Alternating current electrophoretic deposition of HA and hBN nanoparticles on Ti substrate

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are biocompatible materials. In this study, nano HA and nano hBN were used for coatings of titanium (Ti) substrate. The nanoparticles were deposited on Ti substrates by alternating current electrophoretic deposition (AC-EPD). Suspensions were consist of nano HA and also comprised of the various amount of nano hBN (0.0-2.0-5.0-10.0 and 25.0 wt. % by the percentage of hydroxyapatite). The coated samples were heat treated at 800C in Ar atmosphere for 2 hours. Sintered samples were characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. Coating thickness was measured and adhesion tests (ASTM D3359–09-B) were performed. The results showed that nano HA and nano hBN composite coating with AC-EPD method is homogeneous and crack free.  It is determined that the amount of hBN in composite affects the adhesion behavior and the thickness of coating.

Keywords

• Alternating current electrophoretic deposition,Hexagonal boron nitride,Hydroxyapatite,Composite coating

References

1. [1] Park B., Lakes, R.S., Biomaterials: An Introduction, Plenum Press, New York, 1992.
2. [2] Ravaglioli A., Krajewski A., Bioceramics: Materials, Properties, Applications, Chapman & Hall, London, 1992.
3. [3] Mavis B., Taş A. C., Dip coating of calcium hydroxyapatite on Ti-6Al-4V substrates, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 83 (4), 989–991, 2000.
4. [4] Yu L.G., Khor K. A., LI H., Cheang P., Effect of spark plasma sintering on the microstructure and in vitro behavior of plasma sprayed HA coatings, Biomaterials, 24, 2695-2705, 2013.
5. [5] Habibovic P., Barre`re F., Blitterswijk C. A. V., Groot K. D., Layrolle P., Biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on metal implants, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 85 (3), 517–522, 2002.
6. [6] Zhitomirsky I., Gal-Or L., Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyappatite, J. Mater Sci. Mater., Med., 8, 213-219, 1997.
7. [7] Boccacini A. R., Keim S., Ma, R., Li, Y., Zhitomirsky I., Electrophoretic deposition of biomaterials, J.R, Soc, Interface, 7, 581-613, 2010.
8. [8] Ammam M., Electrophoretic deposition under modulated electric fields: A Review, RSC Advances, 2, 7633-7646, 2012. [9] Besra L., Liu M., A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD), Prog. Mater. Sci., 52, 1-61, 2007.

