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Epidemiology of Tularemia

Year 2014, , 3 - 10, 07.08.2014

Şaban Gürcan

https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117

Abstract

Tularemia is considered to have existed in Anatolia for several thousand years. There are suspicions regarding its use in biological warfare in the Neshite-Arzawan conflict. The causative agent of tularemia may have first been used as a biological weapon in 1320-1318 BC. The disease has recently become a significant re-emerging disease globally as well as in Turkey. In the period of 2001-2010, Kosovo had the highest annual incidence in Europe at a rate of 5.2 per 100,000. Sweden, Finland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Norway, Serbia-Montenegro, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Croatia follow with rates of 2.80, 1.19, 1.0, 0.81, 0.42, 0.4, 0.36, 0.21, and 0.15 per 100,000 people, respectively. Tularemia in Turkey was first reported in the soldiers living in the region very close to the Kaynarca Stream of Thrace in 1936. It has started to gain more and more importance, especially in recent decades in Turkey, due to a very high number of cases and its spread throughout the country. A total of 431 tularemia cases were recorded in Turkey in 2005, but a significant reduction was observed in the number of the cases in the next three years; the number of patients decreased to 71 in 2008. The number of cases increased again in 2009 and continued in subsequent years. The number of cases reached 428, 1531, 2151, and 607 in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. The number of cases peaked in 2011 in Turkey, and was in fact higher than the total number of cases in all European Union countries. The number of cases is higher in females than males in Turkey. In Turkey, 52% of cases of tularemia diagnoses occur from December to March and the most common clinical presentation is the oropharyngeal form caused by contaminated water. Rodents are the most likely sources of tularemia outbreaks in Turkey as well as in Kosovo. Organisms such as ticks, flies and mosquitoes are vectors of tularemia transmission to mammals. Because ticks can carry the bacteria by both transovarial and transstadial transmission, they play a role in the life cycle of tularemia as both reservoir and vector.

Keywords

Epidemiology Francisella tularensis tickborne disease tularemia water-borne disease

