Determination of Aflatoxin Levels Mixed Cattle Feeds from Different Farms in Diyarbakır Region

Year 2024, , 686 - 693, 15.11.2024

Abdullatif Ekin , Ayfer Bozkurt Kiraz

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1549646

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the levels of aflatoxins in beef and dairy cow supplied by feed manufacturing plants in the Diyarbakır region, accounting for a significant proportion of cattle production in Southeast Anatolia. In the study, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and Aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) levels were determined in dairy cattle feed and fattening cattle feed. The toxic effects of aflatoxins on animal organisms are listed as AFB1, AFG1, AFB2, and AFG2 from largest to smallest. Regional feeds were evaluated based on the limits of AFB1 (≥0.005 ppm) in dairy cow feed and AFB1 (≥0.02 ppm) in cattle feed. By the Regulation on Unwanted Substances in Feeds (Regulation No: 2014/11), contamination values were considered in terms of total aflatoxin levels in feeds. According to the determined mycotoxin contamination levels, the average aflatoxin level in cattle milk feed was 0.0036 ppm and in cattle feed was 0.0034 ppm. This study emphasizes the importance of storage conditions and preservation methods of feeds and raw materials.

Keywords

Aflatoxin, Cattle feeds, Contamination

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Supporting Institution

Harran Üniversitesi HÜBAP

Project Number

21243

Thanks

This study was produced from Abdullatif EKİN's thesis titled ' Determination of Aflatoxin Levels Mixed Cattle Feeds from Different Farms in Diyarbakır Region'. We would like to give our special thanks to the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Harran University (HUBAP) for financially supporting this research with a project number of 21243.

