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Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 5, 458 - 463, 01.09.2017

Abstract

References

  • 1. Slootweg PJ, Ferlito A, Cardesa A, Thompson LD, Hunt JL, Strojan P, et al. Sinonasal tumors: a clinicopathologic update of selected tumors. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013;270:5-20.
  • 2. Stern SJ, Hanna E. Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In: Myers EN, Suen JY, eds. Cancer of the Head and Neck. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996;205-33.
  • 3. Brennan JA, Mao L, Hruban RH, Boyle JO, Eby YJ, Koch WM, et al. Molecular assessment of histopathological staging in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 1995;332:429-35.
  • 4. Kurita H, Nakanishi Y, Nishizawa R, Xiao T, Kamata T, Koike T, et al. Impact of different surgical margin conditions on local recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010;46:814-7.
  • 5. Johnson RE, Sigman JD, Funk GF, Robinson RA, Hoffman HT. Quantification of surgical margin shrinkage in the oral cavity. Head Neck 1997;19:281-6.
  • 6. Rutherford EE, Karanjia ND. The measurement of liver resection margins. HPB (Oxford) 2004;6:18-20.
  • 7. Siu KF, Cheung HC, Wong J. Shrinkage of the esophagus after resection for carcinoma. Ann Surg 1986;203:173-6.
  • 8. Jonmarker S, Valdman A, Lindberg A, Hellström M, Egevad L. Tissue shrinkage after fixation with formalin injection of prostatectomy specimens. Virchows Arch 2006;449:297-301.
  • 9. Hsu PK, Huang HC, Hsieh CC, Hsu HS, Wu YC, Huang MH, et al. Effect of formalin fixation on tumor size determination in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1825-9.
  • 10. Quester R, Schröder R. The shrinkage of the human brain stem during formalin fixation and embedding in paraffin. J Neurosci Methods 1997;75:81-9.
  • 11. Small CS, Peterson DI. The reliability of dimensions of formalin-fixed brains. Neurology 1982;32:413-5.
  • 12. Kimura M, Tayama N, Chan RW. Geometrical deformation of vocal fold tissues induced by formalin fixation. Laryngoscope 2003;113:607-13.
  • 13. Kerns MJ, Darst MA, Olsen TG, Fenster M, Hall P, Grevey S. Shrinkage of cutaneous specimens: formalin or other factors involved? J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:1093-6.
  • 14. Dauendorffer JN, Bastuji-Garin S, Guéro S, Brousse N, Fraitag S. Shrinkage of skin excision specimens: formalin fixation is not the culprit. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:810-4.
  • 15. Mistry RC, Qureshi SS, Kumaran C. Post-resection mucosal margin shrinkage in oral cancer: quantification and significance. J Surg Oncol 2005;91:131-3.
  • 16. Yeap BH, Muniandy S, Lee SK, Sabaratnam S, Singh M. Specimen shrinkage and its influence on margin assessment in breast cancer. Asian J Surg 2007;30:183-7.
  • 17. Loree TR, Strong EW. Significance of positive margins in oral cavity squamous carcinoma. Am J Surg 1990;160:410-4.
  • 18. Bradley PJ, MacLennan K, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR. Status of primary tumour surgical margins in squamous head and neck cancer: prognostic implications. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;15:74-81.
  • 19. Ravasz LA, Slootweg PJ, Hordijk GJ, Smit F, van der Tweel I. The status of the resection margin as a prognostic factor in the treatment of head and neck carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1991;19:314-8.
  • 20. Slootweg PJ, Hordijk GJ, Schade Y, van Es RJ, Koole R. Treatment failure and margin status in head and neck cancer. A critical view on the potential value of molecular pathology. Oral Oncol 2002;38:500-3.
  • 21. Lum H, Mitzner W. Effects of 10% formalin fixation on fixed lung volume and lung tissue shrinkage. A comparison of eleven laboratory species. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:1078-83.
  • 22. Pritt B, Tessitore JJ, Weaver DL, Blaszyk H. The effect of tissue fixation and processing on breast cancer size. Hum Pathol 2005;36:756-60.
  • 23. Werner M, Chott A, Fabiano A, Battifora H. Effect of formalin tissue fixation and processing on immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:1016-9.
  • 24. Prentø P, Lyon H. Commercial formalin substitutes for histopathology. Biotech Histochem 1997;72:273-82.
  • 25. Altunkaynak BZ, Altunkaynak ME. Farklı Fiksasyon İşlemlerinin Karaciğer Boyutu Üzerine Etkisi: Stereolojik Bir Çalışma. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2006;13:151-6.
  • 26. Mouritzen Dam A. Shrinkage of the brain during histological procedures with fixation in formaldehyde solutions of different concentrations. J Hirnforsch 1979;20:115-9.
  • 27. Boonstra H, Oosterhuis JW, Oosterhuis AM, Fleuren GJ. Cervical tissue shrinkage by formaldehyde fixation, paraffin wax embedding, section cutting and mounting. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1983;402:195-201.
  • 28. Iwadare T, Mori H, Ishiguro K, Takeishi M. Dimensional changes of tissues in the course of processing. J Microsc 1984;136:323-7.
  • 29. Dobrin PB. Effect of histologic preparation on the cross-sectional area of arterial rings. J Surg Res 1996;61:413-5.
  • 30. Schned AR, Wheeler KJ, Hodorowski CA, Heaney JA, Ernstoff MS, Amdur RJ, et al. Tissue-shrinkage correction factor in the calculation of prostate cancer volume. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1501-6

Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage during Formalin Fixation

Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 5, 458 - 463, 01.09.2017

Abstract

Background:After resection, specimens are subjected to formalin fixation during histologic processing. This procedure can result in tissue shrinkage, with amount of shrinkage related to tissue composition and tissue type. Aims: In this study,we aimed to evaluated shrinkage of nasal mucosa and cartilage tissue and compared differences in shrinkage after resection, after formalin fixation, and during microscopic examination to understand differences in rate of shrinkage with different tissue types. Study Design:Animal experimentation. Methods:Fresh sheep nasal septa were excised (10 mm diameter in 40 sheep and 20 mm diameter in 40 sheep). The mucosa was separated from 1 side of the cartilage, with the contralateral mucosa remaining attached to the cartilage. Specimen diameters were measured in situ, after resection, after fixation for 6 or 24 hours (10% formalin), and during microscopic examination. Results:We found no significant changes in specimen diameters (both 10 mm and 20 mm) between in situ and resected tissue. Shrinkage was noted in all fixated specimens, and further shrinkage was noted after microscopic examination. We found p=0.004 for free mucosa, p=0.005 for mucosa attached to cartilage, and p=0.008 for cartilage in 10 mm, and p=0.007 for free mucosa, p=0.004 for mucosa attached to cartilage, and p=0.01 for cartilage in 20 mm specimen diameter. Tissue shrinkage was greatest in free mucosal tissue and least in cartilage. Conclusion: We found that tissue shrinkage was greatest in free mucosal tissue, less in mucosa attached to cartilage, and least in cartilage. These results should be considered when evaluating patients undergoing surgical procedures fornasal cavity and paranasal sinus malignancies. Surgical margins should be measured before fixation or evaluated if possible before fixation and shrinkage.

