Grape Berry Morphology in Semi-Arid Climate of Tekirdağ: Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Factors and Stress Applications

Year 2024, , 144 - 156, 15.03.2024

Elman Bahar , İlknur Korkutal , Cannur Tok Abay

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1409746

Cited By: 3

Abstract

The growth and development of grapes are influenced by various biotic and abiotic stresses. The presence of Vitis vinifera L. on Earth is threatened by the increase in abiotic stresses and biotic stresses due to global warming. On the other hand, grape quality and, consequently, berry characteristics can also be negatively affected by these stress factors. The hypothesis of this experiment is to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses applied five days before harvest on the berries of live grapevines under field conditions. For this purpose, for two years (2016 and 2017), Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot grape varieties grafted onto the SO4 rootstock at Te-Ha Corp. vineyard were used. In the late pre-harvest period (five days before harvest), seven stress applications, including control, were implemented. The stress application methods included control, impact (1 minute with a plastic hammer at 08:00 and 19:00), leaf removal (removing all leaves), leaf injury (injuring all leaves by hitting with a stick), UV-C (1 minute at 08:00 and 19:00), vibration (1 minute of vibration at 08:00 and 19:00), and Botrytis cinerea Pers ex. Fr (once). The measurements of the features performed are as follows, in order: berry width-length (mm), bery volume (cm3), berry skin area (cm2/grain), berry skin area/berry flesh volume ratio (cm2/cm3), berry fresh-dry weight (g), 100 berry fresh weight (g), berry density (g/cm3), and % dry weight. As a result, it was observed that the applied abiotic and biotic stress treatments did not negatively affect berry characteristics in two years, especially in the second year. Therefore, the application of Shock action, UV-C, Vibration, Leaf injury, Leaf removal, and Botrytis cinerea for improving grape quality was found not to be objectionable.

Keywords

Abiotic stress, Biotic stress, UV-C, Cabernet-Sauvignon cv., Merlot. cv.

