Novel Phytogenics’ Impact on Weaned Pigs’ Growth Performance, Heamatology and Serum Biochemical Indicators

Abstract

This experiment was carried out to investigate a novel phytogenics’ (PCCPR) an acronym for (peppermint, celery, coriander, parsley and rosemary leaf meal mixture) impact on weaned pigs’ performance, heamato-biochemical indicators. A total of forty cross bred weaned male pigs (Large white × Landrace) with an initial body weight of 7.33 ± 0.38 weaned at 28 days of age were individually housed in an open sided pen were randomly divided into four treatment group of six pigs each. Basal diet were adequate in all nutrients (NRC, 2012). The animals were fed as follows; basal diet with antibiotics (neomycin – 1.5 g/kg) in treatment one, treatment two, three and four were fed basal diet supplemented with PCCPR at 5 g, 10 g and 15 g/kg respectively. The experiment lasted for two months and all necessary management practices were observed. Average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake were similar in diet three and four compared to the other groups (P˂0.05). Dietary supplementation of PCCPR resulted in a numerical increase in pack cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell, white blood cell and its differentials (monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and leucocytes) and a remarkable improvement in mean corpuscular volume mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations. All the serum biochemical parameters were significantly affected by the treatments (P˂0.05). However, all values were within the normal physiological range for healthy pigs. It was concluded that the use of PCCPR up to 15 g/kg could boost swine productivity at weaned stage without causing any negative impact on the health status of animals.

Keywords

• Phytogenics
• Phytochemicals
• Haematology
• Food safety
• Swine
• Management

Supporting Institution

None

Project Number

None

Thanks

Thanks

References

1. Abu NE, Ezeomeke S, Azegba P, Davidson G. 2016. Phytochemical nutritional and anti-nutritional properties of leaves stems bark and roots of trees used in popular medicine for the treatment of malaria in South Eastern Nigeria. J Medicinal Plants Research, 10(38): 662-668.
2. Adeniyi SA Orjiekwe CL, Ehiagbonare JE. 2009. Determination of alkaloids and oxalates in some selected food samples in Nigeria. African J Biotechnol, 8(1): 110-112.
3. Afisu B, Kehinde OS, Funsho O. 2016. Comparative proximate minerals composition and antinutritional factors of Waltheria indica leave root and stem. Annals Food Sci Technol, 17(2): 478-484.
4. Agubosi OCP, Alexander J, Alagbe JO. 2022. Influence of dietary inclusion of Sunflower (Helianthus annus) oil on growth performance and oxidative status of broiler chicks. Central Asian J Med Nat Sci, 2(7): 187-195.
5. Agubosi OCP, Imudia Fand Alagbe JO. 2022. Evaluation of the nutritional value of air dried and sun-dried sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peels. European J Life Safe Stab, 14(22): 43-51.
6. Alagbe JO Ramalan SM, Shittu MD, Olagoke OC. 2022a. Effect of Trichilia monadelpha stem bark extract on the fatty acid composition of rabbit’s thigh meat. J Environl Issues Clim Chan, 1(1): 63-71.
7. Alagbe JO, Shittu MD, Tanimomo Babatunde K. 2022b. Influence of Anogeissusleio carpus stem bark on the fatty acid composition in meat of broiler chickens. European J Life Safety Stab, 14(22): 13-22.
8. Alagbe OJ, Oluchi CA, Rufus AO, Taiwo AO, Adegoke EA, Emiola IA. 2023b. Haemato-biochemical indices and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with Prosopis africana (African mesquite) essential oil. Brazilian J Sci 2(9): 98-110.

