There are currently nearly 30,000 lobbyists in Brussels, of which two-thirds work for business interests, with representatives of multinationals and big business groups hav- ing the most influence on decision-making in the European Union. This article ex- plores the influence of the European Round Table of Industrialists, a leading European business group of 50 chief executives and chairmen of Europe’s major multinationals, to EU decision-making in line with its members’ interests. It is argued in the article that the European Round Table of Industrialists acted as an agenda-setter and policy- maker of the Single European Act and Trans-European Networks, and promoted the incorporation of the stages of the Economic and Monetary Union into the Maastricht Treaty through helping the European Commission in its struggle to convince member states. In addition to directly influencing the EU on these issues, the European Round Table of Industrialists also tried to influence EU decision-making by asking EU po- litical actors to accelerate the accession of Central and Eastern European Countries, restructure European higher education and sign the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership with the United States.
Akman, Said, “AB-ABD Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı (TTIP) ve Türkiye”, TEPAV, 2013, http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1371828341-5.
AB___ABD_Transatlantik_Ticaret_ve_Yatirim_Ortakligi__TTIP__ve_Tur- kiye.pdf (accessed: July 25, 2014).
Apeldoorn, Bastiaan Van, “Transnational Class Agency and European Gover- nance: The Case of the European Round Table of Industrialists”, New Politi- cal Economy 5, No.2 (2000): 157-181.
Arabacı, Ahmet, “Avrupa Birliği’nde Çıkar Temsilinin Gelişimi”, Uluslara- rası İlişkiler Dergisi 5, No.17 (2008): 73-103.
Ariés, Quantin and Burchard, Hans Von Der, “TTIP Negotiations not even Half Done”, Politico, September 30, 2015, http://www.politico.eu/article/ttip- negotiations-not-even-half-done/ (accessed: November 19, 2015).
Association for the Monetary Union of Europe, “Taking Stock of 9 Years of Euro Conferences”, AMUE Newsletter, No. 38, January/ February 1999.
Bache, Ian, George, Stephen, and Bulmer, Simon, Politics in the European Union, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Balanyá, Belén et al., Europe Inc.: Regional and Global Restructuring and the Rise of Corporate Power, London: Pluto Press, 2003.
Bouwen, Peter, “Corporate Lobbying in the European Union: The Logic of Accesss”, Journal of European Public Policy 9, No.3 (2002): 365-390.
BUSINESSEUROPE, “Business Alliance for TTIP Organises Welcome Re- ception for EU Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmström”, February 2, 2015, https://www.businesseurope.eu/news/commissioner-malmstrom-together-we- will-make-ttip-happen (accessed: November 23, 2015).
BUSINESSEUROPE, “European Business United in Strong Support for TTIP”, May 15, 2014, https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/me- dia/imported/2014-00534-E.pdf (accessed: November 23, 2015).
Center for Responsive Politics, “Top Spenders, 2014”, https://www.opensec- rets.org/lobby/top.php?showYear=2014&indexType=s (accessed: October 22, 2015).
Corporate Europe Observatory, “Brussels: The EU Quarter”, September 2011, http://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/ceolobbylow. pdf (accessed: October 20, 2015).
Cowles, Maria Green, “Setting the Agenda for a New Europe: The ERT and EC 1992”, Journal of Common Market Studies 33, No. 4 (1995): 501-526.
Drutman, Lee, “How Corporate Lobbyists Conquered American Dip- lomacy”, The Atlantic, April 20, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/ business/archive/2015/04/how-corporate-lobbyists-conquered-american- democracy/390822/ (accessed: October 22, 2015).
European Commission, “Basic Arguments”, April 29, 2002, http://ec.europa. eu/enlargement/archives/press_corner/basic_arguments_en.htm (accessed: November 17, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “About ERT”, http://www.ert.eu/ about-us (accessed: November 6, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Highlights”, 2010, http://www.ert. eu/sites/ert/files/2010_october_-_ert_highlights.pdf (accessed: October 21, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Members”, http://www.ert.eu/mem- bers (accessed: November 6, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Missing Links: Upgrading Europe’s Transborder Ground Transport Infrastructure”, December 1984, http://www. ert.eu/sites/ert/files/generated/files/document/1984_-_missing_links.pdf (ac- cessed: November 2, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Reshaping Europe: A Report from the European Round Table of Industrialists”, September 1991, http://ert.eu/ sites/ert/files/generated/files/document/reshaping_europe.pdf (accessed: No- vember 17, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Welcome by Benoît Potier”, http:// www.ert.eu/ (accessed: November 6, 2015).
European Trade Union Committee for Education, “General Information on TTIP”, http://www.csee-etuce.org/en/actions/campaigns/exclude-education- from-ttip/262-what-is-the-ttip#What is the status of negotiations? (accessed: November 13, 2015).
