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State Corruption In Post-War Lebanon: The Relation Between Post-War Inclusive Institutions And State Corruption

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 5, 221 - 243, 01.12.2011

Abstract

Power sharing and inclusion have often been viewed as remedies for deeply divided societies all around the globe. However, power sharing as a conflict management tool also has its drawbacks when it is viewed outside of the pre-dominant liberal peace paradigm. These downsides and flaws may not necessarily do away with the underlying principle of power sharing formula in strategies of conflict management and peace building. Yet, both practitioners and academicians should be aware of its disadvantages, and consider complementary or alternative mechanisms. After all, one of its main outcomes appears to be state corruption, as viewed within this case study of Lebanon.

References

  • “Post-war Lebanese Politics-The Perils of Breaking the Deadlock.” Strategic Comments 12 September 26, 2006. http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume- 12-2006/volume-12--issue-7/post-war-lebanese-politics/.
  • Adwan, C. Corruption in Reconstruction: The Cost of National Consensus in Post-War Lebanon. Center for International Private Enterprise, December 1, 2004. Accessed 25-05-2008. http://www.cipe.org/pdf/publications/fs/adwan.pdf.
  • Barak, O. “The Hardships of Consociation, The Perils of Partition: Lebanon, 1943-1990.” The Leonard Davis Institute Occasional Papers No. 86. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000. http://politics.huji.ac.il/OrenBarak/Barak_(2000).pdf.
  • Barakat, S. and M. Chard. “Theories, Rhetoric and Practice: Recovering the Capacities of War-Torn Societies.” Third World Quarterly Vol 23 No 5 (October 2002): 817-835. Accessed 20.07.2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3993390.
  • Binningsbİ, H. M. “Power-Sharing and Post-Conflict Peace Periods.” paper prepared for presentation at the Power Sharing and Democratic Governance in Divided Societies workshop. Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the Center for the Study of Civil War, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Oslo 21 August 2006. Accessed 16.04.2008. http://www.prio.no/files/file48120_binningsbo_aug2006.pdf.
  • Biswas, B. Managing Discontent: Institutions, Intervention and Ethnic Conflict (1988-2000) Dissertation Proposal: 09.09.2005. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/dcawcp/paper/feb182004.pdf.
  • Boulle, L. J. Constitutional Reform and the Apartheid State-Legitimacy, Consociationalism and Control in South Africa. New York: St. Martins Press, 1984.
  • Brahimi, L. “State Building in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries.” paper prepared for the 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government. Building Trust in Government, Vienna, Austria, 26-29 June 2007. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN0263 05.pdf.
  • Collier, P. et al. Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy Washington D.C: World Bank. 2003. Accessed February 2003. http://indh.pnud.org.co/files/rec/Conflictrap.pdf.
  • Doyle, M. “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80 (1986). . Accessed February 2008 and May 2004. http://www.jstor.org/pss/1960861.
  • Doyle, M.W. and N. Sambanis, “International Peacebuilding: theoretical and quantitative analysis.” American Political Science Review Vol 94 No 4 (2000); 779-801; M. Reynal-Querol, Political Systems, Stability and Civil Wars, draft World Bank paper, Washington DC; May 2002, 14, Accessed February 2008. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/politicalsystems_stabi lity_and_civilwars.pdf.
  • Geddes, B. Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. London: University of California Press, 1996.
  • Genicot, G. and S. Skaperdas. “Investing in Conflict Management.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol 46 No 1 (February 2002): 154-170. Accessed 10.02.2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176244.
  • Gervasi, F. Media Coverage: The War in Lebanon. Washington DC: The Center for International Security, 1982.
  • Hudson, M. C. “The Lebanese Crisis: The Limits of Consociational Democracy,” Journal of Palestine Studies Vol 5 No ¾ (Spring - Summer 1976): 109-122. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://0- www.jstor.org.lib.aucegypt.edu/stable/pdfplus/2536018.pdf.
  • Hudson, M.C. “Democracy and Social Mobilization in Lebanese Politics.” in: Comparative Politics Vol 1 No 2 (January 1969): 245-263. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://0- www.jstor.org.lib.aucegypt.edu/stable/pdfplus/421387.pdf.
  • Jeong, H.W. Peacebuilding in Postconflict Societies: Strategy and Process. Lynne Rienner, 2005.