References

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Epidemiology of Tularemia

Year 2014, , 3 - 10, 07.08.2014

Şaban Gürcan

https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117

Abstract

References

  • Lindquist D, Chu MC, Probert WS. Francisella and Brucella (Translat- ed By: Çetinkaya Z.) In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA (Eds.). (Translation Editors: Başustaoğlu A, Kubar A, Yıldıran ŞT, Tanyüksel M.) Manual of Clinical Microbiology (Clini- cal Microbiology). 9.edition. Washington: ASM pres (Ankara Atlas Yayıncılık): 2009. p.815-24.
  • Ellis J, Oyston PC, Green M, Titball RW. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:631-46. [CrossRef]
  • Pınar A. Biyolojik Silah Olarak Mikroorganizmalar. Hacettepe Tıp Der- gisi 2010;41:97-104.
  • Hodges L, Penn RL. Tularemia and Bioterrorism. In: Fong and Alibek (Eds.). Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents. New York: Springer Science Business Media; 2005. p.71-98.
  • Gürcan Ş. Francisella tularensis ve Türkiye’de Tularemi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2007;41:621-36.
  • Tularemi Hastalığının Kontrolü İçin Saha Rehberi. Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Zoonotik Hastalıklar Daire Başkanlığı. Ankara: Başak Matbaacılık; 2011. p.1-18.
  • Plevnelioğlu KH. Memleketimizde tularemi. Tedavi Kliniği ve Laboratuvarı Dergisi 1936;6:119-35.
  • Özdemir D. Salgınların Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etkileri. In: Gürcan Ş (Ed.) Francisella tularensis ve Tularemi. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2009. p.133-5.
  • Trevisanato SI. The “Hittite plague”, an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare. Med Hypotheses 2007;69:1371-4. [CrossRef]
  • Trevisanato SI. Did an epidemic of tularemia in Ancient Egypt affect the course of world history? Med Hypotheses 2004;63:905-10. [CrossRef]
  • Eliasson H, Broman T, Forsman M, Bäck E. Tularemia: Current Epidemiology and Disease Management. Inf Dis Clin N Am 2006;20:289-311. [CrossRef]
  • Sjöstedt A. Tularemia: history, epidemiology, pathogen physiology, and clinical manifestations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1105:1-29. [CrossRef]
  • Keim P, Johansson A, Wagner DM. Molecular Epidemiology, Evolution, and Ecology of Francisella. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1105:30-66. [CrossRef]
  • Kılıç S. A General Overview of Francisella tularensis and the Epidemi- ology of Tularemia in Turkey. Flora 2010;15:37-58.
  • Francisella. In: Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS (Eds.) Bailey&Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. 12th ed. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier; 2007. p.440-3.
  • Mikalsen J, Olsen AB, Tengs T, Colquhoun DJ. Francisella philomiragia subsp. noatunensis subsp. nov. , Isolated From Farmed Atlantic Cod (Go- dus morhua L.) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007;57:1960-5. [CrossRef]
  • Ottem KF, Nylund A, Karlsbakk E, Friss- Moller A, Krossoy B, Knappsk- og D. New Species in the Genus Francisella sp. nov. Isolated from Cod (Gadus morhua) Arch Microbiol 2007;188:547-50. [CrossRef]
  • Colquhoun DJ, Duodu S. Francisella infections in farmed and wild aquatic organisms. Vet Res 2011;42:47. [CrossRef]
  • Huber B, Escudero R, Busse HJ, Seibold E, Scholz HC, Anda P, et al. Description of Francisella hispaniensis sp. nov., isolated from human blood, reclassification of Francisella novicida (Larson et al. 1955) Olsu- fiev et al. 1959 as Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida comb. nov. and emended description of the genus Francisella. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010;60:1887-96. [CrossRef]
  • Qu PH, Chen SY, Scholz HG, Busse HG, Gu Q, Kämpfer P, et al. Fran- cisella guangzhouensis sp. nov. isolated from air conditioning systems. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013;63:3628-35. [CrossRef]
  • Splettstoesser W. Microbiological Characteristics and Genetic Structure of Francisella tularensis. International Symposium on Francisella Tu- larensis and Tularemia Abstract Book p.8-9, 19-22 June 2013, Ürgüp- Nevşehir.
  • Geyik MF, Akalın H. Dünyada Tularemi. In: Gürcan Ş (Ed.). Francisella tularensis ve Tularemi. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2009. p.99-106.
  • Helvaci S, Gedikoglu S, Akalin H, Oral HB. Tularemia in Bursa, Tur- key: 205 cases in ten years. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16:271-6. [CrossRef]
  • Gürcan Ş, Eskiocak M, Varol G, Uzun C, Tatman Otkun M, Şakru N, et al. Tularemia re-emerging in European Part of Turkey after 60 years. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006;59:391-3.
  • Gürcan Ş, Otkun MT, Otkun M, Arikan OK, Ozer B. An outbreak of tula- remia in Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Yonsei Med J 2004;45:17-22.
  • Özel TV. Dr. Talat Vasfi Özel’in 1937 yılı yazında Trakya tularemi tetkikatı. Türk Hij Tec Biol Der 1938;1:1-30
  • Dennis DT, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, et al. Tularemia as a Biological Weapon Medical and Public Health Management. JAMA 2001;285:2763-73. [CrossRef]
  • Gürcan Ş, Varol Saraçoğlu G, Karadenizli A, Özkayın EN, Öztürk ŞZ, Çiçek C, et al. Tularemia as a result of outdoor activities for children in the countryside. Turk J Med Sci 2012;42:1044-9.
  • Gotschlich E, Berkin T. 1936 yılında Trakya’da tularemiye ait yapılan epidemiyolojik ve bakteriyolojik araştırmalar. Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1938;1:115-23.
  • Dirik K. Van Gölü havzasında Tularémie. Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1939;2:193-5.
  • Golem SB. Lüleburgaz’da yeni bir tularemi epidemisi. Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1945;5:27-40.
  • Utku İE. Antalya’da tularemi epidemisi ve hususiyetleri. Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg 1954;14:288-93.
  • Erbay A, Dokuzoğuz B, Baykam N, Güvener E, Diker S, Yıldırmak T. Ankara yöresinde tularemi. İnfeksiyon Dergisi 2000;14:453-8.
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There are 81 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şaban Gürcan This is me

Publication Date August 7, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014

Cite

APA Gürcan, Ş. (2014). Epidemiology of Tularemia. Balkan Medical Journal, 2014(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117
AMA Gürcan Ş. Epidemiology of Tularemia. Balkan Medical Journal. January 2014;2014(1):3-10. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117
Chicago Gürcan, Şaban. “Epidemiology of Tularemia”. Balkan Medical Journal 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 3-10. https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117.
EndNote Gürcan Ş (January 1, 2014) Epidemiology of Tularemia. Balkan Medical Journal 2014 1 3–10.
IEEE Ş. Gürcan, “Epidemiology of Tularemia”, Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 2014, no. 1, pp. 3–10, 2014, doi: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117.
ISNAD Gürcan, Şaban. “Epidemiology of Tularemia”. Balkan Medical Journal 2014/1 (January 2014), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117.
JAMA Gürcan Ş. Epidemiology of Tularemia. Balkan Medical Journal. 2014;2014:3–10.
MLA Gürcan, Şaban. “Epidemiology of Tularemia”. Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 2014, no. 1, 2014, pp. 3-10, doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.13117.
Vancouver Gürcan Ş. Epidemiology of Tularemia. Balkan Medical Journal. 2014;2014(1):3-10.