Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Combination of the Optics of Ibn Sīnā and Ibn al-Haytham in the Ottoman Classical Period: Exemplification of Theoretical and Experimental Results

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 57 - 92, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14586567

Abstract

Avicenna (d. 428/1037) and Ibn al-Haytham (d. 432/1040 [?]), two names pointed out by pioneering research on the science of optics, seem to be the most fundamental sources in the optical texts written in the Ottoman classical period in the Mashshāʾī, Kalāmī, Illuminationist, and Manāẓir genres. Although a complete list of the optical problems that these two pioneers dealt with is not yet available, research shows that Avi¬cenna’s and Ibn al-Haytham’s optics were composed differently on theoretical and experimental issues. In the synthesis applied to Avicenna and Ibn al-Haytham’s optics, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) stands out in theoretical optics and Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (d. 718/1319) in experimental optics. This study aims to point out the different routes of circulation of four of the optical problems of Avicenna and Ibn al-Haytham’s optics, which were compounded by al-Rāzī and al-Fārisī and circulated thanks to Ottoman scholars: the varieties of light, the relation between light and colour, the rainbow, and the halo.

References

  • Arıkan, Mehmet. “Kadızâde–i Rûmî”. Temel İslam Ansiklopedisi. ed. Tuncay Başoğlu. 4/538. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2019.
  • Aydın, Sena. Işığın Hakikatini Aramak: Osmanlılarda Gökkuşağı, Hâle ve Renk Sorunları (1300–1600). İstanbul: İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2024.
  • el–Bizri, Nader. “Grosseteste’s Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al–Haytham”. Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages. ed. Jack Cunningham – Mark Hock-null. 21–39. Dordrecht: Springer, 2016.
  • Boyer, Carl. The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.
  • Bozhüyük, Mehmet Emin. “Kemaleddin el–Fârisî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 10 Ekim 2024. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kemaleddin–el–fari¬si
  • Cürcânî, Seyyid Şerif. Şerhu’l–mevâkıf: Mevâkıf Şerhi. çev. Ömer Türker. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2015.
  • Çelebi, Kutbüddin. Risâle fî’l–hâle ve kavsi kuzâh. İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Ayasofya, 2414.
  • Fârisî, Kemâleddin Hasan b. b. Ali b. Hasan Kemâleddin. Tenkîhu’l–Menâzır li–Zevi’l–Ebsâr ve’l–Basâir. İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Ayasofya, 2598.
  • Fârisî, Kemâleddin Hasan b. Ali b. Hasan Kemâleddin. Kitâbu’l–Besâir fî ‘ilmi’l–menâ¬zır. thk. Mustafa el–Mevalidi. Kuveyt: Müessesetü’l–Kuveyt li’t–Tekaddümi’l–İlmi, 2009.
  • Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. “İlm–i Menâzır”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 10 Ekim 2024. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ilm–i–menazir#2–osmanlilarda
  • Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. “Mîrim Çelebi”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 10 Ekim 2024. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mirim–celebi
  • Hanoğlu, İsmail. Fahruddin er–Razi’nin Kitâbu’l–Mulahhas fi’l–Mantık ve’l–Hikme Adlı Eserinin Tahkiki ve Değerlendirmesi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2009.
  • İbn Sînâ. Kitâbu’ş–Şifâ, et–Tabîʿiyyât: el–Meʿâdin ve’l–âsâru’l–ʿulviyye. nşr. Abdülhalîm Müntasır vd. Kahire: Matbaatü’l–Amiriyye, 1965.
  • İbn Sînâ. Kitâbu’ş–Şifâ, et–Tabîʿiyyât: en–Nefs. nşr. Georges C. Anawati – Saîd Zâyid. Kahire: Matbaatü’l–Amiriyye, 1975.
  • İbn Sînâ. Kitabü’ş–Şifâ: Nefs, haz. Mehmet Zahit Tiryaki. Ankara: TÜBA, 2021.
  • İbnü’l–Heysem, Ebû Alî Muhammed b. el–Hasen b. el–Hasen b. el–Heysem el–Basrî el–Mısrî. Makâle fî kavsi kuzâh. İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Atıf Efendi, 1714.
  • Kheirandish, Elaheh. “Footprints of ‘Experiment’ in Early Arabic Optics”. Early Science and Medicine 14/1 (2009), 79–104.
  • Kuşcu, Alaeddin Ali b. Muhammed. Şerhu Tecrîdu’l–‘akâid: el–meşhûr bi’ş–Şerhi’l–ce¬dîd. thk. Muhammed Hüseyin el–Zirai‘ el–Riḍai. Tahran: İntişârât–ı Râid, 1398.
  • Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan. “Ibn al–Haytham Founder of Physiological Optics?”. Light–Based Science, Technology and Sustainable Development the Legacy of Ibn al–Haytham. ed. Azzedine Boudrioua vd. 63–108. Florida: CRC Press, 2017.
  • Lindberg, David C. “The Intromission–Extramission Controversy in Islamic Visual Theory: Alkindi versus Avicenna”. Studies in the History of Medieval Optics. 137– 159. London: Variorum Reprints, 1983.
  • Lindberg, David C. “Galenists and Aristotelians in Islam”. Theories of Vision from Al–Kindi to Kepler. 33–57. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
  • Malik, Saira. Technical Terminology in Medieval Arabic Science: The Case of Kamāl al–Dīn al–Fārisī. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Doktora Tezi, 2008.
  • Mihas, Pavlos. “Developing Ideas of Refraction, Lenses and Rainbow Through the Use of Historical Resources”. Science & Education 17/7 (Ağustos 2008), 751–777.
  • Râşid, Rüşdî. “Kamāl al Dīn al-Fārisī”, Dictionary of Scientific Biography. ed. Charles Coulston Gillispie. 1/212–219. New York: Scribners, 1970.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. Kitâbu’l–Mulahhas fî’l–mantık ve’l–hikme, İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kü¬tüphanesi, Kılıç Ali Paşa, 313.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. el–Mebâhisu’l–meşrikiyye fî ‘ilmi’l–ilâhiyyât ve’t–tabîiyyât. nşr. M. M. el–Bağdâdî. Beyrut: Dârü‘l–Kitâbi‘l–Arabî, 1990.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. Câmi‘u’l–‘ulûm. nşr. S. Ali Âl–i Dâvûd. Tahran: Bünyâd–i Mevkûfât–i Duktur Mahmûd Efşâr, 2003–2004.
  • Sabra, A. I. The Optics of Ibn al–Haytham: Books I–III, on Direct Vision. London: The War¬burg Institute University of London, 1989.
  • Sabra, A. I. The Optics of Ibn al–Haytham Books IV–V, On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. ed. Jan P. Hogendijk. London: Warburg Institute, 2023.
  • Sayılı, Aydın. “A Possible Influence, in the Field of Physiological Optics, of Ibn Sînâ on Ibn al–Haytham”. Belleten 47/187 (Temmuz 1983), 665–676.
  • Smith, Mark. “Alhacen’s Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen’s ‘De aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāẓir’: Volume One”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 91/4 (2001), 1–337.
  • Smith, Mark. “Alhacen’s Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen’s ‘De aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāẓ ir’: Volume Two”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 91/5 (2001), 339–819.
  • Smith, A. Mark. “Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with Eng¬lish Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen’s ‘De Aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāẓir’ Volume Two: English Translation”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 96/3 (2006)289–293, 295–375, 377–485, 487–519, 521–613, 615, 617–647, 649, 651–685, 687–697.
  • Smith, A. Mark. “Alhacen on Image–Formation and Distortion in Mirrors: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen’s ‘De Aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitab al–Manazir’ Volume Two: English Translation”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 98/1 (2008), 155–259, 261–327, 329–335, 337, 339–357, 359–369, 371–393.
  • Smith, A. Mark. “Alhacen On Rrefraction: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen’s ‘De Aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Ver¬sion of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāzir’ Volume Two: English Translation”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 100/2 (2010), 213–331, 333– 397, 399, 401–451, 453, 455–491, 493, 495–535, 537–550.
  • Şenel, Kübra. Fahreddin Razi’nin Düşüncesinde Eflatuncu İdeler. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2015.
  • Teftâzânî, Saʿdeddin. Şerhu’l–makâsıd. nşr. Abdurrahman Umeyre. 5. Cilt. Beyrut: Âlemü’l–Kütüb, 1409/1989.
  • Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi. “Kamal al–Din al–Farisi’s Explanation of the Rainbow”. Bilim ve Felsefe Dergisi 1/2 (1992), 103–112.
  • Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi. “Mîrim Çelebi’nin Gökkuşağı ve Hâlenin Oluşumu Adlı Optik Kitabı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. AÜ Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi: OTAM 13, (2002), 75–89.