  • Kerr, M. Imposing Power-Sharing; Conflict and Coexistence in Northern Ireland and Lebanon. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2005.
  • Krayem, H. “The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement.” American University of Beirut, 19 May 1999. Accessed 29.04.2008. http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/conflict-resolution.html
  • Leenders, R. “In Search of the State: The Politics of Corruption in Post-War Lebanon.” Unpublished. May 2004, Accessed April 2008. http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/r.e.c.leenders/.
  • Leenders, R. “Nobody Having Too Much to Answer For: Laissez-Faire, Networks and Post-War Reconstruction in Lebanon.” in Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited. Editor S. Heydemann. Palgrave/Macmillan, 2004. Accessed April 2008. http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/r.e.c.leenders/.
  • Leenders, R. “Public Means to Private Ends: State Building and Power in Post-War Lebanon.” in Politics from Above, Politics from Below: The Middle East in the Age of Reform. Editör E. Kienle. Saqi Books, 2003 Accessed April 2008. http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/r.e.c.leenders/.
  • Leenders, R. “The Politics of Corruption in Post-War Lebanon.” Forthcoming; Thesis submitted to the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Political Studies, January 2004.
  • Lijphart, A. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
  • Lijphart, A. Machtsdeling: de oplossing voor Zuid-Afrika? Haarlem: H.J.W. Becht, 1987.
  • Lijphart, A. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven (Conn.): Yale UP, 1999.
  • Lijphart, A. Power-Sharing in South Africa. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1985
  • Lijphart, A. Thinking about Democracy, Power Sharing and Majority rule in theory and practice London and New York: Routledge. Taylor and Francis Group, 2008.
  • Lijphart, A. Typologies of Democratic Systems. Comparative Political Studies 1. April 1968.
  • Lijphart, A., “The Power-Sharing Approach”, in Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies. Editor J.V. Montville. New York: Lexington Books, 1991.
  • Llamazares, M. “Post-War Peacebuilding Reviewed: A Critical Exploration of Generic Approaches to Post-War Reconstruction.” Working Paper 14. Submitted to the Center for Conflict Resolution, Department for Peace Studies, University of Bradford, February 2005. Accessed February 2008. http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/confres/papers/pdfs/CCR14.pdf.
  • Paris, R. and T. D. Sisk, The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Post-War Peace Operations. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.
  • Picard, Elizabeth. Lebanon: A Shattered Country. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishes, 1988.
  • Ramsbotham,O., T. Woodhouse, H. Miall. Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts. Polity, 2005.
  • Reynal-Querol, M. Political Systems, Stability and Civil Wars. Draft World Bank paper. Washington DC: May 2002. Accessed February 2008. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/politicalsystems_stabi lity_and_civilwars.pdf.
  • Safa, O. “The Official Campaign Against Corruption in Lebanon.” http://www.lcps-lebanon.org/conf/00/mdf3/papers/safa.pdf.
  • Sisk, T.D. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington DC: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1996.
  • Snyder, Jack. From Voting to Violence. New York, London: W.W. Norton Company, 2000.
  • Spears, I.A. “Africa: The Limits of Power-Sharing.” Journal of Democracy Vol 13 No 3 (July 2002) Accessed 14.01.2010. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v013/13.3spears.pdf.
  • Spears, I.A. “Understanding Inclusive Peace Agreements in Africa: The Problems of Sharing Power.” Third World Quarterly Vol 21 No 1 (2000): 105-118.
  • Table: Accessed 30.03.2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/le.html.
  • The International Crisis Group: Accessed 25.05.2008. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&l=1 &t=1&c_country=62.
  • Traboulsi, F. A History of Modern Lebanon. England: Pluto Press, 2007.
  • Transparancy International: Accessed 15.11.2010. http://www.transparency.org/publications/publications/nis_studies/nation al_integrity_systems_country_study_lebanon_2009.
  • Young, M. “Two Faces of Janus: Post-War Lebanon and Its Reconstruction”, Middle East Report 209. Behind the Ballot Box: Authoritarian Elections and Oppositional Strategies in the Middle East, (Winter 1998): 4-7+44. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://0- www.jstor.org.lib.aucegypt.edu/stable/pdfplus/3012722.pdf

İç Savaş Sonrası Lübnan’da Devlet Yolsuzluğu: İç Savaş Sonrası Kapsayıcı Kurumlar-Devlet Yolsuzluğu İlişkisi

