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Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats

Year 2013, Volume: 2013 Issue: 3, 309 - 314, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress is believed to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) on oleic acid (OA)-induced ALI in rats. Study Design: Animal experiment. Methods: A total of thirty-five rats were divided into five groups in the study. Group 1 served as a control group. Rats in Group 2 (α-LA) were administered α-LA intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (BW). Rats in Group 3 (OA) were administered OA intravenously at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. In Group 4 (pre-OA-α-LA), α-LA was given 15 minutes prior to OA infusion, and in Group 5 (post-OA-α-LA), α-LA was given two hours after OA infusion. Four hours after the OA infusion, rats were decapitated. Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), and the levels of activity for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Lung tissue samples were taken for histopathological examination. Results: Exposure to OA resulted in increases in serum MDA levels (p<0.001), as well as histopathological lesions in lung tissue, and decreases in CAT (p<0.05), GSH-Px (p<0.05) activities and GSH (p<0.05) levels. On the other hand, MDA levels were decreased significantly (p<0.001), while CAT (p<0.05), GSH-Px (p<0.01) activities and GSH (p<0.05) levels were increased significantly in the pre-OA-α-LA group compared with the OA group. Conclusion: α-LA was found to lessen oxidative stress and to have positive effects on antioxidants in cases of OA-induced ALI. In conclusion, α-LA appears to have protective effects against ALI and potential for the prevention of ALI. Turkish Başlık: Ratlarda oleik asit ile oluşturulan akut akciğer hasarında alfa-lipoik asidin koruyucu etkileri Anahtar Kelimeler: Akut akciğer hasarı, oleik asit, α-lipoik asit, oksidatif stres. Arkaplan: Oksidatif stresin akut akciğer hasarı (ALI) patogenezinde önemli bir faktör olduğu bilinmektedir. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, ratlarda oleik asit (OA) ile oluşturulan akut akciğer hasarında alfa-lipoik asidin (α-LA) koruyucu etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışma Tasarımı: Deneysel çalışma. Yöntemler: Çalışmada toplam otuz beş rat beş gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1 kontrol grubu olarak ele alındı. Grup 2 (α-LA) ratlara 100 mg/kg dozda α-LA intraperitoneal (i.p) olarak uygulandı. Grup 3 (OA) ratlara 100 mg/kg dozda oleik asit intravenöz (i.v.) olarak uygulandı. Grup 4'te (pre-OA-α-LA) OA infüzyonundan 15 dakika önce; Grup 5'te (post-OA-α-LA) ise OA infüzyonundan 2 saat sonra α-LA verildi. OA infüzyonundan dört saat sonra ratlar dekapite edildi. Serum malondialdehit (MDA) ve glutatyon (GSH) düzeyleri ile süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT) ve glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px) aktiviteleri ölçümü için kan örnekleri ile histopatolojik inceleme için akciğer doku örnekleri alındı. Bulgular: OA infüzyonunun akciğer dokusunda histopatolojik lezyonlarla birlikte, serum MDA düzeylerinde artışa (p<0.001); CAT (p<0.05) ve GSH-Px (p<0.05) aktiviteleri ile GSH (p<0.05) düzeylerinde ise azalmaya yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Buna karşılık, OA grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında pre-OA-α-LA grubunda serum MDA düzeylerinin anlamlı şekilde azaldığı (p<0.001); CAT (p<0.05) ve GSH-Px (p<0.01) aktiviteleri ile GSH (p<0.05) düzeylerinin ise anlamlı şekilde arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: OA ile oluşturulan akciğer hasarında α-LA'nın oksidatif stresi azalttığı ve antioksidanlar üzerinde olumlu etkilere sahip olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Sonuç olarak; α-LA'nın akciğer hasarına karşı koruyucu etkisi olduğu ve hasarın önlenmesi açısından önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğu düşünülebilir.