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Supporting Institution

Desteklenmemiştir

Project Number

Bir proje değildir

Thanks

yoktur

References

• Aazami MA, Maleki M, Rasouli F, Gohari G. 2023. Protective effects of chitosan based salicylic acid nanocomposite (CS-SA NCs) in grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Sultana) under salinity stress. Sci Rep, 13: 883.
• Aguilera P, Ortiz N, Becerra N, Turrini A, Gaínza-Cortés F, Silva-Flores P, Aguilar-Paredes A, Romero JK, Jorquera-Fontena E, Mora M de LL, Borie F. 2022. Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in vineyards: water and biotic stress under a climate change scenario: new challenge for Chilean grapevine crop. Front Microbiol, 13: 12.
• Ağaoğlu YS. 2002. Bilimsel ve uygulamalı bağcılık. Kavaklıdere Eğitim Yayınları, Asma fizyolojisi-1, Cilt: 2, No: 5, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 445.
• Alatzas A, Theocharis S, Miliordos DE, Kotseridis Y, Koundouras S, Hatzopoulos P. 2023. Leaf removal and deficit irrigation have diverse outcomes on composition and gene expression during berry development of Vitis vinifera L. cultivar Xinomavro. OENO One, 57(1): 289-305.
• Bahar E, Carbonneau A, Korkutal I. 2011. The effect of extreme water stress on leaf drying limits and possibilities of recovering in three grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. Afr J Agric Res, 6(5): 1151-1160.
• Bahar E, Öner H. 2016. Cabernet-Sauvignon üzüm çeşidinde farklı kültürel işlemlerin verim özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Bahçe, 45(Özel Sayı): 591-598.
• Barbagallo MG, Guidoni S, Hunter JJ. 2011. Berry size and qualitative characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah. S Afr J Enol Vitic, 32(1): 129-136.
• Bianchi D, Ricciardi V, Pozzoli C, Grossi D, Caramanico L, Pindo M, Stefani E, Cestaro A, Brancadoro L, De Lorenzis G. 2023. Physiological and transcriptomic evaluation of drought effect on own-rooted and grafted grapevine rootstock (1103P and 101-14Mgt). Plants, 12: 1080.
• Biasi R, Brunori E, Vanino S, Bernardini A, Catalani A, Farina R, Bruno A, Chilosi G. 2023. Soil-plant interaction mediated by indigenous AMF in grafted and own-rooted grapevines under field conditions. Agric, 13: 1051.
• Biniari K, Athanasopoulou E, Daskalakis I, Xyrafis EG, Bouza D, Stavrakaki M. 2023. Effect of foliar applications on the qualitative and quantitative characters of cv. Assyrtiko and cv. Mavrotragano in the island of Santorini, under vineyard conditions. BIO Web Conf, 56: 01008.
• Blouin J, Guimberteau G. 2000. Maturation et maturite des raisins. Editions Féret, Bordeaux, France, pp: 167.
• Bodor-Pesti P, Somogyi E, Deák T, Nyitrainé Sárdy DÁ, Ladányi M. 2022. Quantitative image analysis of berry size and berry shape of different grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) accessions. Mitt Klost, 72: 130-136.
• Bodor-Pesti P, Taranyi D, Deák T, Nyitrainé Sárdy DÁ, Varga Z. 2023. A Review of ampelometry: Morphometric characterization of the grape (Vitis spp.) leaf. Plants, 12, 452.
• Candar S. 2023. How abiotic stress induced by artificial wounding changes maturity levels and berry composition of Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.). Eur Food Res Tech, 249, 2611-2623.
• Chen Wei-Kai, He Fei, Wang Yu-Xi, Liu Xin, Duan Chang-Qing, Wang Jun. 2018. Influences of berry size on fruit composition and wine quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. S Afr J Enol Vitic, 39(1): 67-76.
• Cooley NM, Clingeleffer PR, Walker RR. 2017. Effect of water deficits and season on berry development and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in a hot climate. Aus J Grape and Wine Res, 23: 260-272.
• Cosseboom SD, Hu M. 2022. Ontogenic susceptibility of grapevine clusters to ripe rot, caused by the Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes. Phytopathol, 112(9): 1956-1964.
• Dai GH, Andary C, Mondolot-Cosson L, Boubals D. 1995. Involvement of phenolic compounds in the resistance of grapevine callus to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). Eur J Plant Pathol, 101(5): 541-547.
• Dai ZW, Vivin P, Robert T, Milin S, Li SH, Genard M. 2009 Model-based analysis of sugar accumulation in response to source-sink ratio and water supply in grape (Vitis vinifera) berries. Funct Plant Biol, 36(6): 527-540.
• Darriaut R, Tran J, Martins G, Ollat N, Masneuf-Pomarède I, Lauvergeat V. 2023. In grapevine decline, microbiomes are affected differently in symptomatic and asymptomatic soils. Appl Soil Ecol, 183: 104767.