Osmanlı Klasik Dönem Optik Biliminde İbn Sînâ ve İbnü’l–Heysem Terkibi: Teorik ve Deneysel Sonuçların Örneklendirilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 57 - 92, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14586567

Abstract

Optik ilmine dair öncü araştırmaların işaret ettiği iki isim olan İbn Sînâ (ö. 428/1037) ve İbnü’l-Heysem (ö. 432/1040 [?]), Osmanlı klasik döneminde Meşşâî, Kelâmî, İşrâkî, Menâzırî türlerde yazılan optik metinlerinin en temel kaynakları olarak gözükmektedir. Bu iki zirve ismin ilgilenmiş oldukları optik problemlerinin tam bir listesi henüz mevcut olmamakla birlikte yapılan araştırmalar, İbn Sînâ ve İbnü’l-Heysem optiğinin teorik ve deneysel konularda farklı şekilde terkip edildiğini göstermektedir. İbn Sînâ ve İbnü’l-Heysem optiğine uygulanan sentezde teorik optikte Fahreddin Râzî (ö. 606/1210), deneysel optikte ise Kemâleddin Fârisî (ö. 718/1319) ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, İbn Sînâ ve İbnü’l-Heysem optiğinin, Râzî ve Fârisî eliyle terkip edilen ve Osmanlı bilginleri sayesinde dolaşımda olan optik problemlerinden ışığın çeşitleri, ışık-renk ilişkisi, gökkuşağı ve hâle olmak üzere dört problemin farklı dolaşım rotalarına işaret etmeyi hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Arıkan, Mehmet. “Kadızâde–i Rûmî”. Temel İslam Ansiklopedisi. ed. Tuncay Başoğlu. 4/538. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2019.
  • Aydın, Sena. Işığın Hakikatini Aramak: Osmanlılarda Gökkuşağı, Hâle ve Renk Sorunları (1300–1600). İstanbul: İbn Haldun Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2024.
  • el–Bizri, Nader. “Grosseteste’s Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al–Haytham”. Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages. ed. Jack Cunningham – Mark Hock-null. 21–39. Dordrecht: Springer, 2016.
  • Boyer, Carl. The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.
  • Bozhüyük, Mehmet Emin. “Kemaleddin el–Fârisî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 10 Ekim 2024. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kemaleddin–el–fari¬si
  • Cürcânî, Seyyid Şerif. Şerhu’l–mevâkıf: Mevâkıf Şerhi. çev. Ömer Türker. İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, 2015.
  • Çelebi, Kutbüddin. Risâle fî’l–hâle ve kavsi kuzâh. İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Ayasofya, 2414.
  • Fârisî, Kemâleddin Hasan b. b. Ali b. Hasan Kemâleddin. Tenkîhu’l–Menâzır li–Zevi’l–Ebsâr ve’l–Basâir. İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Ayasofya, 2598.
  • Fârisî, Kemâleddin Hasan b. Ali b. Hasan Kemâleddin. Kitâbu’l–Besâir fî ‘ilmi’l–menâ¬zır. thk. Mustafa el–Mevalidi. Kuveyt: Müessesetü’l–Kuveyt li’t–Tekaddümi’l–İlmi, 2009.
  • Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. “İlm–i Menâzır”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 10 Ekim 2024. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ilm–i–menazir#2–osmanlilarda
  • Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. “Mîrim Çelebi”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Erişim 10 Ekim 2024. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mirim–celebi
  • Hanoğlu, İsmail. Fahruddin er–Razi’nin Kitâbu’l–Mulahhas fi’l–Mantık ve’l–Hikme Adlı Eserinin Tahkiki ve Değerlendirmesi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2009.
  • İbn Sînâ. Kitâbu’ş–Şifâ, et–Tabîʿiyyât: el–Meʿâdin ve’l–âsâru’l–ʿulviyye. nşr. Abdülhalîm Müntasır vd. Kahire: Matbaatü’l–Amiriyye, 1965.
  • İbn Sînâ. Kitâbu’ş–Şifâ, et–Tabîʿiyyât: en–Nefs. nşr. Georges C. Anawati – Saîd Zâyid. Kahire: Matbaatü’l–Amiriyye, 1975.
  • İbn Sînâ. Kitabü’ş–Şifâ: Nefs, haz. Mehmet Zahit Tiryaki. Ankara: TÜBA, 2021.
  • İbnü’l–Heysem, Ebû Alî Muhammed b. el–Hasen b. el–Hasen b. el–Heysem el–Basrî el–Mısrî. Makâle fî kavsi kuzâh. İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Atıf Efendi, 1714.
  • Kheirandish, Elaheh. “Footprints of ‘Experiment’ in Early Arabic Optics”. Early Science and Medicine 14/1 (2009), 79–104.
  • Kuşcu, Alaeddin Ali b. Muhammed. Şerhu Tecrîdu’l–‘akâid: el–meşhûr bi’ş–Şerhi’l–ce¬dîd. thk. Muhammed Hüseyin el–Zirai‘ el–Riḍai. Tahran: İntişârât–ı Râid, 1398.
  • Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan. “Ibn al–Haytham Founder of Physiological Optics?”. Light–Based Science, Technology and Sustainable Development the Legacy of Ibn al–Haytham. ed. Azzedine Boudrioua vd. 63–108. Florida: CRC Press, 2017.
