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LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 79 - 98, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1635133

Abstract

How should the state stand in relation to securing the rights and freedoms to which all its citizens are entitled? Should it exhibit State neutrality and impartiality? If so, are these traits in themselves guarantors of the practice and observance of religion by a minority faith? It is often overlooked how the issue has arisen repeatedly in western democracies in the striking case of the Sikh religion because of the religion’s requirement of emblems. These consist not only of the external headwear, the turban, but also the Sikh Kirpan, a blade, which may be worn internally or externally, as well as the Sikh bangle, the kara, worn both my men and women alike signifying the importance of righteous living. Western thinking is apt to misconstrue such emblems. This is because its understanding of an object is rooted in a particular philosophical thinking about what a ‘thing’ normally is in the physical world. It is a form of thinking that goes back to antiquity and derives from Aristotle’s definition of things in terms of their ‘essences’, with a certain property which defines its ‘nature’. Such reductionist thinking is ill-suited for the complexities of the modern world where ethnically diverse communities now inhabit virtually every western democracy. Yet, the Aristotelian form of thinking persists in suggesting that a Sikh Kirpan can only be a common ‘blade’ or a ‘dagger’ or a ‘sword’, and the Sikh Kara can be nothing more than an ordinary bangle on a wrist because of their innate essential qualities by which we all know them. Yet, leading court cases such as Multani, Sarika Angel and Athwal have in recent times challenged the concept of essences in a way that needs to be more widely appreciated, although a case like Jaskeerat Singh Gulshan suggests that there are still limitations to how far minority religious rights can be protected.

References

  • Ackrill J L, Aristotle's Categories and De Interpretatione (OUP 1975)
  • Aristotle, Metaphysics (Penguin Books 1998)
  • BBC News, ‘Boy's Sikh dagger in school ban’ (13 October 2009) <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8304088.stm> accessed 11 February 2025
  • Chalmers D, ‘Is there Synonymy in Occam's Mental Language?’ in Paul Vincent Spade (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ockham (Cambridge University Press 1999)
  • Charles D, Aristotle on Meaning and Essence (OUP 2002)
  • Husserl E, Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Northwestern University Press 1970)
  • Juss S S, ‘Kirpans, Law, and Religious Symbols in Schools’ (2013) 55(4) Journal of Church and State 758.
  • Kretzmann N, Kenny A and Pinborg J, Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge University Press 1982)
  • Lowe R, ‘Sikh dagger banned by Finchley School’ (The Times, 13 October 2009) <http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/topstories/4679126.Sikh_dagger_banned_by_Finchley_school/ > accessed 11 February 2025
  • Mohanty J, The Philosophy of Edmund Husser (Yale Univ. Press 2008)
  • Peterkin T, ‘Symbols of Controversy’ (The Telegraph, 30 July 2008) <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2471337/Symbols-of-controversy.html> accessed 11 February 2025
  • Sikh Missionary Society UK, “Third Reading: House of Lords” <http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/theturbanvictory/chapter3/>
  • Strange S K, Porphyry: On Aristotle, Categories (Cornell University Press 1992)
  • The Sydney Morning Herald, ‘Sikh Knives should be allowed in schools’ (10 February 2010) <http://www.smh.com.au/world/sikh-knives-should-be-allowed-in-schools-20100209-npsy.html> accessed 11 February 2025
  • Quine W V O, Word and Object (MIT 1960)
  • Witt C, Substance and Essence in Aristotle: An Interpretation of Metaphysics VII –IX (Cornell Univ Pres 1989)
  • Amarjit Kaur Bhamra v. Prem Dutt Dubb (Trading as Lucky Caterers) [2010] EWCA Civ 13
  • Athwal v State of Queensland [2023] QCA 156
  • Begum, R (on the application of) v. Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15
  • Buscarini and Others v San Marino [GC] App no 24645/94 (ECtHR, 18 February 1999)
  • Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France App no 27417/95 (ECtHR [GC], 25 June 2000)
  • Dahlab v Switzerland App no 42393/98 (ECtHR, 15 February 2001)
  • Dhinsa v (1) SERCO (2) Secretary of State for Justice (ET/1315002/09, 18 May 2011)
  • Ghai, R (on the application of) v Newcastle City Council & Ors [2010] EWCA Civ 59 (10 February 2010)
  • Gurdev Kaur Cheema v. Harold Thompson, 67 F. 3d 883 (9th Cir. 1995)
  • Hassan and Tchaouch v. Bulgaria App no 30985/96 (ECtHR [GC], 26 October 2000)
  • Jaskeerat Singh Gulshan [2023] EWCA Civ. 306
  • Kokkinakis v. Greece (1993) Series A no 260-A/17
  • Mandla (Sewa Singh) v Dowell Lee [1982] UKHL 7 (24 March 1982)
  • Manoussakis and Others v. Greece App no 18748/91 (ECtHR, 26 September 1996)
  • Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite Bourgeoys [2006] 1 S.C.R. 256, 2006 SCC 6
  • Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey App nos 41340/98, 41342/98, 41 343/98 (ECtHR [GC], 13 February 2003)
  • Sahin v Turkey App no 44774/98 (ECtHR, 10 November 2005)
  • Serif v. Greece App no 38178/97 (ECtHR, 14 December 1999)
  • United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey App no 19392/92 (ECtHR, 30 January 1998)
  • Watkins-Singh, R (on the application of) v Aberdare Girls' High School & Anor [2008] EWHC 1865 (Admin) (29 July 2008)