Hall, Peter A., and Taylor, Rosemary C. R., “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalism”, Political Studies 44, No. 4 (1996): 936-957.
Hatton, Lucy, “Theories of European Integration”, CIVITAS Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2015, http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/download/ OS.16%20Theories.pdf (accessed: November 3, 2015).
Hilary, John, “The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership- A Charter for Deregulation- an Attack on Jobs- an End to Democracy”, Rosa Luxem- burg Stiftung, Brussels Office, February 2015, http://rosalux-europa.info/ publications/books/ttip_en/ (accessed: November 20, 2015).
Hoedeman, Olivier, “Google, Dow and Deutsche Bank Break into Top-10 Biggest Corporate Lobbying Spenders”, June 23, 2015, http://lobbyfacts. eu/news/23-06-2015/google-dow-and-deutsche-bank-break-top-10-biggest- corporate-lobbying-spenders (accessed: November 5, 2015).
Karacasulu, Nilüfer, “Avrupa Entegrasyon Kuramları ve Sosyal İnşaacı Yak- laşım”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika 3, No.9 (2007): 82-100.
Kauppinen, Ilkka, “The European Round Table of Industrialists and the Rest- ructuring European Higher Education”, Globalisation, Societies and Educati- on 12, No.4 (2014): 498-519.
Ministry for EU Affairs of Turkey, “Trans-European Networks Policy of the European Union”, March 9, 2015, http://www.ab.gov.tr/?p=86&l=2 (acces- sed: November 13, 2015).
Nicoll, William and Salmon, Trevor C., Understanding the European Union, Harlow: Pearson Education, 2001.
Nugent, Neill, The Government and Politics of the European Union, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.
Official Journal of the European Union, “Regulation (EU) No 1316/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 Es- tablishing the Connecting
Europe Facility, Amending Regulation (EU) No 913/2010 and Repealing Regulations (EC) No 680/2007 and (EC) No 67/2010”, December 20, 2013, L 348/129, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32013R1316 (accessed: November 13, 2015).
Padmanabhan, Leala, “TTIP: The EU-US Trade Deal Explained”, BBC, De- cember 18, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-30493297 (accessed: November 19, 2015).
Peters, B. Guy, Institutional Theory in Political Science: The ‘New Institutio- nalism’, London and New York: Pinter, 1999.
Pierson, Paul, “The Path to European Integration: A Historical-Institutionalist Analysis”, in European Integration and Supranational Governance, ed. Way- ne Sandholtz and
Alec Stone Sweet, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pollack, Mark A., “The New Institutionalism and European Integration”,
in European Integration Theory, ed. Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Pollack, Mark A., “Theorizing EU Policy-Making”, in Policy Making in the European Union, ed. Helen Wallace, Mark A. Pollack and Alasdair R. Young, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Reus-Smit, Christian, “Constructivism”, in Theories of International Relati- ons, ed. Scott Burchill et al., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Richardson, Keith, “Big Business and the European Agenda: Reflections on the Activities of the European Round Table of Industrialists, 1988- 98”, Sus- sex European Institute, Working Paper No.35, September 2000.
Rosamond, Ben, Theories of European Integration, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Solomon, Jesse, “Top 10 Companies Lobbying in Washington”, CNN, October 1, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/10/01/investing/companies- lobbying-10-biggest-spenders/ (accessed: October 22, 2015).
Sultana, Ronald G., “A Uniting Europe, a Dividing Education? Euro-cent- rism and the Curriculum”, International Studies on Sociology of Education 5, No.2 (1995): 115-144.
Trans-Atlantic Business Council, “About TABD”, http://www.transatlantic- business.org/tabd/about-tabd/ (accessed: November 20, 2015).
Trans-Atlantic Business Council, “Business Alliance for TTIP Urges Political Momentum of TTIP Talks”, July 10, 2015, http://www.transatlanticbusiness. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/European-Business-Alliance-letter-10th- TTIP-negotiating-round.pdf (accessed: November 23, 2015).
Transparency Register, “European Round Table of Industrialists”, July 31, 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/consultation/display- lobbyist.do?id=25487567824-45 (accessed: October 25, 2015).
United States Department of State, “Transatlantic Economic Council”, http:// www.state.gov/p/eur/rt/eu/tec/ (accessed: November 20, 2015).
Ülger, İrfan Kaya, “Avrupa Birliği’nde Fetret Devri ve Gelecek Senaryoları”, Bilge Strateji 6, No.11 (2014): 107-131.
Vincenti, Daniela, “Business Alliance Set to Drive EU-US Trade Deal”, Eu- rActiv, May 17, 2013, http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-ebs/business- alliance-set-drive-eu-u-news-519811 (accessed: November 23, 2015).