References

  • 1. Slootweg PJ, Ferlito A, Cardesa A, Thompson LD, Hunt JL, Strojan P, et al. Sinonasal tumors: a clinicopathologic update of selected tumors. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013;270:5-20.
  • 2. Stern SJ, Hanna E. Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. In: Myers EN, Suen JY, eds. Cancer of the Head and Neck. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996;205-33.
  • 3. Brennan JA, Mao L, Hruban RH, Boyle JO, Eby YJ, Koch WM, et al. Molecular assessment of histopathological staging in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 1995;332:429-35.
  • 4. Kurita H, Nakanishi Y, Nishizawa R, Xiao T, Kamata T, Koike T, et al. Impact of different surgical margin conditions on local recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010;46:814-7.
  • 5. Johnson RE, Sigman JD, Funk GF, Robinson RA, Hoffman HT. Quantification of surgical margin shrinkage in the oral cavity. Head Neck 1997;19:281-6.
  • 6. Rutherford EE, Karanjia ND. The measurement of liver resection margins. HPB (Oxford) 2004;6:18-20.
  • 7. Siu KF, Cheung HC, Wong J. Shrinkage of the esophagus after resection for carcinoma. Ann Surg 1986;203:173-6.
  • 8. Jonmarker S, Valdman A, Lindberg A, Hellström M, Egevad L. Tissue shrinkage after fixation with formalin injection of prostatectomy specimens. Virchows Arch 2006;449:297-301.
  • 9. Hsu PK, Huang HC, Hsieh CC, Hsu HS, Wu YC, Huang MH, et al. Effect of formalin fixation on tumor size determination in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1825-9.
  • 10. Quester R, Schröder R. The shrinkage of the human brain stem during formalin fixation and embedding in paraffin. J Neurosci Methods 1997;75:81-9.
  • 11. Small CS, Peterson DI. The reliability of dimensions of formalin-fixed brains. Neurology 1982;32:413-5.
  • 12. Kimura M, Tayama N, Chan RW. Geometrical deformation of vocal fold tissues induced by formalin fixation. Laryngoscope 2003;113:607-13.
  • 13. Kerns MJ, Darst MA, Olsen TG, Fenster M, Hall P, Grevey S. Shrinkage of cutaneous specimens: formalin or other factors involved? J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:1093-6.
  • 14. Dauendorffer JN, Bastuji-Garin S, Guéro S, Brousse N, Fraitag S. Shrinkage of skin excision specimens: formalin fixation is not the culprit. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:810-4.
  • 15. Mistry RC, Qureshi SS, Kumaran C. Post-resection mucosal margin shrinkage in oral cancer: quantification and significance. J Surg Oncol 2005;91:131-3.
  • 16. Yeap BH, Muniandy S, Lee SK, Sabaratnam S, Singh M. Specimen shrinkage and its influence on margin assessment in breast cancer. Asian J Surg 2007;30:183-7.
  • 17. Loree TR, Strong EW. Significance of positive margins in oral cavity squamous carcinoma. Am J Surg 1990;160:410-4.
  • 18. Bradley PJ, MacLennan K, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR. Status of primary tumour surgical margins in squamous head and neck cancer: prognostic implications. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;15:74-81.
  • 19. Ravasz LA, Slootweg PJ, Hordijk GJ, Smit F, van der Tweel I. The status of the resection margin as a prognostic factor in the treatment of head and neck carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1991;19:314-8.
  • 20. Slootweg PJ, Hordijk GJ, Schade Y, van Es RJ, Koole R. Treatment failure and margin status in head and neck cancer. A critical view on the potential value of molecular pathology. Oral Oncol 2002;38:500-3.
  • 21. Lum H, Mitzner W. Effects of 10% formalin fixation on fixed lung volume and lung tissue shrinkage. A comparison of eleven laboratory species. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;132:1078-83.
  • 22. Pritt B, Tessitore JJ, Weaver DL, Blaszyk H. The effect of tissue fixation and processing on breast cancer size. Hum Pathol 2005;36:756-60.
  • 23. Werner M, Chott A, Fabiano A, Battifora H. Effect of formalin tissue fixation and processing on immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:1016-9.
  • 24. Prentø P, Lyon H. Commercial formalin substitutes for histopathology. Biotech Histochem 1997;72:273-82.
  • 25. Altunkaynak BZ, Altunkaynak ME. Farklı Fiksasyon İşlemlerinin Karaciğer Boyutu Üzerine Etkisi: Stereolojik Bir Çalışma. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2006;13:151-6.
  • 26. Mouritzen Dam A. Shrinkage of the brain during histological procedures with fixation in formaldehyde solutions of different concentrations. J Hirnforsch 1979;20:115-9.
  • 27. Boonstra H, Oosterhuis JW, Oosterhuis AM, Fleuren GJ. Cervical tissue shrinkage by formaldehyde fixation, paraffin wax embedding, section cutting and mounting. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1983;402:195-201.
  • 28. Iwadare T, Mori H, Ishiguro K, Takeishi M. Dimensional changes of tissues in the course of processing. J Microsc 1984;136:323-7.
  • 29. Dobrin PB. Effect of histologic preparation on the cross-sectional area of arterial rings. J Surg Res 1996;61:413-5.
  • 30. Schned AR, Wheeler KJ, Hodorowski CA, Heaney JA, Ernstoff MS, Amdur RJ, et al. Tissue-shrinkage correction factor in the calculation of prostate cancer volume. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1501-6
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA74SN53AM
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Leyla Kansu This is me

Erdinç Aydın This is me

Hampar Akkaya This is me

Suat Avcı This is me

Nalan Akalın This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 34 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Kansu, L., Aydın, E., Akkaya, H., Avcı, S., et al. (2017). Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage during Formalin Fixation. Balkan Medical Journal, 34(5), 458-463.
AMA Kansu L, Aydın E, Akkaya H, Avcı S, Akalın N. Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage during Formalin Fixation. Balkan Medical Journal. September 2017;34(5):458-463.
Chicago Kansu, Leyla, Erdinç Aydın, Hampar Akkaya, Suat Avcı, and Nalan Akalın. “Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage During Formalin Fixation”. Balkan Medical Journal 34, no. 5 (September 2017): 458-63.
EndNote Kansu L, Aydın E, Akkaya H, Avcı S, Akalın N (September 1, 2017) Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage during Formalin Fixation. Balkan Medical Journal 34 5 458–463.
IEEE L. Kansu, E. Aydın, H. Akkaya, S. Avcı, and N. Akalın, “Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage during Formalin Fixation”, Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 458–463, 2017.
ISNAD Kansu, Leyla et al. “Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage During Formalin Fixation”. Balkan Medical Journal 34/5 (September 2017), 458-463.
JAMA Kansu L, Aydın E, Akkaya H, Avcı S, Akalın N. Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage during Formalin Fixation. Balkan Medical Journal. 2017;34:458–463.
MLA Kansu, Leyla et al. “Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage During Formalin Fixation”. Balkan Medical Journal, vol. 34, no. 5, 2017, pp. 458-63.
Vancouver Kansu L, Aydın E, Akkaya H, Avcı S, Akalın N. Shrinkage of Nasal Mucosa and Cartilage during Formalin Fixation. Balkan Medical Journal. 2017;34(5):458-63.