HUKUK VE SİH DİNİ SEMBOLLERİNİN TANINMASI

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 79 - 98, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1635133

Abstract

Devlet, tüm vatandaşlarının hakkı olan özgürlükleri ve hakları güvence altına almak konusunda nasıl bir tutum sergilemelidir? Devlet tarafsız ve objektif mi olmalıdır? Eğer öyle kabul edilirse bu nitelikler, azınlıktaki bir inancın dini uygulama ve geleneklerini yerine getirebilmesi için tek başına garanti oluşturur mu? Bu mesele, Batılı demokrasilerde sıkça göz ardı edilmekle birlikte, özellikle Sih dini bağlamında dikkat çekici vakalarla tekrar tekrar gündeme gelmiştir. Bunun nedeni, Sih dininde çeşitli dini sembolleri taşıma gerekliliği olmasıdır. Bu semboller yalnızca görünür bir başlık olan sarık ile sınırlı değildir; aynı zamanda Kirpan olarak bilinen bir bıçak (hem içte hem dışta taşınabilir) ile hem kadınlar hem erkekler tarafından takılan, dürüst bir yaşamın önemini simgeleyen bileklik (Kara) de buna dahildir. Batı düşüncesi, bu tür sembolleri çoğu zaman yanlış anlamaya eğilimlidir. Bunun sebebi, nesneleri algılayış biçimlerinin, bir nesnenin yalnızca fiziksel dünyada normalde olduğu ‘şey’ olarak algılanmasına dair bir felsefi düşünme geleneğine dayanmasıdır. Bu, kökeni Antik dönemlere uzanan ve şeyleri belirli bir özelliğe dayanarak, onların ‘mahiyet’i yani ‘doğası’ üzerinden tanımlayan Aristotelesçi anlayıştan türeyen bir düşünme biçimidir. Ancak bu indirgemeci düşünme tarzı, günümüzün karmaşık ve etnik olarak çeşitlenmiş toplum yapıları için uygun değildir. Günümüzde neredeyse her Batı demokrasisi, çok kültürlü topluluklara ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Yine de, Aristotelesçi düşünce biçimi etkisini halen sürdürmekte ve örneğin bir Sih Kirpan'ı yalnızca sıradan bir bıçak, hançer ya da kılıç olarak, Sih Kara’sı ise bileğe takılan sıradan bir bileklik olarak görülmektedir. Çünkü bu nesneler, bilinen ve tanımlanan mahiyetleri üzerinden değerlendirilir. Ancak Multani, Sarika Angel ve Athwal gibi önemli mahkeme kararları, son yıllarda bu mahiyet algısına meydan okumuş olup bu tür kararlar, aslında çok daha geniş bir şekilde değerlendirilmeyi hak etmektedir. Buna karşılık, Jaskeerat Singh Gulshan vakası ise, azınlık dini haklarının korunmasında halen sınırlamalar olduğunu ve bu korumanın ne kadar mümkün olduğunu sorgulatmaktadır.

