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SREBRENICA SOYKIRIMI VE SOYKIRIMIN ÖNLENMESİNE YÖNELİK DERSLER

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 64 - 78, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1594332

Abstract

Srebrenica soykırımı, uluslararası toplumun mevcut yasal düzenlemelere rağmen soykırımı önlemedeki başarısızlığının çarpıcı ve kalıcı bir hatırlatıcısı olarak durmaktadır. Bu olay, uluslararası mekanizmaların etkinliği ve devletlerin uluslararası hukuk kapsamındaki yükümlülüklerinin gerçek boyutu konusunda günümüzde dahi ciddi endişeler uyandırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda önemli bir hukuki gelişme, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı'nın Bosna-Hersek v. Sırbistan ve Karadağ davasında verdiği karardır ve bu karar, sunduğu belirsizlik nedeniyle geniş çapta eleştirilmiştir. Karar, net ve kesin cevaplar vermek yerine, 1948 Soykırım Sözleşmesi uyarınca devletlerin soykırımı önleme yükümlülükleri konusu başta olmak üzere; birçok açıdan daha fazla soru doğurmuştur.
UAD'nin soykırımı önleme yükümlülüğünün yorumlanmasına yönelik yaklaşımı dikkat çekici biçimde tutarsızdır. Kararın bazı paragraflarında, mahkeme devlet yükümlülüklerine dair görece geniş bir anlayışı benimsemekte ve soykırım tehdidine karşı daha kapsamlı bir sorumluluğa işaret etmektedir. Ancak kararın diğer bölümlerinde mahkeme daha dar bir bakış açısı benimseyerek bu yükümlülüğün kapsamını sınırlamaktadır. Bu durum, yükümlülüğün uygulanabilirliğini veya pratikteki geçerliliğini azaltabilmektedir. Sonuç olarak karar, Soykırım Sözleşmesi kapsamındaki devlet sorumluluklarını anlamak isteyenler için yalnızca sınırlı ve zaman zaman çelişkili bir rehberlik sunmaktadır. Karardaki bu tutarsızlık, soykırımı önleme yükümlülüğünün hukuki sınırlarına ilişkin ciddi bir belirsizlik yaratmıştır. Karar belli ölçüde bir netlik sunsa da, bu yükümlülüğün nasıl yorumlanması ve uygulamaya geçirilmesi gerektiği konusunda kritik bazı noktaları nihai olarak çözüme kavuşturmamaktadır. Bu dava, bu nedenle, hem hukuki literatürde hem de uluslararası siyaset alanında süregelen bir tartışma konusu olmaya devam etmektedir ve devletlerin uluslararası hukuk kapsamındaki önleyici yükümlülüklerinin daha açık biçimde tanımlanmasına yönelik süregelen ihtiyacı gözler önüne sermektedir.

