. 1999. “The Extended Gatekeeper: Central Government and the Implementation of EC Regional Policy in Britain.” Journal of European Public Policy 6 (1): 28–45.
  • Bailey, David and Lisa De Propris. 2002. “EU Structural Funds, Regional Capabilities and Enlargement: Towards Multi-level Governance?” Journal of European Integration 24(4): 303-324.
  • Bardi, Andrea and Silvano Bertini. 2004. “Regional Development and Industrial Clusters in Global Competition” IVth RLDWL Congress: Transnational Co-operation on Social Regulation. University of Durban Westville.
  • Bauer, Michael W. 2002. “The EU ‘Partnership Principle’: Still a Sustainable Governance Device Across Multiple Administrative Arenas.” Public Administration 80 (4): 769–789.
  • Bellini, Nicola. 1990. The Management of the Economy in Emilia-Romagna: The PCI and the Regional Experience. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y.Nanetti, 109-123. London: Pinter.
  • Bellini, Nicola, Maria Grazia Giordani and Francesca Pasquini. 1990. The Industrial Policy of Emilia- Romagna: The Business Service Centres. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y.Nanetti, 171-186. London: Pinter.
  • Bellini, Nicola. 1996. “Regional Economic Policies and the Non-linearity of History.” European Planning Studies 4(1): 63-73.
  • Bellini, Nicola and Franceska Pasquini. 1998. The Case of ERVET in Emilia-Romagna: Towards a Second- Generation Regional Development Agency. In Regional Development Agencies in Europe, eds. Halkier, Henrik, Mike Danson and Charlotte Damborg, 253-270. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Bianchi, Patrizio and Maria Grazia Giordani. 1993. “Innovation Policy at the Local and National Levels: The Case of Emilia-Romagna.” European Planning Studies 1(1): 25-41.
  • Bianchi, Patrizio and Giuseppina Gualteri. 1990. Emilia-Romagna and its Industrial Districts: The Evolution of a Model. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 83-108. London: Pinter.
  • Brusco, Sebastiano. 1982. “The Emilian Model: Productive Decentralisation and Social Integration.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 6: 167-184.
  • Bruszt, Laszlo. 2008. “Multi-level Governance — The Eastern Versions: Emerging Patterns of Regional Developmental Governance in the New Member States.” Regional & Federal Studies 18(5): 607-627.
  • Ciaffi, Andrea. 2001. “Multi-level Governance in Italy: The Case of Marche.” Regional & Federal Studies 11(2): 115-146.
  • Cooke, Philip. 2001. “From Technopoles to Regional Innovation Systems: The Evolution of Localised Technology Development Policy.” Canadian Journal of Regional Science/Revue canadienne des sciences régionales XXIV (1): 21-40.
  • Cooke, Philip. 1996. “Building a Twenty-first Century Regional Economy in Emilia-Romagna.” European Planning Studies 4 (1): 53-62.
  • Cooke, Philip. 1995. “The New Wave of Regional Innovation Networks: Analysis, Characteristics, and Strategy.” Small Business Economics 8: 159-171.
  • Cooke, Philip and Kevin Morgan. 1998. The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions and Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. Cooke, Philip and Kevin Morgan. 1994. Growth Regions under Duress: Renewal Strategies in Baden Württemberg and Emilia-Romagna. In Globalization, Institutions and Regional Development in Europe, eds. Amin, Ash and Nigel Thrift, 91-117. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cossentino, Francesco. 1996. The Need for a New Regulatory and Institutional Order. In Local and Regional Response to Global Pressure: The Case of Italy and its Industrial Districts, eds. Cossentino, Francesco, Frank Pyke and Werner Sengenberger, 99-110. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies. Dente, Bruno. 1997. “Sub‐national Governments in the Long Italian Transition.” West European Politics 20(1): 176-193.
  • Desideri, Carlo and Vincenzo Santantonio. 1996. “Building a Third Level in Europe: Prospects and Difficulties in Italy.” Regional & Federal Studies 6(2): 96-116.