Walker, Andrew, “TTIP: Why the EU-US Trade Deal Matter”, BBC, May 13, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-32691589 (accessed: Novem- ber 19, 2015)
Year 2016,
Volume: 8 Issue: 14, 127 - 149, 15.03.2016
Akman, Said, “AB-ABD Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yatırım Ortaklığı (TTIP) ve Türkiye”, TEPAV, 2013, http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1371828341-5.
AB___ABD_Transatlantik_Ticaret_ve_Yatirim_Ortakligi__TTIP__ve_Tur- kiye.pdf (accessed: July 25, 2014).
Apeldoorn, Bastiaan Van, “Transnational Class Agency and European Gover- nance: The Case of the European Round Table of Industrialists”, New Politi- cal Economy 5, No.2 (2000): 157-181.
Arabacı, Ahmet, “Avrupa Birliği’nde Çıkar Temsilinin Gelişimi”, Uluslara- rası İlişkiler Dergisi 5, No.17 (2008): 73-103.
Ariés, Quantin and Burchard, Hans Von Der, “TTIP Negotiations not even Half Done”, Politico, September 30, 2015, http://www.politico.eu/article/ttip- negotiations-not-even-half-done/ (accessed: November 19, 2015).
Association for the Monetary Union of Europe, “Taking Stock of 9 Years of Euro Conferences”, AMUE Newsletter, No. 38, January/ February 1999.
Bache, Ian, George, Stephen, and Bulmer, Simon, Politics in the European Union, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Balanyá, Belén et al., Europe Inc.: Regional and Global Restructuring and the Rise of Corporate Power, London: Pluto Press, 2003.
Bouwen, Peter, “Corporate Lobbying in the European Union: The Logic of Accesss”, Journal of European Public Policy 9, No.3 (2002): 365-390.
BUSINESSEUROPE, “Business Alliance for TTIP Organises Welcome Re- ception for EU Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmström”, February 2, 2015, https://www.businesseurope.eu/news/commissioner-malmstrom-together-we- will-make-ttip-happen (accessed: November 23, 2015).
BUSINESSEUROPE, “European Business United in Strong Support for TTIP”, May 15, 2014, https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/me- dia/imported/2014-00534-E.pdf (accessed: November 23, 2015).
Center for Responsive Politics, “Top Spenders, 2014”, https://www.opensec- rets.org/lobby/top.php?showYear=2014&indexType=s (accessed: October 22, 2015).
Corporate Europe Observatory, “Brussels: The EU Quarter”, September 2011, http://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/ceolobbylow. pdf (accessed: October 20, 2015).
Cowles, Maria Green, “Setting the Agenda for a New Europe: The ERT and EC 1992”, Journal of Common Market Studies 33, No. 4 (1995): 501-526.
Drutman, Lee, “How Corporate Lobbyists Conquered American Dip- lomacy”, The Atlantic, April 20, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/ business/archive/2015/04/how-corporate-lobbyists-conquered-american- democracy/390822/ (accessed: October 22, 2015).
European Commission, “Basic Arguments”, April 29, 2002, http://ec.europa. eu/enlargement/archives/press_corner/basic_arguments_en.htm (accessed: November 17, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “About ERT”, http://www.ert.eu/ about-us (accessed: November 6, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Highlights”, 2010, http://www.ert. eu/sites/ert/files/2010_october_-_ert_highlights.pdf (accessed: October 21, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Members”, http://www.ert.eu/mem- bers (accessed: November 6, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Missing Links: Upgrading Europe’s Transborder Ground Transport Infrastructure”, December 1984, http://www. ert.eu/sites/ert/files/generated/files/document/1984_-_missing_links.pdf (ac- cessed: November 2, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Reshaping Europe: A Report from the European Round Table of Industrialists”, September 1991, http://ert.eu/ sites/ert/files/generated/files/document/reshaping_europe.pdf (accessed: No- vember 17, 2015).
European Round Table of Industrialists, “Welcome by Benoît Potier”, http:// www.ert.eu/ (accessed: November 6, 2015).
European Trade Union Committee for Education, “General Information on TTIP”, http://www.csee-etuce.org/en/actions/campaigns/exclude-education- from-ttip/262-what-is-the-ttip#What is the status of negotiations? (accessed: November 13, 2015).
Hall, Peter A., and Taylor, Rosemary C. R., “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalism”, Political Studies 44, No. 4 (1996): 936-957.
Hatton, Lucy, “Theories of European Integration”, CIVITAS Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2015, http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/download/ OS.16%20Theories.pdf (accessed: November 3, 2015).