• Debastiani GL, Berghahn E, Cavião HC, Vigano L, Montes AL, Giongo A, Schwambach J, Granada CE. 2023. Biotechnological potential of Bacillus sp. S26 for alleviation of abiotic and biotic stresses in vine. World J Mic Biotech, 39: 150.
• Del-Castillo-Alonso MÁ, Monforte L, Tomás-Las-Heras R, Ranieri A, Castagna A, Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. 2021. Secondary metabolites and related genes in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes as influenced by ultraviolet radiation and berry development. Physiol Plant, 173: 709-724.
• Drenjančević M, Kujundžić T, Jukić V, Karnaš M, Braun U, Schwander F, Teklić T, Rastija V. 2023. Impact of leaf removal as a source of stresses on grapevine yields, chemical characteristics, and anthocyanin content in the grapevine variety Babica. Ann Appl Biol, 183(1): 43-52.
• Ferrandino A, Pagliarani C, Pérez-Álvarez EP. 2023. Secondary metabolites in grapevine: crosstalk of transcriptional, metabolic and hormonal signals controlling stress defence responses in berries and vegetative organs. Front Plant Sci, 14: 1124298.
• Gray JD, Coombe BG. 2009. Variation in Shiraz berry size originates before fruitset but harvest is a point of resynchronisation for berry development after flowering. Aust J Grape and Wine Res, 15: 156-165.
• Harris JM, Kriedemann PE, Possingham JV. 1968. Anatomical aspects of grape berry development. Vitis, 7: 106-119.
• Hewitt S, Hernández-Montes E, Dhingra A, Keller M. 2023. Impact of heat stress, water stress, and their combined effects on the metabolism and transcriptome of grape berries. Sci Rep, 13: 9907.
• Holt HE, Francis IL, Field J, Herderich MJ, Iland PG. 2008. Relationships between berry size, berry phenolic composition and wine quality scores for Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) from different pruning treatments and different vintages. Aust J Grape Wine Res, 14: 191-202.
• Houel C, Martin-Magniette ML, Nicolas SD, Lacombe T, Le Cunff L, Franck D, Torregrosa L, Conéjéro G, Lalet S, This P, Adam-Blondon AF. 2013. Berry size. Aust J Grape Wine Res, 19: 208-220.
• Johnstone RS, Clingeleffer PR, Lee TH. 1995 The composition of Shiraz grape berries - implications for wine. In: Proceedings of the IX. Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference, 16-19 July, Adelaide, South Australia, pp: 105-108.
• Jung HM, Lee S, Lee WH, Cho BK, Lee SH. 2018. Effect of vibration stress on quality of packaged grapes during transportation. Eng Agr Env Food, 11(2): 79-83.
• Kara Z, Erdoğan E. 2010. The effects of mycorrhizae applications on grapevine cv. Kalecik Karası (Vitis vinifera L.) grafted onto Kober 5BB rootstock. In: Proceedings 2nd Int Symp on Sustainable Development, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, pp: 8-9.
• Karanis C, Çelik H. 2002. Amasya’da yetiştirilen bazı üzüm çeşitlerinin tane içeriklerindeki değişimin incelenmesi ve optimum hasat zamanlarının tespiti üzerine araştırmalar. Türkiye V. Bağcılık ve Şarapçılık Semp Bildiriler Kitabı, 5-9 Ekim, Nevşehir, Türkiye, pp: 441-448.
• Kasimatis AN, Bowers KW, Vilas EP. 1985 Conversion of cane-pruned Cabernet Sauvignon vines to bilateral cordon training and a comparison of cane and spur pruning. Amer J Enol Vitic, 36: 240-244.
• Keller M. (2010). The science of grapevines, anatomy and physiology. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, New Jersey, USA, 1st ed., pp: 400.
• Klarner S, Flemming B, Berkelmann-Löhnertz B. 2015. Studies on mould prevention in viticulture by means of UV-C application of vines (Vitis vinifera L.). Landtechnik, 70(4): 139-148.
• Korkutal İ, Bahar E, Bayram S. 2017. Farklı toprak işleme ve yaprak alma uygulamalarının Syrah üzüm çeşidinde su stresi, salkım ve tane özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Ege Ün Zir Fak Derg, 54(4): 397-407.
• Kotseridis Y, Georgiadou A, Tikos P, Kallithraka S, Koundouras S. 2012. Effects of severity of post-flowering leaf removal on berry growth and composition of three red Vitis vinifera L. cultivars grown under semiarid conditions. J Agric Food Chem, 60(23): 6000-6010.
• Langcake P, Pryce RJ. 1977. The production of resveratrol and the viniferins by grapevines in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Phytochemistry, 16(8), 1193-1196.)
• Lopez-Fernandez S, Compant S, Vrhovsek U, Bianchedi PL, Sessitsch A, Pertot I, Campisano A. 2016. Grapevine colonization by endophytic bacteria shifts secondary metabolism and suggests activation of defense pathways. Plant Soil, 405: 155-175.
• Lorenzini M, Fracchetti F, Bolla V, Stefanelli E, Rossi F, Torriani S. 2010. Ultraviolet light (UV-C) irradiation as an alternative technology for the control of microorganisms in grape juice and wine. In: Proceedings of 33rd World Congr Vine and Wine, June 20-27, Tblissi, Georgia, p: 8.