  • Garmise, Shari O. 1995. Economic Development Strategies in Emilia-Romagna. In The Regions and the New Europe: Patterns in Core and Periphery Development, eds. Rhodes, Martin, 136-165. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Groppi, Tania and Nicoletta Scattone. 2003. “Italy: The Subsidiarity Principle.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 4(1): 131–137.
  • Grabbe, Heather. 2001. “How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity.” Journal of European Public Policy 8(6): 1013-1031.
  • Heidenrich, Martin. 1996. “Beyond Flexible Specialization: The Rearrangement of Regional Production Orders in Emilia‐Romagna and Baden‐Württemberg.” European Planning Studies 4(4): 401-419.
  • Hesse, Joachim J. 1998. Rebuilding the State: Administrative Reform in Central and Eastern Europe. In Preparing Public Administration for the European Administrative Space. Sigma Papers, No.23: 168-179. Paris: OECD URL: http://unpan1.un.org/introdoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan006800.pdf
  • Ieraci, Giuseppe. 1998. “European Integration and the Relationship between State and Regions in Italy: The Interplay between National and Common Agricultural Policies.” Regional & Federal Studies 8(2): 21-33. Keating, Michael. 1988. “Does Regional Government Work? The Experience of Italy, France and Spain.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy Administration 1 (2): 184-204.
  • Kogan, Norman. 1975. “Impact of the New Italian Regional Governments on the Structure of Power within the Parties.” Comparative Politics 7(3): 383-406.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. 2008. “A Governance Perspective on the European Neighbourhood Policy: Integration beyond Conditionality.” Journal of European Public Policy 15(6): 938-55.
  • Leonardi, Robert. 1990. Political Developments and Institutional Change in Emilia- Romagna, 1970-1990. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 13-38. London: Pinter.
  • Loughlin, John. 2001. Italy: The Crisis of the Second Republic. In Subnational Democracy in the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities, eds. John Loughlin, 221-229. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Marzocchi, Chiara. 2009. The Evolution of an Innovation Policy in a Local System of Production. The Case of the Regional Programme for Industrial Research, Innovation and Technology Transfer. PhD Thesis. Ferrara: Universita Ferrara.
  • Mattei, Paola. 2004. “Changing Pattern of Centre–periphery Relations in Italy: Sidney Tarrow Revisited.” Regional & Federal Studies 14(4): 538-553. Mazzonis, Daniele. 1996. The Changing Role of ERVET in Emilia-Romagna. In Local and Regional Response to Global Pressure: The Case of Italy and its Industrial Districts, eds. Cossentino, Francesco, Frank Pyke and Werner Sengenberger, 131-142. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
  • Piattoni, Simona and Marc Smyrl. 2003. Building Effective Institutions. Italian Regions and EU Structural Funds. In Between Europeanization and Local Societies. The Space for Territorial Governance, eds. Bukowski, Jeanie J., Simona Piattoni and Marc E. Smyrl, 133-156. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
  • Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Y. Nanetti and Franco Pavoncello. 1983. “Explaining Institutional Success: The Case of Italian Regional Government.” The American Political Science Review 77 (1): 55-74.
  • Rinaldi, Alberto. 2005. “The Emilian Model Revisited: Twenty Years After.” Business History 47 (2): 244-266. Russo, Margherita, Giorgio Allari, Silvano Bertini, Paolo Bonaretti, Elio De Leo, Giuseppe Fiorani and Gianni Rinaldini. 2000. “The Challenges for the Next Decade Notes for a Debate on the Development of the Emilia-Romagna Region.” Concepts and Transformation 5 (1): 65–95.
  • Zariski, Raphael. 1985. “Approaches to the Problem of Local Autonomy: The Lessons of Italian Regional Devolution.” West European Politics 8 (3): 64-81.