References

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  • Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, Dreyfuss D, Gattinoni L, Hudson L, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS, part 2: Ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1332-47. [CrossRef]
  • Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, Ishizaka A. Pharmacology of acute lung injury. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002;15:83-95. [CrossRef]
  • Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818-24. [CrossRef]
  • Tzouvelekis A, Pneumatikos I, Bouros D. Serum biomarkers in acute respiratory distress syndrome an ailing prognosticator. Respir Res 2005;6:62. [CrossRef]
  • Bellingan GJ. The pulmonary physician in critical care *6: The pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Thorax 2002;57:540-6. [CrossRef] van der Vliet A, Cross CE. Oxidants, nitrosants, and the lung. Am J Med 2000;109:398-421. [CrossRef]
  • Griesenbach U, Scheid P, Hillery E, de Martin R, Huang L, Geddes DM, et al. Anti-inflammatory gene therapy directed at the airway epithelium. Gene Ther 2000;7:306-13. [CrossRef]
  • Zhou ZH, Sun B, Lin K, Zhu LW. Prevention of rabbit acute lung injury by surfactant, inhaled nitric oxide and pressure support ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:581-8. [CrossRef]
  • Neumann P, Berglund JE, Anderson LG, Maripu E, Magnusson A, Hedenstierna G. Effects of inverse ratio ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure in oleic acid-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1537-45. [CrossRef]
  • Köksel O, Tamer L, Özdülger A, Erçil M, Ercan B, Kanık A. The effect of N-acetylcystein on the increase of nitric oxide metabolites observed in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury. T Klin J Med Sci 2004;24:323-7.
  • Golbidi S, Moriuchi H, Yang C, Irikura M, Irie T, Hamasaki N. Preventive effect of phosphoenolpyruvate on hypoxemia induced by oleic acid in Guinea pigs. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26:336-40. [CrossRef]
  • Navari-Izzo F, Quartacci MF, Sgherri C. Lipoic acid: a unique antioxidant in the detoxification of activated oxygen species. Plant Physiol Biochem 2002;40:463-70. [CrossRef]
  • Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:227-50. [CrossRef]
  • Koksel O, Cinel I, Tamer L, Cinel L, Ozdulger A, Kanik A, et al. N-acetylcysteine inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated damage in oleic acid-induced lung injury. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2004;17:263-70. [CrossRef]
  • Hilkner-Silva M, Leme AS, Arantes-Costa FM, Saldiva PHN, Lichtenstein A, Martins MA. Effects of mannitol on the acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in rats. Shock 2001;16:415-8. [CrossRef]
  • Arivazhagan P, Panneerselvam SR, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and lipids in aged rats. J Gerontol 2003;58:788-91. [CrossRef]
  • Satoh K. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 1978;90:37-43.
  • Yagi K. Assay of lipid peroxidation in blood plasma or serum. Methods Enzymol 1984;105:328-31. [CrossRef]
  • Durak I, Yurtarslan Z, Canbolat O, Akyol O. A methodological approach to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay based on inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. Clin Chim Acta 1993;214:103-4. [CrossRef]
  • Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem 1988;34:497-500.
  • Aebi H. Catalase in vitro assay methods. Methods Enzymol 1984;105:121-6. [CrossRef]
  • Paglia De Valentine W. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterisation of erytrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 1967;70:158-9.
  • Ellman G. Tissue sulphydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70-7. [CrossRef]
  • Yang C, Moriuchi H, Takase J, Ishitsuka Y, Irikura M, Irei T. Oxidative stress in early stage of acute lung injury induced with oleic in guinea pigs. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26:424-8. [CrossRef]
  • Metnitz PG, Bartens C, Fischer M, Fridrich P, Steltzer H, Druml W. Antioxidant status in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1999;20:180. [CrossRef]
  • Chabot F, Mitchell JA, Gutteridge JMC, Evans TW. Reactive oxygen species in acute lung injury. Eur Respir J 1998;11:745-57.
  • MacNee W. Oxidants/antioxidants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenesis to therapy. Novartis Found Symp 2001;234:169-85. [CrossRef]
  • Liu H, Zhang D, Zhao B, Zhao J. Superoxide anion, the main species of ROS in the development of ARDS induced by oleic acid. Free Radic Res 2004;38:1281-7. [CrossRef]
  • Zhang H, Slutsky AS, Vincent JL. Oxygen free radicals in ARDS, septic shock and organ dysfunction. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:474-6. [CrossRef]
  • Zhang JY, Ding CH, Ling YL, Dong CF, Tan JQ, Xian XH. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on the expression of nuclear factor-KappaB during acute lung injury in rats. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2008;20:604-6.
  • Turut H, Kurutas EB, Bulbuloglu E, Yasım A, Ozkaya M, Onder A, et al. Zinc aspartate alleviates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Surg Res 2009;151:62-7. [CrossRef] Koksel O, Kaplan MB, Ozdulger A, Tamer L, Degirmenci U, Cinel L, et al. Oleic acid-induced lung injury in rats and effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Exp Lung Res 2005;31:483-96. [CrossRef]
  • Malarkodi KP, Balachandar AV, Varlakshmi P. The influence of lipoic acid on adriamycin-induced hyperlipidemic nephrotoxicity in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;247:139-45. [CrossRef]
  • Balachandar AV, Malarkodi KP, Varlakshmi P. Protective role of DL-alpha-lipoic acid against adriamycin-induced cardiac lipid peroxidation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2003;22:249-54. [CrossRef]
  • Arivazhagan P, Juliet P, Panneerselyam C. Effect of dl-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in aged rats. Pharmacol Res 2000;41:299-303. [CrossRef]
  • Arivazhagan P, Thilakavathy T, Ramanathan K, Kumaran S, Panneerselyam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in various brain regions of aged rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13:619-24. [CrossRef]
  • Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on biomarkers of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem 2003;14:288-94. [CrossRef]
  • Shila S, Kokilavani V, Subathra M, Panneerselyam C. Brain regional responses in antioxidant system to alpha-lipoic acid in arsenic intoxicated rat. Toxicology 2005;210:25-36. [CrossRef]
  • Gultekin FA, Kerem M, Tatlicioglu E, Aricioglu A, Unsal C, Bukan N. Leptin treatment ameliorates acute lung injury in rats with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:2932-8.

Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats

Year 2013, Volume: 2013 Issue: 3, 309 - 314, 01.03.2013
https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426

Abstract

References

  • Repine JE. Scientific perspectives on adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 1992;339:466-9. [CrossRef]
  • Artigas A, Bernard GR, Carlet J, Dreyfuss D, Gattinoni L, Hudson L, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS, part 2: Ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1332-47. [CrossRef]
  • Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, Ishizaka A. Pharmacology of acute lung injury. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002;15:83-95. [CrossRef]
  • Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson L, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818-24. [CrossRef]
  • Tzouvelekis A, Pneumatikos I, Bouros D. Serum biomarkers in acute respiratory distress syndrome an ailing prognosticator. Respir Res 2005;6:62. [CrossRef]
  • Bellingan GJ. The pulmonary physician in critical care *6: The pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Thorax 2002;57:540-6. [CrossRef] van der Vliet A, Cross CE. Oxidants, nitrosants, and the lung. Am J Med 2000;109:398-421. [CrossRef]
  • Griesenbach U, Scheid P, Hillery E, de Martin R, Huang L, Geddes DM, et al. Anti-inflammatory gene therapy directed at the airway epithelium. Gene Ther 2000;7:306-13. [CrossRef]
  • Zhou ZH, Sun B, Lin K, Zhu LW. Prevention of rabbit acute lung injury by surfactant, inhaled nitric oxide and pressure support ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:581-8. [CrossRef]
  • Neumann P, Berglund JE, Anderson LG, Maripu E, Magnusson A, Hedenstierna G. Effects of inverse ratio ventilation and positive end-expiratory pressure in oleic acid-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1537-45. [CrossRef]
  • Köksel O, Tamer L, Özdülger A, Erçil M, Ercan B, Kanık A. The effect of N-acetylcystein on the increase of nitric oxide metabolites observed in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury. T Klin J Med Sci 2004;24:323-7.
  • Golbidi S, Moriuchi H, Yang C, Irikura M, Irie T, Hamasaki N. Preventive effect of phosphoenolpyruvate on hypoxemia induced by oleic acid in Guinea pigs. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26:336-40. [CrossRef]
  • Navari-Izzo F, Quartacci MF, Sgherri C. Lipoic acid: a unique antioxidant in the detoxification of activated oxygen species. Plant Physiol Biochem 2002;40:463-70. [CrossRef]
  • Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1995;19:227-50. [CrossRef]
  • Koksel O, Cinel I, Tamer L, Cinel L, Ozdulger A, Kanik A, et al. N-acetylcysteine inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated damage in oleic acid-induced lung injury. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2004;17:263-70. [CrossRef]
  • Hilkner-Silva M, Leme AS, Arantes-Costa FM, Saldiva PHN, Lichtenstein A, Martins MA. Effects of mannitol on the acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in rats. Shock 2001;16:415-8. [CrossRef]
  • Arivazhagan P, Panneerselvam SR, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and lipids in aged rats. J Gerontol 2003;58:788-91. [CrossRef]
  • Satoh K. Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 1978;90:37-43.
  • Yagi K. Assay of lipid peroxidation in blood plasma or serum. Methods Enzymol 1984;105:328-31. [CrossRef]
  • Durak I, Yurtarslan Z, Canbolat O, Akyol O. A methodological approach to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay based on inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. Clin Chim Acta 1993;214:103-4. [CrossRef]
  • Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem 1988;34:497-500.
  • Aebi H. Catalase in vitro assay methods. Methods Enzymol 1984;105:121-6. [CrossRef]
  • Paglia De Valentine W. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterisation of erytrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 1967;70:158-9.
  • Ellman G. Tissue sulphydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70-7. [CrossRef]
  • Yang C, Moriuchi H, Takase J, Ishitsuka Y, Irikura M, Irei T. Oxidative stress in early stage of acute lung injury induced with oleic in guinea pigs. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26:424-8. [CrossRef]
  • Metnitz PG, Bartens C, Fischer M, Fridrich P, Steltzer H, Druml W. Antioxidant status in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1999;20:180. [CrossRef]
  • Chabot F, Mitchell JA, Gutteridge JMC, Evans TW. Reactive oxygen species in acute lung injury. Eur Respir J 1998;11:745-57.
  • MacNee W. Oxidants/antioxidants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenesis to therapy. Novartis Found Symp 2001;234:169-85. [CrossRef]
  • Liu H, Zhang D, Zhao B, Zhao J. Superoxide anion, the main species of ROS in the development of ARDS induced by oleic acid. Free Radic Res 2004;38:1281-7. [CrossRef]
  • Zhang H, Slutsky AS, Vincent JL. Oxygen free radicals in ARDS, septic shock and organ dysfunction. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:474-6. [CrossRef]
  • Zhang JY, Ding CH, Ling YL, Dong CF, Tan JQ, Xian XH. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on the expression of nuclear factor-KappaB during acute lung injury in rats. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2008;20:604-6.
  • Turut H, Kurutas EB, Bulbuloglu E, Yasım A, Ozkaya M, Onder A, et al. Zinc aspartate alleviates lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. J Surg Res 2009;151:62-7. [CrossRef] Koksel O, Kaplan MB, Ozdulger A, Tamer L, Degirmenci U, Cinel L, et al. Oleic acid-induced lung injury in rats and effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Exp Lung Res 2005;31:483-96. [CrossRef]
  • Malarkodi KP, Balachandar AV, Varlakshmi P. The influence of lipoic acid on adriamycin-induced hyperlipidemic nephrotoxicity in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2003;247:139-45. [CrossRef]
  • Balachandar AV, Malarkodi KP, Varlakshmi P. Protective role of DL-alpha-lipoic acid against adriamycin-induced cardiac lipid peroxidation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2003;22:249-54. [CrossRef]
  • Arivazhagan P, Juliet P, Panneerselyam C. Effect of dl-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in aged rats. Pharmacol Res 2000;41:299-303. [CrossRef]
  • Arivazhagan P, Thilakavathy T, Ramanathan K, Kumaran S, Panneerselyam C. Effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on the status of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in various brain regions of aged rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002;13:619-24. [CrossRef]
  • Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on biomarkers of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem 2003;14:288-94. [CrossRef]
  • Shila S, Kokilavani V, Subathra M, Panneerselyam C. Brain regional responses in antioxidant system to alpha-lipoic acid in arsenic intoxicated rat. Toxicology 2005;210:25-36. [CrossRef]
  • Gultekin FA, Kerem M, Tatlicioglu E, Aricioglu A, Unsal C, Bukan N. Leptin treatment ameliorates acute lung injury in rats with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:2932-8.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Funda Gülcü Bulmuş This is me