References

  • Ackrill J L, Aristotle's Categories and De Interpretatione (OUP 1975)
  • Aristotle, Metaphysics (Penguin Books 1998)
  • BBC News, ‘Boy's Sikh dagger in school ban’ (13 October 2009) <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8304088.stm> accessed 11 February 2025
  • Chalmers D, ‘Is there Synonymy in Occam's Mental Language?’ in Paul Vincent Spade (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Ockham (Cambridge University Press 1999)
  • Charles D, Aristotle on Meaning and Essence (OUP 2002)
  • Husserl E, Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (Northwestern University Press 1970)
  • Juss S S, ‘Kirpans, Law, and Religious Symbols in Schools’ (2013) 55(4) Journal of Church and State 758.
  • Kretzmann N, Kenny A and Pinborg J, Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge University Press 1982)
  • Lowe R, ‘Sikh dagger banned by Finchley School’ (The Times, 13 October 2009) <http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/topstories/4679126.Sikh_dagger_banned_by_Finchley_school/ > accessed 11 February 2025
  • Mohanty J, The Philosophy of Edmund Husser (Yale Univ. Press 2008)
  • Peterkin T, ‘Symbols of Controversy’ (The Telegraph, 30 July 2008) <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2471337/Symbols-of-controversy.html> accessed 11 February 2025
  • Sikh Missionary Society UK, “Third Reading: House of Lords” <http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/theturbanvictory/chapter3/>
  • Strange S K, Porphyry: On Aristotle, Categories (Cornell University Press 1992)
  • The Sydney Morning Herald, ‘Sikh Knives should be allowed in schools’ (10 February 2010) <http://www.smh.com.au/world/sikh-knives-should-be-allowed-in-schools-20100209-npsy.html> accessed 11 February 2025
  • Quine W V O, Word and Object (MIT 1960)
  • Witt C, Substance and Essence in Aristotle: An Interpretation of Metaphysics VII –IX (Cornell Univ Pres 1989)
  • Amarjit Kaur Bhamra v. Prem Dutt Dubb (Trading as Lucky Caterers) [2010] EWCA Civ 13
  • Athwal v State of Queensland [2023] QCA 156
  • Begum, R (on the application of) v. Denbigh High School [2006] UKHL 15
  • Buscarini and Others v San Marino [GC] App no 24645/94 (ECtHR, 18 February 1999)
  • Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France App no 27417/95 (ECtHR [GC], 25 June 2000)
  • Dahlab v Switzerland App no 42393/98 (ECtHR, 15 February 2001)
  • Dhinsa v (1) SERCO (2) Secretary of State for Justice (ET/1315002/09, 18 May 2011)
  • Ghai, R (on the application of) v Newcastle City Council & Ors [2010] EWCA Civ 59 (10 February 2010)
  • Gurdev Kaur Cheema v. Harold Thompson, 67 F. 3d 883 (9th Cir. 1995)
  • Hassan and Tchaouch v. Bulgaria App no 30985/96 (ECtHR [GC], 26 October 2000)
  • Jaskeerat Singh Gulshan [2023] EWCA Civ. 306
  • Kokkinakis v. Greece (1993) Series A no 260-A/17
  • Mandla (Sewa Singh) v Dowell Lee [1982] UKHL 7 (24 March 1982)
  • Manoussakis and Others v. Greece App no 18748/91 (ECtHR, 26 September 1996)
  • Multani v. Commission scolaire Marguerite Bourgeoys [2006] 1 S.C.R. 256, 2006 SCC 6
  • Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey App nos 41340/98, 41342/98, 41 343/98 (ECtHR [GC], 13 February 2003)
  • Sahin v Turkey App no 44774/98 (ECtHR, 10 November 2005)
  • Serif v. Greece App no 38178/97 (ECtHR, 14 December 1999)
  • United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey App no 19392/92 (ECtHR, 30 January 1998)
  • Watkins-Singh, R (on the application of) v Aberdare Girls' High School & Anor [2008] EWHC 1865 (Admin) (29 July 2008)
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law and Religion, International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Satvinder Juss

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date February 7, 2025
Acceptance Date June 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Juss, S. (2025). LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS. The Boğaziçi Law Review, 3(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1635133
AMA Juss S. LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS. BLR. June 2025;3(1):79-98. doi:10.69800/blr.1635133
Chicago Juss, Satvinder. “LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS”. The Boğaziçi Law Review 3, no. 1 (June 2025): 79-98. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1635133.
EndNote Juss S (June 1, 2025) LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS. The Boğaziçi Law Review 3 1 79–98.
IEEE S. Juss, “LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS”, BLR, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 79–98, 2025, doi: 10.69800/blr.1635133.
ISNAD Juss, Satvinder. “LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS”. The Boğaziçi Law Review 3/1 (June 2025), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.69800/blr.1635133.
JAMA Juss S. LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS. BLR. 2025;3:79–98.
MLA Juss, Satvinder. “LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS”. The Boğaziçi Law Review, vol. 3, no. 1, 2025, pp. 79-98, doi:10.69800/blr.1635133.
Vancouver Juss S. LAW & THE ACCOMMODATION OF SIKH RELIGIOUS EMBLEMS. BLR. 2025;3(1):79-98.