Hilary, John, “The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership- A Charter for Deregulation- an Attack on Jobs- an End to Democracy”, Rosa Luxem- burg Stiftung, Brussels Office, February 2015, http://rosalux-europa.info/ publications/books/ttip_en/ (accessed: November 20, 2015).
Hoedeman, Olivier, “Google, Dow and Deutsche Bank Break into Top-10 Biggest Corporate Lobbying Spenders”, June 23, 2015, http://lobbyfacts. eu/news/23-06-2015/google-dow-and-deutsche-bank-break-top-10-biggest- corporate-lobbying-spenders (accessed: November 5, 2015).
Karacasulu, Nilüfer, “Avrupa Entegrasyon Kuramları ve Sosyal İnşaacı Yak- laşım”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika 3, No.9 (2007): 82-100.
Kauppinen, Ilkka, “The European Round Table of Industrialists and the Rest- ructuring European Higher Education”, Globalisation, Societies and Educati- on 12, No.4 (2014): 498-519.
Ministry for EU Affairs of Turkey, “Trans-European Networks Policy of the European Union”, March 9, 2015, http://www.ab.gov.tr/?p=86&l=2 (acces- sed: November 13, 2015).
Nicoll, William and Salmon, Trevor C., Understanding the European Union, Harlow: Pearson Education, 2001.
Nugent, Neill, The Government and Politics of the European Union, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.
Official Journal of the European Union, “Regulation (EU) No 1316/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 Es- tablishing the Connecting
Europe Facility, Amending Regulation (EU) No 913/2010 and Repealing Regulations (EC) No 680/2007 and (EC) No 67/2010”, December 20, 2013, L 348/129, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal- content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32013R1316 (accessed: November 13, 2015).
Padmanabhan, Leala, “TTIP: The EU-US Trade Deal Explained”, BBC, De- cember 18, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-30493297 (accessed: November 19, 2015).
Peters, B. Guy, Institutional Theory in Political Science: The ‘New Institutio- nalism’, London and New York: Pinter, 1999.
Pierson, Paul, “The Path to European Integration: A Historical-Institutionalist Analysis”, in European Integration and Supranational Governance, ed. Way- ne Sandholtz and
Alec Stone Sweet, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pollack, Mark A., “The New Institutionalism and European Integration”,
in European Integration Theory, ed. Antje Wiener and Thomas Diez, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Pollack, Mark A., “Theorizing EU Policy-Making”, in Policy Making in the European Union, ed. Helen Wallace, Mark A. Pollack and Alasdair R. Young, New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Reus-Smit, Christian, “Constructivism”, in Theories of International Relati- ons, ed. Scott Burchill et al., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Richardson, Keith, “Big Business and the European Agenda: Reflections on the Activities of the European Round Table of Industrialists, 1988- 98”, Sus- sex European Institute, Working Paper No.35, September 2000.
Rosamond, Ben, Theories of European Integration, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Solomon, Jesse, “Top 10 Companies Lobbying in Washington”, CNN, October 1, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2014/10/01/investing/companies- lobbying-10-biggest-spenders/ (accessed: October 22, 2015).
Sultana, Ronald G., “A Uniting Europe, a Dividing Education? Euro-cent- rism and the Curriculum”, International Studies on Sociology of Education 5, No.2 (1995): 115-144.
Trans-Atlantic Business Council, “About TABD”, http://www.transatlantic- business.org/tabd/about-tabd/ (accessed: November 20, 2015).
Trans-Atlantic Business Council, “Business Alliance for TTIP Urges Political Momentum of TTIP Talks”, July 10, 2015, http://www.transatlanticbusiness. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/European-Business-Alliance-letter-10th- TTIP-negotiating-round.pdf (accessed: November 23, 2015).
Transparency Register, “European Round Table of Industrialists”, July 31, 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/consultation/display- lobbyist.do?id=25487567824-45 (accessed: October 25, 2015).
United States Department of State, “Transatlantic Economic Council”, http:// www.state.gov/p/eur/rt/eu/tec/ (accessed: November 20, 2015).
Ülger, İrfan Kaya, “Avrupa Birliği’nde Fetret Devri ve Gelecek Senaryoları”, Bilge Strateji 6, No.11 (2014): 107-131.
Vincenti, Daniela, “Business Alliance Set to Drive EU-US Trade Deal”, Eu- rActiv, May 17, 2013, http://www.euractiv.com/specialreport-ebs/business- alliance-set-drive-eu-u-news-519811 (accessed: November 23, 2015).
Walker, Andrew, “TTIP: Why the EU-US Trade Deal Matter”, BBC, May 13, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-32691589 (accessed: Novem- ber 19, 2015)
Yıldız, U. B. (2016). Big Business Influence on European Union Decision-Making: The Case of the European Round Table of Industrialists. Bilge Strateji, 8(14), 127-149.