Research Article

COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

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Mustafa Volkan Yılmaz , Özlem Özpak Akkuş , Esma Asil

https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1334055

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında sosyal izolasyonla kısıtlanmış bireylerde beslenme alışkanlıklarındaki değişikliklerin, uyku düzeni ve fiziksel aktivitelerin vücut ağırlığı üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaktır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya Türkiye'de kısmi karantina koşullarında olan toplam 699 sağlıklı yetişkin katılmıştır. Katılımcıların pandemi dönemindeki sosyodemografik özellikleri, antropometrik ölçümleri ve pandemi öncesi döneme kıyasla beslenme alışkanlıklarındaki değişiklikler ve fiziksel aktiviteleri sorgulanmıştır. Bireylerin uyku kalitesi, Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi ile ölçülmüştür.

Bulgular: Katılımcıların %53.8'inde [n=376] besin tüketiminin arttığı, %77.1'inde [n=539] fiziksel aktivitenin azaldığı ve %44.5'inde [n=311] vücut ağırlığının arttığı saptanmıştır. Vücut ağırlığı artan bireyler için yapılan lojistik regresyon analizinde, düşük uyku kalitesinin ağırlık kazanımı [OR=1.469, %95 GA=[1.012-2.133]; P<0.05] ve kadın cinsiyetinin [OR=2.376, %95 GA=[1.486-3.800]; P<0.001] ile ilişkili olduğu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde, fazla kilolu veya obez olmanın ağırlık kazanımı riski ile ilişkili olduğu [OR=2.413, %95 GA=[1.514-3.847]; P<0.001] ve [OR=2.545, %95 GA=[1.311-4.938]; P=0.006] tespit edilmiştir.

Sonuç: COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle uygulanan sosyal izolasyon sürecindeki beslenme alışkanlıklarındaki değişiklikler, uyku düzeni ve fiziksel aktivitelerin vücut ağırlığı üzerinde etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Pandemi dönemlerinde yaşam tarzı değişiklikleri, uyku kalitesi, beslenme alışkanlıkları ve obezite arasındaki etkileşimi anlamak için geniş çaplı randomize çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemisi Vücut Ağırlığı Beslenme Alışkanlıkları Obezite Pittsburgh Uyku Kalite İndeksi