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 5, 221 - 243, 01.12.2011

Abstract

İktidar paylaşımı yönteminin ve kapsayıcı kurumların genel olarak bölünmüş toplumlardaki güçlüklerin aşılmasına hizmet ettiği kabul edilmiştir. Fakat hâkim liberal barış paradigması dışına çıkıldığında, iktidar paylaşımı metodunun bir çatışma yönetimi aracı olarak bazı sorunları beraberinde getirebileceği tespit edilmiştir. Söz konusu sorunlar iktidar paylaşımı formülünün çatışma yönetimi ve barış inşa stratejilerindeki temel işlevini izale etmez. Ancak karar mercileri ve akademisyenler bu formülün zararlarını dikkate alarak tamamlayıcı veya alternatif mekanizmalar tasarlamalıdır. Nitekim iktidar paylaşımı yönteminin neden olduğu temel sorunlardan biri, bu çalışmada incelenen Lübnan örneğinde görüldüğü gibi, devlet yolsuzluğudur.

References

  • “Post-war Lebanese Politics-The Perils of Breaking the Deadlock.” Strategic Comments 12 September 26, 2006. http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume- 12-2006/volume-12--issue-7/post-war-lebanese-politics/.
  • Adwan, C. Corruption in Reconstruction: The Cost of National Consensus in Post-War Lebanon. Center for International Private Enterprise, December 1, 2004. Accessed 25-05-2008. http://www.cipe.org/pdf/publications/fs/adwan.pdf.
  • Barak, O. “The Hardships of Consociation, The Perils of Partition: Lebanon, 1943-1990.” The Leonard Davis Institute Occasional Papers No. 86. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000. http://politics.huji.ac.il/OrenBarak/Barak_(2000).pdf.
  • Barakat, S. and M. Chard. “Theories, Rhetoric and Practice: Recovering the Capacities of War-Torn Societies.” Third World Quarterly Vol 23 No 5 (October 2002): 817-835. Accessed 20.07.2008. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3993390.
  • Binningsbİ, H. M. “Power-Sharing and Post-Conflict Peace Periods.” paper prepared for presentation at the Power Sharing and Democratic Governance in Divided Societies workshop. Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the Center for the Study of Civil War, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), Oslo 21 August 2006. Accessed 16.04.2008. http://www.prio.no/files/file48120_binningsbo_aug2006.pdf.
  • Biswas, B. Managing Discontent: Institutions, Intervention and Ethnic Conflict (1988-2000) Dissertation Proposal: 09.09.2005. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/dcawcp/paper/feb182004.pdf.
  • Boulle, L. J. Constitutional Reform and the Apartheid State-Legitimacy, Consociationalism and Control in South Africa. New York: St. Martins Press, 1984.
  • Brahimi, L. “State Building in Crisis and Post-Conflict Countries.” paper prepared for the 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government. Building Trust in Government, Vienna, Austria, 26-29 June 2007. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN0263 05.pdf.
  • Collier, P. et al. Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy Washington D.C: World Bank. 2003. Accessed February 2003. http://indh.pnud.org.co/files/rec/Conflictrap.pdf.
  • Doyle, M. “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80 (1986). . Accessed February 2008 and May 2004. http://www.jstor.org/pss/1960861.
  • Doyle, M.W. and N. Sambanis, “International Peacebuilding: theoretical and quantitative analysis.” American Political Science Review Vol 94 No 4 (2000); 779-801; M. Reynal-Querol, Political Systems, Stability and Civil Wars, draft World Bank paper, Washington DC; May 2002, 14, Accessed February 2008. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/politicalsystems_stabi lity_and_civilwars.pdf.
  • Geddes, B. Politician’s Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. London: University of California Press, 1996.
  • Genicot, G. and S. Skaperdas. “Investing in Conflict Management.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol 46 No 1 (February 2002): 154-170. Accessed 10.02.2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3176244.
  • Gervasi, F. Media Coverage: The War in Lebanon. Washington DC: The Center for International Security, 1982.
  • Hudson, M. C. “The Lebanese Crisis: The Limits of Consociational Democracy,” Journal of Palestine Studies Vol 5 No ¾ (Spring - Summer 1976): 109-122. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://0- www.jstor.org.lib.aucegypt.edu/stable/pdfplus/2536018.pdf.
  • Hudson, M.C. “Democracy and Social Mobilization in Lebanese Politics.” in: Comparative Politics Vol 1 No 2 (January 1969): 245-263. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://0- www.jstor.org.lib.aucegypt.edu/stable/pdfplus/421387.pdf.
  • Jeong, H.W. Peacebuilding in Postconflict Societies: Strategy and Process. Lynne Rienner, 2005.
  • Kerr, M. Imposing Power-Sharing; Conflict and Coexistence in Northern Ireland and Lebanon. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2005.