9. Alagbe OJ, Oluchi CP, Rufus AO. 2023a. Histopathology of broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with Prosopis africana (African mesquite) essential oil. Brazilian J Sci, 2(9): 49-59.
10. Arinola OG, Olaniyi JA, Abibinu MO. 2008. Elemental trace elements and metal binding proteins in Nigerian consumers of alcoholic beverages. Pakistan J Nutri, 7(6):766-769.
11. Bose A. 1991. Demographic diversity of India census state and district level data. BR Publication, URL: http://www.popline.org/node/317128 (accessed date: March 17, 2022).
12. Caroline CV. 2019. Improving feed efficiency and gut integrity in Escherichia coli challenged weaned pigs. Inter Pig Magaz, 1(4): 8-10
13. Chivandi E, Davidson BC, Erlwanger KH. 2013. Proximate mineral fibre phytate–phosphate vitamin E amino acid and fatty acid composition of Terminalia sericea. South Africa J Botan, 88: 96–100.
14. Chris C. 2010. Gut flora and immune modulation by plant extracts. Inter Poultry Magaz, 7(2): 1-2.
15. Etim NN, Enyenihi GE, Akpabio U, Offiong EEA. 2014a. Effects of nutrition on haematology of rabbits: A Review. European Sci J, 10(3): 413-424.
16. Etim NN, Williams ME, Enyenihi GE, Udo MD, Offiong EEA. 2013. Haematological parameters: indicators of the physiological status of farm animals. British J Sci 10(1): 33-45.
17. Govindappa M, Bharath N, Shruthi HB, Sadananda TS, Sharanappa P. 2011. Antimicrobial antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and phytochemical screening of Crotalaria pallida Aiton. African J Pharma Pharmacol, 5(21): 2359-2371.
18. Jamuna S, Paulsamy S, Karthika K. 2012. Screening of in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata L(Asteraceae). J Applied Pharmaceutical Sci, 2(7): 149-154.
19. Jan D, Van K, Ester V. 2016. Phytogenics: be one step ahead with plant derived feed additives. Inter Poultry Magazine 5(1): 3-5.
20. Luis MM. 2012. Essential oils and their digestive properties in pigs. Inter Pig Magaz, 6(2): 4-6.
21. Madhu M, Sailaja V, Satyadev TN. 2016. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plant species by using various organic solvents. J Pharmac Phytochem, 5(2): 25-29
22. Manu DL. 2006. Support gut health with a unique combination of fatty acid and phytogenics. Inter Poultry Magaz, 7(8): 6-8
23. Manu DL. 2018. Support gut health with unique combination of fatty acids and phytogenics. Inter Poultry Magaz, 1(3): 4-6
24. Mbaebe BO Edeoga HO Afolayan AJ. 2012. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidants activities of aqueous stem bark extract of Schotia latifolia Jacq. Asian Pacific J Tropical Biomed, 2(2): 118- 12.
25. Muritala DS, Alagbe JO, Ojebiyi OO, Ojediran TK, Rafiu TA. 2022. Growth performance and haematological and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens given varied concentrations of Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract in place of conventional antibiotics. Anim Sci Genet, 18(2): 57-71.
26. Narender PD, Ganga R, Sambasiva E, Mallikarjuna T, Praneeth VS. 2012. Quantification of phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activity of Mesua ferrea leaves. Asian Pacific J Trop Biomed, 2(Suppl 2): S539-S542.
27. National Health and Wellness Club. 2002. Smart Nutrition: the essential mineral vitamin and supplement reference guide. NHWC Minnetonka, URL: www.healthandwellnessclub.com (accessed date: March 17, 2022).
28. Olafadehan OA, Oluwafemi RA, Alagbe JO. 2020. Carcass quality nutrient retention and caeca microbial population of broiler chicks administered Rolfe (Daniellia oliveri) leaf extract as an antibiotic alternative. J Drug Discov, 14(33): 146-154
29. Olafadehan OA, Oluwafemi RA, Alagbe JO. 2020. Performance haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chicks administered Rolfe (Daniellia oliveri) leaf extract as an antibiotic alternative. Adv Res Rev, 2020: 1-4.
30. Oluwafemi RA, Isiaka O, Alagbe JO. 2020. Recent trends in the utilization of medicinal plants as growth promoters in poultry nutrition- A review. Res Agri Vet Sci, 4(1): 5-11.
31. Otles H, Yalcin B. 2012. Phenolic compounds analysis of root stalk and leaves of Nettle. Sci World J, 2012: 564367DOI: 101100/2012/564367.
32. Oyawoye BM, Ogunkunle HN. 2004. Biochemical and haematological reference values in normal experimental animals. Masson New York, 2004: 212-218.
33. Rafiu TA, Adennola OA, Akinwumi AO, Alabi TA, Shittu MD. 2013. Performance and blood chemistry of broiler chickens fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Nigerian, 21-25 March, Owerri, Nigeria, pp: 294.
34. Sandra C. 2020. Phytogenics: how to improve pig production efficiency with plants. Inter Pig Magaz, 8(1): 1-3.
35. Singh S, Alagbe JO, Liu X, Sharma R, Kumar A. 2022. Comparative analysis of ethanolic Juniperus thurifera leaf stem bark and root extract using gas chromatography and mass spectroemetryInter J Agri Anim Prod, 2(6): 18-27.
36. Upadhyay NK, Kumar MS, Gupta A. 2010. Antioxidant cytoprotective and antibacterial effect of sea buckthorn (Hippohae rhamnoides L) leaves. Food Chem, Toxicol, 48: 3443-3448.
37. Yan L, Meng QW, Kim IH. 2011. The effects of dietary Houttuynia cordata and Taraxacum officinale extract powder on growth performance nutrient digestibility blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livestock Sci, 141: 188–193
38. Yang C, Chowdhury MAK, Hou Y, Gong J. 2015. Phytogenic compounds as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics: potentials and challenges in application. Pathogens, 4: 137–156.
39. Zhang S, Jung JH, Kim HS, Kim BY, Kim IH. 2012. Influences of phytoncide supplementation on growth performance nutrient digestibility blood profiles diarrhea scores and fecal microflora shedding in weaning pigs. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 25: 1309–1315.
40. Zhou TX, Zhang ZF, Kim IH. 2013. Effects of dietary Coptis chinensis herb extract on growth performance nutrient digestibility blood characteristics and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Australian J Anim Sci, 26: 108–115.