References

  • 1. Eskici G. COVID-19 Pandemia: Nutrition Recommendations for Quarantine. Anatol Clin 2020; 25: 124-9.
  • 2. Wendy E, Parmet JD, Sinha MS. Covid-19 the law and limits of quarantine. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(15):28.
  • 3. Butler MJ, Barrientos RM. The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain Behav Immun 2020;87:53-4.
  • 4. Naja F, Hamadeh R. Nutrition amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-level framework for action. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020;74:1117-21.
  • 5. Kaya S, Uzdil Z, Cakiroğlu FP. Evaluation of the effects of fear and anxiety on nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Public Health Nutr 2021;24(2):282-9.
  • 6. Li W, Yang Y, Liu ZH, et al. Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci 2020;16(10):1732
  • 7. Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr 2020;33(2):100213.
  • 8. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Xiang Yang B., et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(3),e14.
  • 9. Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Annunziata G, Di Somma C., Laudisio D., Colaı A., et al. Obesity and sleep disturbance: the chicken or the egg? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016;59(13):2158-65.
  • 10. Perrini S, Cignarelli A, Quaranta VN, Falcone VA, Kounaki S., Porro S., et al. Correction of intermittent hypoxia reduces inflammation in obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. JCI insight 2017;2(17):94379.
  • 11. Grandner MA, Schopfer EA, Sands-Lincoln M, Jackson N. Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index depends on age. Obesity 2015;23(12):2491-8.
  • 12. Jennings JR, Muldoon MF, Hall M, Buysse D, Manuck SB. Selfreported sleep quality is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Sleep 2007;30(2):219-23.
  • 13. Yuzeren S, Herdem A, Aydemir O. Reliability and validity of Turkish Form of Sleep Disorder Scale/DSM-5 Uyku Bozuklugu Olcegi Turkce Formunun gecerliligi ve guvenilirligi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2017;18(2):79-85.
  • 14. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253.
  • 15. Ministry of Health, Public Health Agency, Turkey. “Turkey Dietary Guidelines”, Ministry of Health of Turkey Publication No: 1046, Ankara 2016.
  • 16. Rockett HR, Breitenbach M, Frazier AL, Witschi J, Kurt AM, Alanı AE. Validation of a youth/adolescent food frequency questionnaire. Prev Med 1997;26(6):808-16.
  • 17. Pellegrini M, Ponzo V, Rosato R, Scumaci E., Goitre I., Benso A., et al. Changes in weight and nutritional habits in adults with obesity during the “lockdown” period caused by the COVID-19 virus emergency. Nutrients 2020;12(7):2016.
  • 18. Cecchetto C, Aiello M, Gentili C, Lonta S, Osimo SA. Increased emotional eating during COVID-19 associated with lockdown, psychological and social distress. Appetite 2021;160:105-22.
  • 19. Bhutani S, VanDellen MR, Cooper JA. Longitudinal Weight Gain and Related Risk Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Adults in the US. Nutrient. 2021;13(2):671.
  • 20. Mason TB, Barrington-Trimis J, Leventhal AM. Eating to Cope With the COVID-19 Pandemic and Body Weight Change in Young Adults. J Adolesc Health 2021;68(2):277-83.
  • 21. Flanagan EW, Beyl RA, Fearnbach SN, Altazan AD, Martin CK, Redman LM. The impact of COVID‐19 stay‐at‐home orders on health behaviours in adults. Obesity 2021;29(2):438-45.
  • 22. Drywień ME, Hamulka J, Zielinska-Pukos MA, Bielac BJ, Gornicka M. The COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns and Changes in Body Weight among Polish Women. A Cross-Sectional Online Survey PLife COVID-19 Study. Sustainability 2020;12(18):7768.
  • 23. Soeroto AY, Soetedjo NN, Purwiga A, Santoso P., Kulsum ID, Suryadinata H., et al. Effect of increased BMI and obesity on the outcome of COVID-19 adult patients: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Diabetes Metabolic Syndr 2020;14(6):1897-904.
  • 24. Huang R, Zhu L, Xue L, Liu L, Yan X, Wang J, et al. Clinical findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Jiangsu province, China: A retrospective, multi-center study. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2020;14[5]:0008280.
  • 25. Gao F, Zheng KI, Wang XB, Sun QF, Pan KH, Wang TY, et al. Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Greater COVID-19 Severity. Diabetes Care 2020;43(7):72-4.
  • 26. Dietz W, Santos‐Burgoa C. Obesity and its implications for COVID‐19 mortality. Obesity 2020;28(6):1005-15.
  • 27. Abbas AM, Fathy SK, Fawzy AT, Salem A, Shawky MS. The mutual effects of COVID-19 and obesity. Obesity 2020;19:100250.
  • 28. Almandoz JP, Xie L, Schellinger JN, Mathew MS, Gazda C, Ofori A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on weight-related behaviours among patients with obesity. Clin Obes 2020;10(5):12386.
  • 29. Xue Z, Lin L, Zhang S, Gong J, Liu J, Lu J, et al. Sleep problems and medical isolation during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Sleep Med 2020;70:112.
  • 30. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, Krishnan V, Tripathi A, Subramanyam A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry 2020;62(4):370.
  • 31. Casagrande M, Favieri F, Tambelli R. The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Med 2020;75:12-20.
  • 32. Zachary Z, Brianna F, Brianna L, Pedersen G, Welty J, Deyo A. et al. Self-quarantine and weight gain related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020;14(3):210-6.
  • 33. Ning X, Lv J, Guo Y, Bian Z., Tam Y, Pei P, Chen J, et al. Association of sleep duration with weight gain and general and central obesity risk in Chinese adults: a prospective study. Obesity 2020;28(2):468-74.
  • 34. Boozari B, Saneei P, Safavi SM. Evaluation of the Relationship between Sleep Quality and Duration with Obesity in a Population of Iranian Adults. J Health System Res 2020;16(3):167-73.
  • 35. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 2015;1(1):40-3.
  • 36. Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, Ellis J, Gavriloff D, Holzinger B, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J Sleep Res 2020;29(4):13052.
  • 37. American Psychological Association. ‘One year on: Unhealthy weight gains, increased drinking reported by Americans coping with pandemic stress. 2021. Available from: https://www.apa.org/news/ press/releases/2021/03/one-year-pandemic-stress.
  • 38. Guadagni V, Umilta’ A, Laria G. Sleep Quality, Empathy and Mood During the Isolation Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Canadian Population: Females and Women Suffered the Most. Front Glob Women's Health 2020; Oct 23;1:585938.
  • 39. Chua MWC, Zheng S. Two pandemics coalition: Covid-19 and obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020;17(2):37-45

Poor Sleep Quality, High Body Mass Index and Female Gender May Affect Weight Gain in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

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Mustafa Volkan Yılmaz , Özlem Özpak Akkuş , Esma Asil

https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1334055

Abstract

Objective: The aim of the study was to understand the effects of changes in food consumption, sleep patterns, and physical activities on body weight in individuals restricted by social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.