Higher Capacity with Limited Competence, Regional Development Agencies in Unitary States: The Case of The Emilia-Romagna

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 109 - 134, 31.05.2021

Abstract

It is generally accepted that regional development policies and institutions in unitary states are shaped under potent influence of the centre without leaving any room for peculiar characteristics of the regions. As introduction of regional development policies preconditions devolution of some power to sub-national administrative tiers, central governments seek to strictly control the process and restraint the regional competencies. Region of Emilia-Romagna and ERVET confronted with the same difficulties and experienced a policy learning process during which they incrementally discovered various methods and instruments of policy to diminish the influence of the central constraints. Upon the analysis of ERVET, this article claims that the national government would not necessarily be the sole determinant of the regional development policies as generally accepted. If RDAs efficiently integrate political, cultural, social and economic particularities of the region into its administrative structures and policies and create a regional consensus upon their priorities, it would become more likely that they can play a remarkable role to exploit more power than central government allocated, and they can become rather influential in shaping regional development.

Project Number

BİDEP2219

References

  • Amin, Ash. 1999. “The Emilian Model: Institutional Challenges.” European Planning Studies 7 (4): 389-405.
  • Ansell, Chris. 2000. “The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe.” Governance 13(2): 279–293.
  • Asheim, Bjorn T. and Meric S. Gertler. 2005. The Geography of Innovation: Regional Innovation Systems. In The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, eds. Fagenberg, Jan and David C. Mowery, 292-318. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bache, Ian. 1999. “The Extended Gatekeeper: Central Government and the Implementation of EC Regional Policy in Britain.” Journal of European Public Policy 6 (1): 28–45.
  • Bailey, David and Lisa De Propris. 2002. “EU Structural Funds, Regional Capabilities and Enlargement: Towards Multi-level Governance?” Journal of European Integration 24(4): 303-324.
  • Bardi, Andrea and Silvano Bertini. 2004. “Regional Development and Industrial Clusters in Global Competition” IVth RLDWL Congress: Transnational Co-operation on Social Regulation. University of Durban Westville.
  • Bauer, Michael W. 2002. “The EU ‘Partnership Principle’: Still a Sustainable Governance Device Across Multiple Administrative Arenas.” Public Administration 80 (4): 769–789.
  • Bellini, Nicola. 1990. The Management of the Economy in Emilia-Romagna: The PCI and the Regional Experience. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y.Nanetti, 109-123. London: Pinter.
  • Bellini, Nicola, Maria Grazia Giordani and Francesca Pasquini. 1990. The Industrial Policy of Emilia- Romagna: The Business Service Centres. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y.Nanetti, 171-186. London: Pinter.
  • Bellini, Nicola. 1996. “Regional Economic Policies and the Non-linearity of History.” European Planning Studies 4(1): 63-73.
  • Bellini, Nicola and Franceska Pasquini. 1998. The Case of ERVET in Emilia-Romagna: Towards a Second- Generation Regional Development Agency. In Regional Development Agencies in Europe, eds. Halkier, Henrik, Mike Danson and Charlotte Damborg, 253-270. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Bianchi, Patrizio and Maria Grazia Giordani. 1993. “Innovation Policy at the Local and National Levels: The Case of Emilia-Romagna.” European Planning Studies 1(1): 25-41.
  • Bianchi, Patrizio and Giuseppina Gualteri. 1990. Emilia-Romagna and its Industrial Districts: The Evolution of a Model. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia-Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 83-108. London: Pinter.
  • Brusco, Sebastiano. 1982. “The Emilian Model: Productive Decentralisation and Social Integration.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 6: 167-184.
  • Bruszt, Laszlo. 2008. “Multi-level Governance — The Eastern Versions: Emerging Patterns of Regional Developmental Governance in the New Member States.” Regional & Federal Studies 18(5): 607-627.
  • Ciaffi, Andrea. 2001. “Multi-level Governance in Italy: The Case of Marche.” Regional & Federal Studies 11(2): 115-146.
  • Cooke, Philip. 2001. “From Technopoles to Regional Innovation Systems: The Evolution of Localised Technology Development Policy.” Canadian Journal of Regional Science/Revue canadienne des sciences régionales XXIV (1): 21-40.
  • Cooke, Philip. 1996. “Building a Twenty-first Century Regional Economy in Emilia-Romagna.” European Planning Studies 4 (1): 53-62.
  • Cooke, Philip. 1995. “The New Wave of Regional Innovation Networks: Analysis, Characteristics, and Strategy.” Small Business Economics 8: 159-171.