References

  • Arnaut Haseljić M., ‘Genocid – poricanje, negiranje, minimiziranje’ (2006) 1 Godišnjak Bošnjačke Zajednice Culture.
  • Binder M., The Security Council and the War in Bosnia, The United Nations and the Politics of Selective Humanitarian Intervention (Palgrave Macmillan 2017).
  • Boon K., ‘The State of the Netherlands v. Respondents Stichting Mothers of Srebrenica.’ (2020) 114(3) American Journal of International Law 479.
  • Cassese A., ‘The Nicaragua and Tadić Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on Genocide in Bosnia’ (2007) 18(4) The European Journal of International Law.
  • Clark R.S., 'State Obligations under the Genocide Convention in Light of the ICJ's Decision in the Case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide' (2008) 61 Rutgers Law Review 75. Cryer R., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (Cambridge University Press 2010).
  • Gaeta P., The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2009).
  • Gattini A., ‘Breach of the Obligation to Prevent and Reparation Thereof in the ICJ's Genocide Judgment’ (2007) 18(4) European Journal of International Law 695.
  • Gibney M., ‘State Responsibility and the Object and Purpose of the Genocide Convention’ (2007-2008) 4(2-3) International Studies Journal 141.
  • Gurda V., ‘The Prosecution of Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before International, Domestic and National Courts of Other Jurisdictions’ (2015) 4 Monumenta Srebrenica 35.
  • Halldorsdottir Birkland B., 'Reining in Non-State Actors: State Responsibility and Attribution in Cases of Genocide' (2009) 84 NYU Law Review.
  • Klinkner M., 'Proving Genocide' (2008) 6(3) Journal of International Criminal Justice 447.
  • Malcolm N., Bosnia A Short History (NYU Press 1996).
  • Paddeu F., ‘Ghosts of Genocides Past? State Responsibility for Genocide in the Former Yugoslavia’ (2015) 74(2) The Cambridge Law Journal 198.
  • Schabas W.A., ‘Genocide and the International Court of Justice: Finally, a Duty to Prevent the Crime of Crimes’ (2007) 2(2) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal.
  • Softić S., ‘Genocid i njegove posljedice u Bosni i Hercegovini’ (2008) 1 Pregled - Časopis Za Društvena Pitanja 103.
  • Cases and Regulations Alleged Breaches of Certain International Obligations in respect of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Nicaragua v. Germany), ICJ <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/193> accessed 19 May 2025.
  • Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia).
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro (2007) ICJ 2.
  • Case 002/02, Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E465, Judgment, Trial Chamber ECCC (Nov. 16, 2018). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (signed 9 December 1948) 78 UNTS 277.
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  • ICTY Case IT-95-5/18, case information available at ICTY <https://www.icty.org/en/case/karadzic> accessed 19 May 2025.
  • Reservations to the Convention on Genocide and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1951.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 96 of 11 December 1946.
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SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 64 - 78, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1594332

Abstract

The Srebrenica genocide stands as a stark and enduring reminder of the international community’s failure to prevent genocide, despite existing legal frameworks intended to safeguard populations from such atrocities. This event continues to raise pressing concerns regarding the effectiveness of international mechanisms and the actual extent of state obligations under international law. A central legal development in this context is the judgment rendered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro case, which has been widely scrutinized for the ambiguity it presents. Rather than delivering clear and definitive answers, the judgment has, in many respects, generated further questions, particularly concerning the obligations of states to prevent genocide as stipulated in the 1948 Genocide Convention. The ICJ’s approach to the interpretation of the duty to prevent genocide is notably inconsistent. In certain paragraphs, the judgment appears to adopt a relatively expansive understanding of state obligations, hinting at a broader responsibility to act against the threat of genocide. However, in other parts of the ruling, the Court takes a more restrictive stance, narrowing the scope of this obligation and potentially limiting its enforceability or applicability in practical terms. As a result, the judgment offers only limited and sometimes conflicting guidance for states seeking to understand the nature and extent of their responsibilities under the Genocide Convention. This inconsistency within the ruling has led to considerable uncertainty regarding the legal contours of the obligation to prevent genocide. While the judgment does provide some degree of clarification, it ultimately leaves unresolved critical aspects of how the duty should be interpreted and implemented in practice. The case, therefore, remains a subject of ongoing debate in both legal scholarship and international political discourse, highlighting the continuing need for greater precision in defining states’ preventive obligations under international law.