Methods: A total of 699 healthy adults who were under partial quarantine conditions of Turkey participated to the study. Sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements of the individuals during the pandemic and the changes in their dietary habits and physical activities compared to the period before the pandemic were questioned in this cross-sectional study. Participants’ sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Results: It was found that food consumption increased in 53.8% of the participants [n=376][ , physical activity decreased in 77.1% [n=539], and body weight increased in 44.5% [n=311]. Logistic regression analysis performed for individuals with increased body weight showed that poor sleep quality was associated with weight gain [OR=1.469, 95%CI=[1.012-2.133]; P<0.05] and female gender [OR=2.376 95%CI=[1.486-3.800]; P<0.001]. Similarly, being overweight or obese was related with increased risk of weight gain [OR=2.413, 95%CI=[1.514-3.847]; P<0.001] and [OR=2.545, 95%CI=[1.311-4.938]; P=0.006], respectively.

Conclusions: The changes in food consumption, sleep patterns, and physical activities during the social isolation process implemented due to COVID-19 pandemic were found to be effective on body weight. There is a need for large-scale randomized studies on the interaction between lifestyle changes, sleep quality, dietary habits, and obesity during pandemic periods.

Keywords

COVID-19 pandemic Body weight Dietary habits Obesity Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

References

  • 1. Eskici G. COVID-19 Pandemia: Nutrition Recommendations for Quarantine. Anatol Clin 2020; 25: 124-9.
  • 2. Wendy E, Parmet JD, Sinha MS. Covid-19 the law and limits of quarantine. N Engl J Med 2020; 382(15):28.
  • 3. Butler MJ, Barrientos RM. The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain Behav Immun 2020;87:53-4.
  • 4. Naja F, Hamadeh R. Nutrition amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-level framework for action. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020;74:1117-21.
  • 5. Kaya S, Uzdil Z, Cakiroğlu FP. Evaluation of the effects of fear and anxiety on nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Public Health Nutr 2021;24(2):282-9.
  • 6. Li W, Yang Y, Liu ZH, et al. Progression of mental health services during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci 2020;16(10):1732
  • 7. Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. Gen Psychiatr 2020;33(2):100213.
  • 8. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Xiang Yang B., et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(3),e14.
  • 9. Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Annunziata G, Di Somma C., Laudisio D., Colaı A., et al. Obesity and sleep disturbance: the chicken or the egg? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016;59(13):2158-65.
  • 10. Perrini S, Cignarelli A, Quaranta VN, Falcone VA, Kounaki S., Porro S., et al. Correction of intermittent hypoxia reduces inflammation in obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. JCI insight 2017;2(17):94379.
  • 11. Grandner MA, Schopfer EA, Sands-Lincoln M, Jackson N. Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index depends on age. Obesity 2015;23(12):2491-8.
  • 12. Jennings JR, Muldoon MF, Hall M, Buysse D, Manuck SB. Selfreported sleep quality is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Sleep 2007;30(2):219-23.
  • 13. Yuzeren S, Herdem A, Aydemir O. Reliability and validity of Turkish Form of Sleep Disorder Scale/DSM-5 Uyku Bozuklugu Olcegi Turkce Formunun gecerliligi ve guvenilirligi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2017;18(2):79-85.
  • 14. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253.
  • 15. Ministry of Health, Public Health Agency, Turkey. “Turkey Dietary Guidelines”, Ministry of Health of Turkey Publication No: 1046, Ankara 2016.
  • 16. Rockett HR, Breitenbach M, Frazier AL, Witschi J, Kurt AM, Alanı AE. Validation of a youth/adolescent food frequency questionnaire. Prev Med 1997;26(6):808-16.
  • 17. Pellegrini M, Ponzo V, Rosato R, Scumaci E., Goitre I., Benso A., et al. Changes in weight and nutritional habits in adults with obesity during the “lockdown” period caused by the COVID-19 virus emergency. Nutrients 2020;12(7):2016.
  • 18. Cecchetto C, Aiello M, Gentili C, Lonta S, Osimo SA. Increased emotional eating during COVID-19 associated with lockdown, psychological and social distress. Appetite 2021;160:105-22.
  • 19. Bhutani S, VanDellen MR, Cooper JA. Longitudinal Weight Gain and Related Risk Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Adults in the US. Nutrient. 2021;13(2):671.
  • 20. Mason TB, Barrington-Trimis J, Leventhal AM. Eating to Cope With the COVID-19 Pandemic and Body Weight Change in Young Adults. J Adolesc Health 2021;68(2):277-83.
  • 21. Flanagan EW, Beyl RA, Fearnbach SN, Altazan AD, Martin CK, Redman LM. The impact of COVID‐19 stay‐at‐home orders on health behaviours in adults. Obesity 2021;29(2):438-45.
  • 22. Drywień ME, Hamulka J, Zielinska-Pukos MA, Bielac BJ, Gornicka M. The COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns and Changes in Body Weight among Polish Women. A Cross-Sectional Online Survey PLife COVID-19 Study. Sustainability 2020;12(18):7768.
  • 23. Soeroto AY, Soetedjo NN, Purwiga A, Santoso P., Kulsum ID, Suryadinata H., et al. Effect of increased BMI and obesity on the outcome of COVID-19 adult patients: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Diabetes Metabolic Syndr 2020;14(6):1897-904.
  • 24. Huang R, Zhu L, Xue L, Liu L, Yan X, Wang J, et al. Clinical findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Jiangsu province, China: A retrospective, multi-center study. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2020;14[5]:0008280.
  • 25. Gao F, Zheng KI, Wang XB, Sun QF, Pan KH, Wang TY, et al. Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Greater COVID-19 Severity. Diabetes Care 2020;43(7):72-4.
  • 26. Dietz W, Santos‐Burgoa C. Obesity and its implications for COVID‐19 mortality. Obesity 2020;28(6):1005-15.
  • 27. Abbas AM, Fathy SK, Fawzy AT, Salem A, Shawky MS. The mutual effects of COVID-19 and obesity. Obesity 2020;19:100250.
  • 28. Almandoz JP, Xie L, Schellinger JN, Mathew MS, Gazda C, Ofori A, et al. Impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on weight-related behaviours among patients with obesity. Clin Obes 2020;10(5):12386.
  • 29. Xue Z, Lin L, Zhang S, Gong J, Liu J, Lu J, et al. Sleep problems and medical isolation during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Sleep Med 2020;70:112.
  • 30. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, Krishnan V, Tripathi A, Subramanyam A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry 2020;62(4):370.
  • 31. Casagrande M, Favieri F, Tambelli R. The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Med 2020;75:12-20.
  • 32. Zachary Z, Brianna F, Brianna L, Pedersen G, Welty J, Deyo A. et al. Self-quarantine and weight gain related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020;14(3):210-6.
  • 33. Ning X, Lv J, Guo Y, Bian Z., Tam Y, Pei P, Chen J, et al. Association of sleep duration with weight gain and general and central obesity risk in Chinese adults: a prospective study. Obesity 2020;28(2):468-74.
  • 34. Boozari B, Saneei P, Safavi SM. Evaluation of the Relationship between Sleep Quality and Duration with Obesity in a Population of Iranian Adults. J Health System Res 2020;16(3):167-73.
  • 35. Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 2015;1(1):40-3.
  • 36. Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, Ellis J, Gavriloff D, Holzinger B, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J Sleep Res 2020;29(4):13052.
  • 37. American Psychological Association. ‘One year on: Unhealthy weight gains, increased drinking reported by Americans coping with pandemic stress. 2021. Available from: https://www.apa.org/news/ press/releases/2021/03/one-year-pandemic-stress.
  • 38. Guadagni V, Umilta’ A, Laria G. Sleep Quality, Empathy and Mood During the Isolation Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Canadian Population: Females and Women Suffered the Most. Front Glob Women's Health 2020; Oct 23;1:585938.
  • 39. Chua MWC, Zheng S. Two pandemics coalition: Covid-19 and obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020;17(2):37-45
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health Nutrition
Authors