  • Lindberg, David C. “The Intromission–Extramission Controversy in Islamic Visual Theory: Alkindi versus Avicenna”. Studies in the History of Medieval Optics. 137– 159. London: Variorum Reprints, 1983.
  • Lindberg, David C. “Galenists and Aristotelians in Islam”. Theories of Vision from Al–Kindi to Kepler. 33–57. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
  • Malik, Saira. Technical Terminology in Medieval Arabic Science: The Case of Kamāl al–Dīn al–Fārisī. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Doktora Tezi, 2008.
  • Mihas, Pavlos. “Developing Ideas of Refraction, Lenses and Rainbow Through the Use of Historical Resources”. Science & Education 17/7 (Ağustos 2008), 751–777.
  • Râşid, Rüşdî. “Kamāl al Dīn al-Fārisī”, Dictionary of Scientific Biography. ed. Charles Coulston Gillispie. 1/212–219. New York: Scribners, 1970.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. Kitâbu’l–Mulahhas fî’l–mantık ve’l–hikme, İstanbul: Süleymaniye Kü¬tüphanesi, Kılıç Ali Paşa, 313.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. el–Mebâhisu’l–meşrikiyye fî ‘ilmi’l–ilâhiyyât ve’t–tabîiyyât. nşr. M. M. el–Bağdâdî. Beyrut: Dârü‘l–Kitâbi‘l–Arabî, 1990.
  • Râzî, Fahreddin. Câmi‘u’l–‘ulûm. nşr. S. Ali Âl–i Dâvûd. Tahran: Bünyâd–i Mevkûfât–i Duktur Mahmûd Efşâr, 2003–2004.
  • Sabra, A. I. The Optics of Ibn al–Haytham: Books I–III, on Direct Vision. London: The War¬burg Institute University of London, 1989.
  • Sabra, A. I. The Optics of Ibn al–Haytham Books IV–V, On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. ed. Jan P. Hogendijk. London: Warburg Institute, 2023.
  • Sayılı, Aydın. “A Possible Influence, in the Field of Physiological Optics, of Ibn Sînâ on Ibn al–Haytham”. Belleten 47/187 (Temmuz 1983), 665–676.
  • Smith, Mark. “Alhacen’s Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen’s ‘De aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāẓir’: Volume One”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 91/4 (2001), 1–337.
  • Smith, Mark. “Alhacen’s Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen’s ‘De aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāẓ ir’: Volume Two”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 91/5 (2001), 339–819.
  • Smith, A. Mark. “Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with Eng¬lish Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen’s ‘De Aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāẓir’ Volume Two: English Translation”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 96/3 (2006)289–293, 295–375, 377–485, 487–519, 521–613, 615, 617–647, 649, 651–685, 687–697.
  • Smith, A. Mark. “Alhacen on Image–Formation and Distortion in Mirrors: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Book 6 of Alhacen’s ‘De Aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitab al–Manazir’ Volume Two: English Translation”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 98/1 (2008), 155–259, 261–327, 329–335, 337, 339–357, 359–369, 371–393.
  • Smith, A. Mark. “Alhacen On Rrefraction: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Book 7 of Alhacen’s ‘De Aspectibus’, the Medieval Latin Ver¬sion of Ibn al–Haytham’s ‘Kitāb al–Manāzir’ Volume Two: English Translation”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 100/2 (2010), 213–331, 333– 397, 399, 401–451, 453, 455–491, 493, 495–535, 537–550.
  • Şenel, Kübra. Fahreddin Razi’nin Düşüncesinde Eflatuncu İdeler. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2015.
  • Teftâzânî, Saʿdeddin. Şerhu’l–makâsıd. nşr. Abdurrahman Umeyre. 5. Cilt. Beyrut: Âlemü’l–Kütüb, 1409/1989.
  • Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi. “Kamal al–Din al–Farisi’s Explanation of the Rainbow”. Bilim ve Felsefe Dergisi 1/2 (1992), 103–112.
  • Topdemir, Hüseyin Gazi. “Mîrim Çelebi’nin Gökkuşağı ve Hâlenin Oluşumu Adlı Optik Kitabı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. AÜ Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi: OTAM 13, (2002), 75–89.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Science
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sena Aydın 0000-0003-3851-0682

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date November 6, 2024
Acceptance Date November 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Aydın, Sena. “Osmanlı Klasik Dönem Optik Biliminde İbn Sînâ Ve İbnü’l–Heysem Terkibi: Teorik Ve Deneysel Sonuçların Örneklendirilmesi”. Bilim Tarihi ve Felsefesi Araştırmaları Dergisi 1/1 (December 2024), 57-92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14586567.