References

  • Arnaut Haseljić M., ‘Genocid – poricanje, negiranje, minimiziranje’ (2006) 1 Godišnjak Bošnjačke Zajednice Culture.
  • Binder M., The Security Council and the War in Bosnia, The United Nations and the Politics of Selective Humanitarian Intervention (Palgrave Macmillan 2017).
  • Boon K., ‘The State of the Netherlands v. Respondents Stichting Mothers of Srebrenica.’ (2020) 114(3) American Journal of International Law 479.
  • Cassese A., ‘The Nicaragua and Tadić Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on Genocide in Bosnia’ (2007) 18(4) The European Journal of International Law.
  • Clark R.S., 'State Obligations under the Genocide Convention in Light of the ICJ's Decision in the Case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide' (2008) 61 Rutgers Law Review 75. Cryer R., An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (Cambridge University Press 2010).
  • Gaeta P., The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2009).
  • Gattini A., ‘Breach of the Obligation to Prevent and Reparation Thereof in the ICJ's Genocide Judgment’ (2007) 18(4) European Journal of International Law 695.
  • Gibney M., ‘State Responsibility and the Object and Purpose of the Genocide Convention’ (2007-2008) 4(2-3) International Studies Journal 141.
  • Gurda V., ‘The Prosecution of Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before International, Domestic and National Courts of Other Jurisdictions’ (2015) 4 Monumenta Srebrenica 35.
  • Halldorsdottir Birkland B., 'Reining in Non-State Actors: State Responsibility and Attribution in Cases of Genocide' (2009) 84 NYU Law Review.
  • Klinkner M., 'Proving Genocide' (2008) 6(3) Journal of International Criminal Justice 447.
  • Malcolm N., Bosnia A Short History (NYU Press 1996).
  • Paddeu F., ‘Ghosts of Genocides Past? State Responsibility for Genocide in the Former Yugoslavia’ (2015) 74(2) The Cambridge Law Journal 198.
  • Schabas W.A., ‘Genocide and the International Court of Justice: Finally, a Duty to Prevent the Crime of Crimes’ (2007) 2(2) Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal.
  • Softić S., ‘Genocid i njegove posljedice u Bosni i Hercegovini’ (2008) 1 Pregled - Časopis Za Društvena Pitanja 103.
  • Cases and Regulations Alleged Breaches of Certain International Obligations in respect of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Nicaragua v. Germany), ICJ <https://www.icj-cij.org/case/193> accessed 19 May 2025.
  • Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia).
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro (2007) ICJ 2.
  • Case 002/02, Case File No. 002/19-09-2007/ECCC/TC E465, Judgment, Trial Chamber ECCC (Nov. 16, 2018). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (signed 9 December 1948) 78 UNTS 277.
  • ICTY Case IT-09-92, case information available at ICTY <https://www.icty.org/en/case/mladic> accessed 19 May 2025.
  • ICTY Case IT-95-5/18, case information available at ICTY <https://www.icty.org/en/case/karadzic> accessed 19 May 2025.
  • Reservations to the Convention on Genocide and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 1951.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 96 of 11 December 1946.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/78/L.67 of 23 May 2024 <https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/ltd/n24/140/80/pdf/n2414080.pdf> accessed 10 November 2024.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Public International Law
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Harun Halilovic

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date December 1, 2024
Acceptance Date June 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Halilovic, H. (2025). SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE. The Boğaziçi Law Review, 3(1), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1594332
AMA Halilovic H. SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE. BLR. June 2025;3(1):64-78. doi:10.69800/blr.1594332
Chicago Halilovic, Harun. “SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE”. The Boğaziçi Law Review 3, no. 1 (June 2025): 64-78. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1594332.
EndNote Halilovic H (June 1, 2025) SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE. The Boğaziçi Law Review 3 1 64–78.
IEEE H. Halilovic, “SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE”, BLR, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 64–78, 2025, doi: 10.69800/blr.1594332.
ISNAD Halilovic, Harun. “SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE”. The Boğaziçi Law Review 3/1 (June 2025), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1594332.
JAMA Halilovic H. SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE. BLR. 2025;3:64–78.
MLA Halilovic, Harun. “SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE”. The Boğaziçi Law Review, vol. 3, no. 1, 2025, pp. 64-78, doi:10.69800/blr.1594332.
Vancouver Halilovic H. SREBRENICA GENOCIDE AND LESSONS FOR PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE. BLR. 2025;3(1):64-78.