Mustafa Volkan Yılmaz 0000-0002-7411-134X

Özlem Özpak Akkuş 0000-0002-1471-8000

Esma Asil 0000-0003-0809-4008

Publication Date

Cite

APA Yılmaz, M. V., Özpak Akkuş, Ö., & Asil, E. (n.d.). COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1334055
AMA Yılmaz MV, Özpak Akkuş Ö, Asil E. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1334055
Chicago Yılmaz, Mustafa Volkan, Özlem Özpak Akkuş, and Esma Asil. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi Ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma”. Bozok Tıp Dergisin.d. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1334055.
EndNote Yılmaz MV, Özpak Akkuş Ö, Asil E COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Bozok Tıp Dergisi
IEEE M. V. Yılmaz, Ö. Özpak Akkuş, and E. Asil, “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma”, Bozok Tıp Dergisi, doi: 10.16919/bozoktip.1334055.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Mustafa Volkan et al. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi Ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. n.d. https://doi.org/10.16919/bozoktip.1334055.
JAMA Yılmaz MV, Özpak Akkuş Ö, Asil E. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Bozok Tıp Dergisi. doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1334055.
MLA Yılmaz, Mustafa Volkan et al. “COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi Ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma”. Bozok Tıp Dergisi, doi:10.16919/bozoktip.1334055.
Vancouver Yılmaz MV, Özpak Akkuş Ö, Asil E. COVID-19 Pandemisinde Kötü Uyku Kalitesi, Yüksek Vücut Kitle İndeksi ve Kadın Cinsiyeti Kilo Alma Üzerinde Etkili Olabilir: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Bozok Tıp Dergisi.
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