  • Krayem, H. “The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement.” American University of Beirut, 19 May 1999. Accessed 29.04.2008. http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/conflict-resolution.html
  • Leenders, R. “In Search of the State: The Politics of Corruption in Post-War Lebanon.” Unpublished. May 2004, Accessed April 2008. http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/r.e.c.leenders/.
  • Leenders, R. “Nobody Having Too Much to Answer For: Laissez-Faire, Networks and Post-War Reconstruction in Lebanon.” in Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited. Editor S. Heydemann. Palgrave/Macmillan, 2004. Accessed April 2008. http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/r.e.c.leenders/.
  • Leenders, R. “Public Means to Private Ends: State Building and Power in Post-War Lebanon.” in Politics from Above, Politics from Below: The Middle East in the Age of Reform. Editör E. Kienle. Saqi Books, 2003 Accessed April 2008. http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/r.e.c.leenders/.
  • Leenders, R. “The Politics of Corruption in Post-War Lebanon.” Forthcoming; Thesis submitted to the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Political Studies, January 2004.
  • Lijphart, A. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
  • Lijphart, A. Machtsdeling: de oplossing voor Zuid-Afrika? Haarlem: H.J.W. Becht, 1987.
  • Lijphart, A. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven (Conn.): Yale UP, 1999.
  • Lijphart, A. Power-Sharing in South Africa. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1985
  • Lijphart, A. Thinking about Democracy, Power Sharing and Majority rule in theory and practice London and New York: Routledge. Taylor and Francis Group, 2008.
  • Lijphart, A. Typologies of Democratic Systems. Comparative Political Studies 1. April 1968.
  • Lijphart, A., “The Power-Sharing Approach”, in Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies. Editor J.V. Montville. New York: Lexington Books, 1991.
  • Llamazares, M. “Post-War Peacebuilding Reviewed: A Critical Exploration of Generic Approaches to Post-War Reconstruction.” Working Paper 14. Submitted to the Center for Conflict Resolution, Department for Peace Studies, University of Bradford, February 2005. Accessed February 2008. http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/confres/papers/pdfs/CCR14.pdf.
  • Paris, R. and T. D. Sisk, The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Post-War Peace Operations. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.
  • Picard, Elizabeth. Lebanon: A Shattered Country. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishes, 1988.
  • Ramsbotham,O., T. Woodhouse, H. Miall. Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts. Polity, 2005.
  • Reynal-Querol, M. Political Systems, Stability and Civil Wars. Draft World Bank paper. Washington DC: May 2002. Accessed February 2008. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/politicalsystems_stabi lity_and_civilwars.pdf.
  • Safa, O. “The Official Campaign Against Corruption in Lebanon.” http://www.lcps-lebanon.org/conf/00/mdf3/papers/safa.pdf.
  • Sisk, T.D. Power Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Washington DC: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1996.
  • Snyder, Jack. From Voting to Violence. New York, London: W.W. Norton Company, 2000.
  • Spears, I.A. “Africa: The Limits of Power-Sharing.” Journal of Democracy Vol 13 No 3 (July 2002) Accessed 14.01.2010. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v013/13.3spears.pdf.
  • Spears, I.A. “Understanding Inclusive Peace Agreements in Africa: The Problems of Sharing Power.” Third World Quarterly Vol 21 No 1 (2000): 105-118.
  • Table: Accessed 30.03.2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/le.html.
  • The International Crisis Group: Accessed 25.05.2008. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&l=1 &t=1&c_country=62.
  • Traboulsi, F. A History of Modern Lebanon. England: Pluto Press, 2007.
  • Transparancy International: Accessed 15.11.2010. http://www.transparency.org/publications/publications/nis_studies/nation al_integrity_systems_country_study_lebanon_2009.
  • Young, M. “Two Faces of Janus: Post-War Lebanon and Its Reconstruction”, Middle East Report 209. Behind the Ballot Box: Authoritarian Elections and Oppositional Strategies in the Middle East, (Winter 1998): 4-7+44. Accessed 05.06.2008. http://0- www.jstor.org.lib.aucegypt.edu/stable/pdfplus/3012722.pdf
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülsen Devre This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2011
Submission Date November 21, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 3 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Devre, G. (2011). İç Savaş Sonrası Lübnan’da Devlet Yolsuzluğu: İç Savaş Sonrası Kapsayıcı Kurumlar-Devlet Yolsuzluğu İlişkisi. Bilge Strateji, 3(5), 221-243.