1. Daneman N, McGeer A, Green K, Low DE; Toronto Invasive
Bacterial Diseases Network. Macrolide resistance in bacteremic
pneumococcal disease: implications for patient management.
Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:432-8. [CrossRef]
2. Calatayud L, Ardanuy C, Tubau F, Rolo D, Grau I, Pallarés R, et
al. Serotype and genotype replacement among macrolide-resistant
invasive pneumococci in adults: mechanisms of resistance and association
with different transposons. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:1310-6.
[CrossRef]
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards
for antimicrobial susceptibility testing M100-S23. 2013;
Wayne, Pa: USA.
4. Montanari MP, Mingoia M, Giovanetti E, Varaldo PE. Differentiation
of resistance phenotypes among erythromycin-resistant
pneumococci. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1311-5. [CrossRef]
5. Sutcliffe J, Grebe T, Tait-Kamradt A, Wondrack L. Detection
of erythromycin-resistant determinants by PCR. Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother 1996;40:2562-6.
6. Van Belkum A, Sluijter M, de Groot R, Verbrugh H, Hermans
PW. Novel BOX repeat PCR assay for high-resolution typing
of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. J Clin Microbiol
1996;34:1176-9.
Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Year 2015,
Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 84 - 88, 01.01.2015
_Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a worldwide problem. Aims_ The aim of this work was to analyze the phenotypes, genotypes, and clonal relatedness among macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae strains isolated from various clinical specimens in our hospital. Study Design_ Cross-sectional study. Methods_ 80 non-duplicate S. pneumoniae strains were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for both the erm (B) and mef (A) genes. Results_ Macrolide resistance was observed in 22.5% (18 strains) of strains. Two (11.2%) isolates possessed mef (A), eight possessed erm (B) (44.4%) and eight strains (44.4%) were positive for both erm (B) and mef (A) genes. Although BOX-PCR of 18 macrolide-resistant strains revealed 11 band patterns, they clustered as seven clones with a genetic distance _10% to each other. Eight isolates possessed both erm (B) and mef (A) genes and belonged to a single clone (44.44% of all macrolide-resistant strains). Conclusion_ Increased positivity rates for both resistance genes have also been reported from other hospitals in Turkey, but this is the first study from Turkey showing the clonal dissemination of both resistance genes_
1. Daneman N, McGeer A, Green K, Low DE; Toronto Invasive
Bacterial Diseases Network. Macrolide resistance in bacteremic
pneumococcal disease: implications for patient management.
Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:432-8. [CrossRef]
2. Calatayud L, Ardanuy C, Tubau F, Rolo D, Grau I, Pallarés R, et
al. Serotype and genotype replacement among macrolide-resistant
invasive pneumococci in adults: mechanisms of resistance and association
with different transposons. J Clin Microbiol 2010;48:1310-6.
[CrossRef]
3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards
for antimicrobial susceptibility testing M100-S23. 2013;
Wayne, Pa: USA.
4. Montanari MP, Mingoia M, Giovanetti E, Varaldo PE. Differentiation
of resistance phenotypes among erythromycin-resistant
pneumococci. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1311-5. [CrossRef]
5. Sutcliffe J, Grebe T, Tait-Kamradt A, Wondrack L. Detection
of erythromycin-resistant determinants by PCR. Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother 1996;40:2562-6.
6. Van Belkum A, Sluijter M, de Groot R, Verbrugh H, Hermans
PW. Novel BOX repeat PCR assay for high-resolution typing
of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. J Clin Microbiol
1996;34:1176-9.
Sirekbasan, L., Gönüllü, N., Sirekbasan, S., Kuşkucu, M., et al. (2015). Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Balkan Medical Journal, 32(1), 84-88.
AMA
Sirekbasan L, Gönüllü N, Sirekbasan S, Kuşkucu M, Midilli K. Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Balkan Medical Journal. January 2015;32(1):84-88.
Chicago
Sirekbasan, Leyla, Nevriye Gönüllü, Serhat Sirekbasan, Mert Kuşkucu, and Kenan Midilli. “Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae”. Balkan Medical Journal 32, no. 1 (January 2015): 84-88.
EndNote
Sirekbasan L, Gönüllü N, Sirekbasan S, Kuşkucu M, Midilli K (January 1, 2015) Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Balkan Medical Journal 32 1 84–88.
IEEE
L. Sirekbasan, N. Gönüllü, S. Sirekbasan, M. Kuşkucu, and K. Midilli, “Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae”, Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 84–88, 2015.
ISNAD
Sirekbasan, Leyla et al. “Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae”. Balkan Medical Journal 32/1 (January 2015), 84-88.
JAMA
Sirekbasan L, Gönüllü N, Sirekbasan S, Kuşkucu M, Midilli K. Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Balkan Medical Journal. 2015;32:84–88.
MLA
Sirekbasan, Leyla et al. “Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae”. Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 32, no. 1, 2015, pp. 84-88.
Vancouver
Sirekbasan L, Gönüllü N, Sirekbasan S, Kuşkucu M, Midilli K. Phenotypes and Genotypes of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Balkan Medical Journal. 2015;32(1):84-8.