• Ma Y, Prasad MNV, Rajkumar M, Freitas H. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils. Biotech Adv, 29(2): 248-258.
• Ma Y, Qin F, Tran LS. 2012. Contribution of genomics to gene discovery in plant abiotic stress responses. Mol Plant, 5(6): 1176-1178.
• Matthews MA, Anderson MM. 1988. Fruit ripening in Vitis vinifera L.: Response to seasonal water deficits. Amer J Enol Vitic, 39(4): 313-320.
• Melo MS, Schultz HR, Volschenk C, Hunter JJ. 2015. Berry size variation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah: Morphological dimensions, berry composition and wine quality. S Afr J Enol Vitic, 36: 1-10.
• Meteroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM) 2016. 2016 yılı iklim değerlendirmesi. URL: https://mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/yillikiklim/2016-iklim-raporu.pdf (accessed date: November 12, 2016).
• Meteroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM). 2017a. 2017 yılı iklim değerlendirmesi. URL: https://mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/yillikiklim/2017-iklim-raporu.pdf (accessed date: November 12, 2017).
• Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM). 2017b. Tekirdağ ili genel istatistik verileri. URL: https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler (accessed date: November 13, 2017).
• Mucalo A, Budić-Leto I, Lukšić K, Maletić E, Zdunić G. 2021. Early defoliation techniques enhance yield components, grape and wine composition of cv. Trnjak (Vitis vinifera L.) in Dalmatian hinterland wine region. Plants, 10: 551.
• OIV 2009. 2nd Edition of the OIV descriptor list for grape varieties and vitis species. OIV, Paris, France. pp 232.
• Ollat N, Diakou-Verdin P, Carde JP, Barrieu F, Gaudillère JP, Moing A. 2002 Grape berry development: A review. OENO One, 36(3): 109-131.
• Palliotti A, Gatti M, Poni S. 2011. Early leaf removal to improve vineyard efficiency: gas exchange, source-to-sink balance, and reserve storage responses. Amer J Enol Vitic, 62(2): 219-228.
• Palma L, Novello V, Tarricome L, Frabboni L, Lopriore G, Soleti F. 2007. Grape and wine quality as influenced by the agronomical soil protection in a viticultural system of southern Italy. Quaderni di Scienze Viticole ed Enologiche, Univ Torino, 29: 83-111.
• Poni S, Bernizzoni F, Civardi S, Libelli N. 2009. Effects of pre‐bloom leaf removal on growth of berry tissues and must composition in two red Vitis vinifera L. cultivars. Aust J Grape Wine Res, 15(2): 185-193.
• Price SF, Breen PJ, Valladao M, Watson BT. 1995. Cluster sun exposure and quercetin in Pinot noir grapes and wine. Amer J Enol Vitic, 46: 187-194.
• Ribéreau-Gayon P, Glories Y, Maujean A, Dubourdieau D. 2000. Handbook of enology, Vol 2: The chemistry of wine and stabilization and treatments 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., London, England, pp: 441.
• Roby G, Harbertson JF, Adams DA, Matthews MA. 2004. Berry size and vine water deficits as factors in winegrape composition: Anthocyanins and tannins. Aust J Grape Wine Res, 10: 100-107.
• Roby G, Matthews M. 2004. Relative proportions of seed, skin and flesh, in ripe berries from Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines grown in a vineyard either well irrigated or under water deficit. Aust J Grape Wine Res, 10(1): 74-82.
• Romero P, Navarro JM, Ordaz PB. 2022. Towards a sustainable viticulture: The combination of deficit irrigation strategies and agroecological practices in Mediterranean vineyards. A review and update. Agric Water Manag, 259: 107216.
• Sabır A, Sabır F, Yazar K, Kara Z. 2015. Italia (V. vinifera L.) sofralık üzüm çeşidinde saksı kültüründe kısıntılı sulamanın verim ve kaliteye etkileri. Selçuk Üniv Selçuk Tarım Gıda Bil Derg-A, 27: 1-7.
• Szűgyi-Reiczigel Z, Ladányi M, Bisztray GD, Varga Z, Bodor-Pesti P. 2022. Morphological traits evaluated with random forest method explains natural classification of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars. Plants, 11: 3428.
• Tahmaz H, Söylemezoğlu G. 2017. Effects of vinification techniques combined with UV-C irradiation on phenolic contents of red wines. J Food Sci, 82: 1351-1356.
• Tardaguila J, de Toda FM, Poni S, Diago MP. 2010. Impact of early leaf removal on yield and fruit and wine composition of Vitis vinifera L. Graciano and Carignan. Amer J Enol Vitic, 61(3): 372-381.
• Ünlüsoy S. 2019. Merlot üzüm çeşidinde farklı toprak işleme ve salkım seyreltme uygulamalarının tane heterojenitesi ve bileşimi üzerine etkileri. MSc thesis, Namık Kemal Üniv, Fen Bilimleri Enst, Bahçe Bitkileri ABD, Tekirdağ, pp: 150.