A Randomized Trial on the Effect of Bone Tissue on Vibration-induced Muscle Strength Gain and Vibration-induced Reflex Muscle Activity

Year 2014, Volume: 2014 Issue: 1, 11 - 22, 07.08.2014

Muharrem Cidem İlhan Karacan Demirhan Diraçoğlu Aysel Yıldız Suat Hayri Küçük Murat Uludağ Kerem Gün Murat Özkaya Şafak Sahir Karamehmetoğlu

https://doi.org/10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.9482

Abstract

Background: Whole-body vibration (WBV) induces reflex muscle activity and leads to increased muscle strength. However, little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of whole-body vibration on muscular performance. Tonic vibration reflex is the most commonly cited mechanism to explain the effects of whole-body vibration on muscular performance, although there is no conclusive evidence that tonic vibration reflex occurs. The bone myoregulation reflex is another neurological mechanism used to explain the effects of vibration on muscular performance. Bone myoregulation reflex is defined as a reflex mechanism in which osteocytes exposed to cyclic mechanical loading induce muscle activity. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess whether bone tissue affected vibration-induced reflex muscle activity and vibration-induced muscle strength gain. Study Design: A prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial. Methods: Thirty-four participants were randomised into two groups. High-magnitude whole-body vibration was applied in the exercise group, whereas low-magnitude whole-body vibration exercises were applied in the control group throughout 20 sessions. Hip bone mineral density, isokinetic muscle strength, and plasma sclerostin levels were measured. The surface electromyography data were processed to obtain the Root Mean Squares, which were normalised by maximal voluntarily contraction. Results: In the exercise group, muscle strength increased in the right and left knee flexors (23.9%, p=0.004 and 27.5%, p<0.0001, respectively). However, no significant change was observed in the knee extensor muscle strength. There was no significant change in the knee muscle strength in the control group. The vibration-induced corrected Root Mean Squares of the semitendinosus muscle was decreased by 2.8 times (p=0.005) in the exercise group, whereas there was no change in the control group. Sclerostin index was decreased by 15.2% (p=0.031) in the exercise group and increased by 20.8% (p=0.028) in the control group. A change in the sclerostin index was an important predictor of a change in the vibration-induced normalised Root Mean Square of the semitendinosus muscle (R2=0.7, p=0.0001). Femoral neck bone mineral density was an important predictor of muscle strength gain (R2=0.26, p=0.035). Conclusion: This study indicates that bone tissue may have an effect on vibration-induced muscle strength gain and vibration-induced reflex muscle activity.

Keywords

Bone mineral density, electromyography, muscle training, sclerostin, tonic vibration reflex

A Randomized Trial on the Effect of Bone Tissue on Vibration-induced Muscle Strength Gain and Vibration-induced Reflex Muscle Activity