Mehmet Ferit Gürsu This is me

Mehmet Hamdi Muz This is me

İhsan Yaman This is me

Özgür Bulmuş This is me

Fatih Sakin This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 2013 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Bulmuş, F. G., Gürsu, M. F., Muz, M. H., Yaman, İ., et al. (2013). Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Balkan Medical Journal, 2013(3), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426
AMA Bulmuş FG, Gürsu MF, Muz MH, Yaman İ, Bulmuş Ö, Sakin F. Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Balkan Medical Journal. March 2013;2013(3):309-314. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426
Chicago Bulmuş, Funda Gülcü, Mehmet Ferit Gürsu, Mehmet Hamdi Muz, İhsan Yaman, Özgür Bulmuş, and Fatih Sakin. “Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats”. Balkan Medical Journal 2013, no. 3 (March 2013): 309-14. https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426.
EndNote Bulmuş FG, Gürsu MF, Muz MH, Yaman İ, Bulmuş Ö, Sakin F (March 1, 2013) Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Balkan Medical Journal 2013 3 309–314.
IEEE F. G. Bulmuş, M. F. Gürsu, M. H. Muz, İ. Yaman, Ö. Bulmuş, and F. Sakin, “Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats”, Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 2013, no. 3, pp. 309–314, 2013, doi: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426.
ISNAD Bulmuş, Funda Gülcü et al. “Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats”. Balkan Medical Journal 2013/3 (March 2013), 309-314. https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426.
JAMA Bulmuş FG, Gürsu MF, Muz MH, Yaman İ, Bulmuş Ö, Sakin F. Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Balkan Medical Journal. 2013;2013:309–314.
MLA Bulmuş, Funda Gülcü et al. “Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats”. Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 2013, no. 3, 2013, pp. 309-14, doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8426.
Vancouver Bulmuş FG, Gürsu MF, Muz MH, Yaman İ, Bulmuş Ö, Sakin F. Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Oleic Acid-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Balkan Medical Journal. 2013;2013(3):309-14.