9. [10] Ozhukil Kollath V., Chen Q., Closset R., Luyten J., Traina K., Mullens S., Boccaccini A. R., Cloots, R., et al., DC electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite on titanium, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 33, 2715–2721, 2013.
10. [11] Weimer A. W., Carbide, Nitride and Boride Materials Synthesis and Production, Chapman &Hall Pub., London, 1997.
11. [12] Chen X., Wu P., Rousseas M., Okawa D., Gartner Z., Zettl A. Bertozzi C. R., Boron nitride nanotubes are noncytotoxic and can be functionalized for interaction with proteins and cell, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131(3), 890-891, 2009.
12. [13] Ciofani G., Danti S., D’Alessandro D., Moscato S. Menciassi A., Assessing cytotoxicity of boron nitride nanotubes: Interference with the MTT assay, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 394, 405-411, 2010.
13. [14] Lahiri D., Rouzaud F., Richard T., Keshri A. K., Bakshi S. R., Kos L. Agarwal A., Boron nitride nanotube reinforced polylactide–polycaprolactone copolymer composite: Mechanical properties and cytocompatibility with osteoblasts and macrophages in vitro, Acta Biomater., 6, 3524-3533, 2010.
14. [15] Göncü Y., Geçgin M., Baka, F., Ay N., Electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite-hexagonal boron nitride composite coatings on Ti substrate, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 79, 343–353, 2017.
15. [16] Lahiri D., Singh V., Benaduc, A. P., Seal S., Kos L., Agarwal A., Boron nitride nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite: Mechanical and tribological performance and in-vitro biocompatibility to osteoblasts, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 4, 44-56, 2011.
16. [17] Prajatelistia E., Han Y. H., Kım B. N, Kim Y. M., Lee K., Jeong Y. K., Kim D.I., et al., Characterization of boron nitride-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites prepared by spark plasma sintering and hot press, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn, 121(1412), 344-347, 2013.
17. [18] Topcu A., Halici Z., Karakus E., Cadirci E. Dogan A., Effects of Boron Nitride and/or Hydroxyapatite Compounds on Bone Defect in Osteoporotic Rats, in: J.A. Kanis, R. Linsday (Eds.) Osteoporosis International with other metabolic bone diseases, Springer, Milan Italy, 2015.
18. [19] Yayla M., Halici Z., Cadirci E., Karakus E., Demirci S., Effects of Boron Nitride and/or Hydroxyapatite Compounds on Bone Formation in Rat Carvarial Defect Model, in: J.A. KANIS, R. LINDSAY (Eds.) Osteoporosis International with other metabolic bone diseases, Springer, Milan Italy, pp. 678, 2015.
19. [20] Halici Z., Polat B., Karakus E., Bayir Y., Albayrak A., Aydin A., Cadirci E. Ay N., Effects of Boron Nitride and/or Hydroxyapatite Compounds on Bone Defect Model of Rats, in: J.A. KANIS, R. LINDSAY (Eds.) Osteoporosis International with other metabolic bone diseases, Springer, Milan Italy, 2015.
20. [21] Halici Z., Cadirci E., Karakus E., Bayir Y., Albayrak A., Aydin A., Polat B., Ay N., Effects of Boron Nitride and/or Hydroxyapatite Plaques on Bone Healing in Rats With Femoral Fracture, in: J.A. KANIS, R. LINDSAY (Eds.) Osteoporosis International with other metabolic bone diseases, Springer, Milan Italy, p 683, 2015.
21. [22] Ferah I., The Effects of Boron Nitride and/or Hydroxyapatite Compounds on Experimentally Induced Osteomyelitis Following Open Femoral Fracture in Rats, Health Sciences Institute, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey, p. 109, 2015.
22. [23] Atila A., Halici Z., Cadirci E., Karakus E., Palabiyik S. S., Ay N., Bakan F., Yilmaz S., Study of the boron levels in serum after implantation of different ratios nano-hexagonal boron nitride–hydroxy apatite in rat femurs, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 58, 1082–1089, 2016.
23. [24] Geçgin M., Alli E., Göncü M., Ay N., The characterization of hydroxyapatite-hexagonal boron nitride composites with forming cold isostatic pressing, The International Porous and Powder Materials Symposium and Exhibition, İzmir, Turkey, 15-18 September, 2015.
24. [25] Standard Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test, Test Method B—Cross-Cut Tape Test, ASTM D3359-09.
25. [26] Chávez-Valdez A., Herrmann M., Boccaccini A. R., Alternating current electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 375, 102–105, 2012.
26. [27] Gardeshzadeh A. R., Raissi B., Merzbanrad E., Electrophoretic deposition of SnO2 nanoparticles using low frequency AC electric fields, Mater. Lett., 62, 1697–1699, 2008.
27. [28] Ferrari B., Moreno R., EPD Kinetics: A review, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 30, 1069-1078, 2010.
28. [29] Sarkar N. Nicholso, P. S., Electrophoretic deposition (EPD): Mechanisms, kinetics, and application to ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79 (8), 1987-2002, 1996.
29. [30] Standard Test Method for Adhesion or Cohesive Strength of Flame-Sprayed Coating, ASTM Standard C633-79.
30. [31] Standard Test Method for Tension of Porous Metal Coatings, ASTM Standard F1147-88.
31. [32] Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Adhesive Bonds between Rigid Substrates by the Block-Shear Method, ASTM Standard D4501-91.
32. [33] Standard Test Methods for Shear Testing of Porous Metal Coatings, ASTM Standard F1044-87.
33. [34] Seuss S., Lehmann M., Boccaccini A. R., Alternating current electrophoretic deposition of antibacterial bioactive glass-chitosan composite coatings, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15, 12231-12242, 2014.
34. [35] Raddaha N. S., Cordero-Arias L., Cabanas-Polo S., Virtanen S., Roether J. A., Boccaccini A. R., Electrophoretic deposition of chitosan/h-BN and chitosan/h-BN/TiO2 composite coatings on stainless steel (316L) substrates, Mater., 7, 1814-1829, 2014.
35. [36] Coan T., Barroso G. S., Motz G., Bolzán A., Machado R. A. F., Preparation of PMMA/hBN composite coatings for metal surface protection, Mater. Res., 16 (6), 1366-1372, 2013.
36. [37] Wei M., Ruys A. J., Milthorpe B. K., Sorrell C. C., Evans J. H., electrophoretic deposition of hydroxyapatite coatings on metal substrates: A nanoparticulate dual-coating approach, J. Sol-Gel Sci. and Technol., 21, 39–48, 2001.
37. [38] Wei M., Ruys,A. J., Swain M. V., Milthorpe B. K., Sorrell C. C., Hydroxyapatite-coated metals: Interfacial reactions during sintering,J. mater. Sci.: Mater. Med.,16, 101 – 106, 2005.