Abstract

References

• Cochrane DJ. Vibration exercise: the potential benefits. Int J Sports Med 2011;32:75-99. [CrossRef]
• Delecluse C, Roelants M, Verschueren S. Strength increase after whole- body vibration compared with resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:1033-41. [CrossRef]
• Di Giminiani R, Manno R, Scrimaglio R, Sementilli S, Tihanyi J. Ef- fects of individualized whole-body vibration on muscle flexibility and mechanical power. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2010;50:139-51.
• Wilcock IM, Whatman C, Harris N, Keogh JW. Vibration training:could it enhance the strength, power, or speed of athletes? J Strength Cond Res 2009;23:593-603.
• Pollock RD, Woledge RC, Martin FC, Newham DJ. Effects of whole body vibration on motor unit recruitment and threshold. J Appl Physiol 2012;112:388-95. [CrossRef]
• Rittweger J. Vibration as an exercise modality: how it may work, and what its potential might be. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010;108:877-904. [CrossRef]
• Martin BJ, Park HS. Analysis of the tonic vibration reflex:influence of vibration variables on motor unit synchronization and fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;75:504-11. [CrossRef]
• Dindar F, Verrier M. Studies on the receptor responsible for vibration induced inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38:155-60. [CrossRef]
• Ekblom MM, Thorstensson A. Effects of prolonged vibration on H- reflexes muscle activation and dynamic strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43:1933-9. [CrossRef]
• Hopkins JT, Fredericks D, Guyon PW, Parker S, Gage M, Feland JB, et al. Whole body vibration does not potentiate the stretch reflex. Int J Sports Med 2009;30:124-9. [CrossRef]
• Karacan I, Sariyildiz MA, Bahadir C, Ozen A. Effect of bone tissue on vibration-induced electrical activity of muscles. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2010;30:1346-56. [CrossRef]
• Kipp K, Johnson ST, Doeringer JR, Hoffman MA. Spinal reflex excit- ability and homosynaptic depression after a bout of whole-body vibra- tion. Muscle Nerve 2011;43:259-62.
• Ribot-Ciscar E, Rossi-Durand C, Roll JP. Muscle spindle activity following muscle tendon vibration in man. Neurosci Lett 1998;24:147-50. [CrossRef]
• Ritzmann R, Kramer A, Gollhofer A, Taube W. The effect of whole body vibration on the H-reflex, the stretch reflex, and the short-latency response during hopping. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013;23:331-9. [CrossRef]
• Karacan I, Sariyildiz MA, Ergin O, Ozen A, Karamehmetoglu SS. Bone myoregulation reflex: a possible new mechanism. Nobel Med 2009;5:9-17.
• Karacan I, Cidem M, Bahadir C, Rezvani A, Ozen A, Unalan HI. The effect of bone mineral density of distal radius exposed to vibration on rest activity of contralateral wrist flexor. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2012;32:1673-80. [CrossRef]
• Gaudio A, Pennisi P, Bratengeier C, Torrisi V, Lindner B, Mangiafico RA, et al. Increased sclerostin serum levels associated with bone for- mation and resorption markers in patients with immobilization-induced bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2248-53. [CrossRef]
• Lombardi G, Lanteri P, Colombini A, Mariotti M, Banfi G. Sclerostin concentrations in athletes:role of load and gender. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2012;26:157-63.
• Robling AG, Niziolek PJ, Baldridge LA, Condon KW, Allen MR, Alam I, et al. Mechanical stimulation of bone in vivo reduces osteocyte ex- pression of Sost/sclerostin. J Biol Chem 2008;29:5866-75.
• Çidem M, Karakoç Y, Ekmekçi H, Küçük SH, Uludağ M, Gün K, et al. Effects of whole body vibration on plasma sclerostin level in healthy women. Turk J Med Sci DOI: 10.3906/sag-1302-88. [CrossRef]
• Voskaridou E, Christoulas D, Plata E, Bratengeier C, Anastasilakis A, Komninaka V, et al. High circulating sclerostin is present in patients with thalassemia-associated osteoporosis and correlates with bone min- eral density. Horm Metab Res 2012;44:909-13. [CrossRef]
• Ritzmann R, Gollhofer A, Kramer A. The influence of vibration type, fre- quency, body position and additional load on the neuromuscular activity dur- ing whole body vibration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013;113:1-11. [CrossRef]
• Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2000;10:361-74. [CrossRef]
• Abercromby AF, Amonette WE, Layne CS, McFarlin BK, Hinman MR, Paloski WH. Variation in neuromuscular responses during acute whole-body vibration exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1642-50. [CrossRef]
• Fratini A, Cesarelli M, Bifulco P, Romano M. Relevance of motion arti- fact in electromyography recordings during vibration treatment. J Elec- tromyogr Kinesiol 2009;19:710-8. [CrossRef]
• Sebik O, Karacan I, Cidem M, Turker K. Rectification of SEMG as a tool to demonstrate synchronous motor unit activity during vibration. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013;23:275-84. [CrossRef]
• Rudolph KS, Axe MJ, Buchanan TS, Scholz JP, Snyder-Mackler L. Dynamic stability in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001;9:62-71. [CrossRef]
• Hart JM, Fowler DE, Lunardini DJ. Exercise Physiology. In: Jesse C, Drez DD, Miller MD, editors. Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice. Saunders & Elsevier Philadelphia;2010:207-20.
• Lugade V, Lin V, Chou LS. Center of mass and base of support interac- tion during gait. Gait Posture 2011;33:406-11. [CrossRef]
• Brown MC, Engberg I, Matthews PB. The relative sensitivity to vibra- tion of muscle receptors of the cat. J Physiol 1967;192:773-800.
• Beynnon B, Johnson RJ, Brown L. Relevant Biomechanics of the Knee. In:Jesse C, Drez DD, Miller MD, editors. Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: Principles and Practice. Saunders & Elsevier Philadel- phia;2010:1579-95.
• Dangelo MD, Grieve DW, Pereira LF, Watkinson T. A description of nor- mal relaxed standing postures. Clinical Biomechanics 1987;2:140-144. [CrossRef]
• Greenwood NL, Duffell LD, Alexander CM, McGregor AH. Electro- myographic activity of pelvic and lower limb muscles during postural tasks in people with benign joint hypermobility syndrome and non hy- permobile people. A pilot study. Man Ther 2011;16:623-8. [CrossRef]
• Bonivtch AR, Bonewald LF, Nicolella DP. Tissue strain amplification at the osteocyte lacuna: a microstructural finite element analysis. J Bio- mech 2007;40:2199-206. [CrossRef]
• Pollock RD, Woledge RC, Mills KR, Martin FC, Newham DJ. Muscle activ- ity and acceleration during whole body vibration: effect of frequency and amplitude. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2010;25:840-6. [CrossRef]
• Fuglevand AJ, Keen DA. Re-evaluation of muscle wisdom in the hu- man adductor pollicis using physiological rates of stimulation. J Physiol 2003;549:865-75. [CrossRef]
• Kallenberg LA, Hermens HJ. Behaviour of motor unit action potential rate,estimated from surface EMG, as a measure of muscle activation level. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2006;3:15.
• Duncan RL, Turner CH. Mechanotransduction and the functional re- sponse of bone to mechanical strain. Calcif Tissue Int 1995;57:344-58. [CrossRef]
• Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Saunders Elsevier. Philadel- phia; 2011.
• Georg Schett. Biology Physiology and Morphology of Bone. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, McInnes LB, O’Dell JR, editors. Kelley’s Text- book of Rheumatology. Saunders an imprint of Elsevier Inc; 2013:61-68.