  • Cooke, Philip and Kevin Morgan. 1998. The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions and Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. Cooke, Philip and Kevin Morgan. 1994. Growth Regions under Duress: Renewal Strategies in Baden Württemberg and Emilia-Romagna. In Globalization, Institutions and Regional Development in Europe, eds. Amin, Ash and Nigel Thrift, 91-117. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cossentino, Francesco. 1996. The Need for a New Regulatory and Institutional Order. In Local and Regional Response to Global Pressure: The Case of Italy and its Industrial Districts, eds. Cossentino, Francesco, Frank Pyke and Werner Sengenberger, 99-110. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies. Dente, Bruno. 1997. “Sub‐national Governments in the Long Italian Transition.” West European Politics 20(1): 176-193.
  • Desideri, Carlo and Vincenzo Santantonio. 1996. “Building a Third Level in Europe: Prospects and Difficulties in Italy.” Regional & Federal Studies 6(2): 96-116.
  • Garmise, Shari O. 1995. Economic Development Strategies in Emilia-Romagna. In The Regions and the New Europe: Patterns in Core and Periphery Development, eds. Rhodes, Martin, 136-165. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Groppi, Tania and Nicoletta Scattone. 2003. “Italy: The Subsidiarity Principle.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 4(1): 131–137.
  • Grabbe, Heather. 2001. “How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity.” Journal of European Public Policy 8(6): 1013-1031.
  • Heidenrich, Martin. 1996. “Beyond Flexible Specialization: The Rearrangement of Regional Production Orders in Emilia‐Romagna and Baden‐Württemberg.” European Planning Studies 4(4): 401-419.
  • Hesse, Joachim J. 1998. Rebuilding the State: Administrative Reform in Central and Eastern Europe. In Preparing Public Administration for the European Administrative Space. Sigma Papers, No.23: 168-179. Paris: OECD URL: http://unpan1.un.org/introdoc/groups/public/documents/nispacee/unpan006800.pdf
  • Ieraci, Giuseppe. 1998. “European Integration and the Relationship between State and Regions in Italy: The Interplay between National and Common Agricultural Policies.” Regional & Federal Studies 8(2): 21-33. Keating, Michael. 1988. “Does Regional Government Work? The Experience of Italy, France and Spain.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy Administration 1 (2): 184-204.
  • Kogan, Norman. 1975. “Impact of the New Italian Regional Governments on the Structure of Power within the Parties.” Comparative Politics 7(3): 383-406.
  • Lavenex, Sandra. 2008. “A Governance Perspective on the European Neighbourhood Policy: Integration beyond Conditionality.” Journal of European Public Policy 15(6): 938-55.
  • Leonardi, Robert. 1990. Political Developments and Institutional Change in Emilia- Romagna, 1970-1990. In The Region and European Integration: The Case of Emilia Romagna, eds. Leonardi, Robert and Raffaella Y. Nanetti, 13-38. London: Pinter.
  • Loughlin, John. 2001. Italy: The Crisis of the Second Republic. In Subnational Democracy in the European Union: Challenges and Opportunities, eds. John Loughlin, 221-229. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Marzocchi, Chiara. 2009. The Evolution of an Innovation Policy in a Local System of Production. The Case of the Regional Programme for Industrial Research, Innovation and Technology Transfer. PhD Thesis. Ferrara: Universita Ferrara.
  • Mattei, Paola. 2004. “Changing Pattern of Centre–periphery Relations in Italy: Sidney Tarrow Revisited.” Regional & Federal Studies 14(4): 538-553. Mazzonis, Daniele. 1996. The Changing Role of ERVET in Emilia-Romagna. In Local and Regional Response to Global Pressure: The Case of Italy and its Industrial Districts, eds. Cossentino, Francesco, Frank Pyke and Werner Sengenberger, 131-142. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
  • Piattoni, Simona and Marc Smyrl. 2003. Building Effective Institutions. Italian Regions and EU Structural Funds. In Between Europeanization and Local Societies. The Space for Territorial Governance, eds. Bukowski, Jeanie J., Simona Piattoni and Marc E. Smyrl, 133-156. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
  • Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Y. Nanetti and Franco Pavoncello. 1983. “Explaining Institutional Success: The Case of Italian Regional Government.” The American Political Science Review 77 (1): 55-74.
  • Rinaldi, Alberto. 2005. “The Emilian Model Revisited: Twenty Years After.” Business History 47 (2): 244-266. Russo, Margherita, Giorgio Allari, Silvano Bertini, Paolo Bonaretti, Elio De Leo, Giuseppe Fiorani and Gianni Rinaldini. 2000. “The Challenges for the Next Decade Notes for a Debate on the Development of the Emilia-Romagna Region.” Concepts and Transformation 5 (1): 65–95.
  • Zariski, Raphael. 1985. “Approaches to the Problem of Local Autonomy: The Lessons of Italian Regional Devolution.” West European Politics 8 (3): 64-81.
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aziz Tuncer 0000-0003-1795-3724

Project Number BİDEP2219
Publication Date May 31, 2021
Submission Date April 13, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tuncer, A. (2021). Higher Capacity with Limited Competence, Regional Development Agencies in Unitary States: The Case of The Emilia-Romagna. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 109-134.

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