References

• Abdel-Hadi A, Schmidt-Heydt M, Parra R, Geisen R, Magan N. 2012. A systems approach to model the relationship between aflatoxin gene cluster expression, environmental factors, growth and toxin production by Aspergillus flavus. J Royal Soc Interf, 9(69): 757-767.
• Ahmad MM, Ahmad M, Ali A, Hamid R, Javed S, Abdin MZ. 2014. Detection of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus from aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts and their differentiation using PCR-RFLP. Ann Microbiol, 64: 1597-1605.
• Alçiçek A. 2012. Yemlerde aflatoksin oluşumu ve süte geçme durumu. Tarım Gündem, 1(6): 82-84.
• Anonymous. 2003. AOAC: Official Method 2003.02 Aflatoxin B1, in Cattle Feed.
• Areo OM, Abafe OA., Gbashi S, Njobeh PB. 2023. Detection of multi-mycotoxins in rooibos and other consumed teas in South Africa by a modified QuEChERS method and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control, 143, 109255.
• Atukwase A, Kaaya AN, Muyanja C. 2009. Factors associated with fumonisin contamination of maize in Uganda. J Sci Food Agri, 89(14): 2393-2398.
• Aydın N. 2007. Hayvan sağlığında mikotoksinler ve mikotoksikozisler. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 37-40.
• Campione E, Gaziano R, Doldo E, Marino D, Falconi M, Iacovelli F, Orlandi A. 2021. Antifungal effect of all-trans retinoic acid against Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and in a pulmonary aspergillosis in vivo model. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother, 65(3): 10-1128. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01874-20
• Cheli F. Battaglia D. Gallo R. Dell'Orto V. 2014. EU legislation on cereal safety: An update with a focus on mycotoxins. Food Control, 37: 315-325.
• Chen YC. Liao CD. Lin HY. Chiueh LC. 2013. Survey of aflatoxin contamination in peanut products in Taiwan from 1997 to 2011. J Food Drug Analy, 21: 247-252.
• da Costa R, V Queiroz, VA Cota LV, da Silva DD, Lanza FE, de Almeide RE, Campos LJ. 2018. Delaying harvest for naturally drying maize grain increases the risk of kernel rot and fumonisin contamination. Trop Plant Pathol, 43: 452-459.
• Deng H, Su X, Wang H. 2018. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1, bisphenol A, and 4-nonylphenol in peanut oils by liquid-liquid extraction combined with solid-phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Analyt Meth, 11: 1303-1311.
• Eskola M, Kos G, Elliott CT, Hajšlová J, Mayar S, Krska R. 2020. Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited ‘FAO estimate’of 25%. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutrit, 60(16): 2773-2789.
• FDA 2019. Food and drug administration. CPG Sec. 683.100 Action Levels for Aflatoxins in Animal Feeds.
• Gbashi S, Njobeh PB, Madala NE, De Boevre M, Kagot V, De Saeger S. 2020. Parallel validation of a green-solvent extraction method and quantitative estimation of multi-mycotoxins in staple cereals using LC-MS/MS. Scient Rep, 10(1): 10334.
• Giovati L, Magliani W, Ciociola T, Santinoli C, Conti S, Polonelli L. 2015. AFM1 in milk: Physical, biological, and prophylactic methods to mitigate contamination. Toxins, 7(10): 4330-4349.
• Ingle AP, Gupta I, Jogee P, Rai M. 2020. Role of nanotechnology in the detection of mycotoxins: A smart approach: Nanomycotoxicology. Academic Press, London, UK, pp: 11-33.
• İpçak HH, Alçiçek A. 2013. Yemlerde aflatoksin gelişimi ve süte geçme durumu. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, September, 5-7, Çanakkale, Türkiye, pp: 502-511.
• Jallow A, Xie H, Tang X, Qi Z, Li P. 2021. Worldwide aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and foods: From occurrence to control. Comprehen Rev Food Sci Food Safety, 20(3): 2332-2381.
• Joubert BR, Mantooth SN, McAllister KA. 2020. Environmental health research in Africa: important progress and promising opportunities. Front Genet, 10: 1166. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.01166
• Kaale LD, Kimanya ME, Macha IJ, Mlalila N. 2021. Aflatoxin contamination and recommendations to improve its control: a review. World Mycotoxin J, 14(1): 27-40.
• Kaya S. 2002. Doz ve etki ilişkisi. 47-48. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Khan R, Ghazali FM, Mahyudin NA, Samsudin NIP. Aflatoxin biosynthesis, genetic regulation, toxicity, and control strategies: A review. J Fungi, 7(8): 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080606
• Kong WJ, Li JY, Qiu F, Wei JH, Xiao, XH, Zheng Y, Yang MH. 2013. Development of a sensitive and reliable high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection for high throughput analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in Coix seed. Analytica Chimica Acta, 799: 68-76.
• Kumar P, Mahato DK, Kamle M, Mohanta TK, Kang SG. 2017. Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Front Microbiol, 7: 2170.
• Liu X, Guan X, Xing F, Lv C, Dai X, Liu Y. 2017. Effect of water activity and temperature on the growth of Aspergillus flavus, the expression of aflatoxin biosynthetic genes and aflatoxin production in shelled peanuts. Food Control, 82: 325-332.
• Luo S, Du H, Kebede H, Liu Y, Xing F. 2021. Contamination status of major mycotoxins in agricultural product and food stuff in Europe. Food Control, 127: 108120.
• Mahmood Fashandi H, Abbasi R, Mousavi Khaneghah A. 2018. The detoxification of aflatoxin M1 by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.: A review. J Food Proces Preservat, 42(9): e13704.
• Mansfield MA, Archibald DD, Jones AD, Kuldau GA. 2007. Relationship of sphinganine analog mycotoxin contamination in maize silage to seasonal weather conditions and to agronomic and ensiling practices. Phytopathology, 97(4): 504-511.
• Massomo SM. 2020. Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in the maize value chain and what needs to be done in Tanzania. Scient African, 10: e00606.
• Navale V. Vamkudoth KR. Ajmera S. Dhuri V. 2021. Aspergillus derived mycotoxins in food and the environment: Prevalence, detection, and toxicity. Toxicol Rep, 8: 1008-1030.
• Nazhand A, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Souto EB, Santini A. 2020. Characteristics, occurrence, detection and detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds. Foods, 9(5): 644.
• Okechukwu VO, Adelusi OA, Kappo AP, Njobeh PB, Mamo MA. 2023. Aflatoxins: Occurrence, biosynthesis, mechanism of action and effects, conventional/emerging detection techniques. Food Chem, 2023: 137775.
• Özkaya Ş, Temiz A. 2003. Aflatoksinler: Kimyasal yapıları, toksisiteleri ve detoksifikasyonları. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyol Derg, 1(01): 1-21.
• Pickova D, Ostry V, Toman J, Malir F. 2021. Aflatoxins: History, significant milestones, recent data on their toxicity and ways to mitigation. Toxins, 13(6): 399.
• Polat N. 2012. Determination of total aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin in forage, concentrated, and mixed feed samples and milk aflatoxin M1 level in some dairy farms in Erzurum. MSc Thesis, Atatürk University, Institute of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Türkiye, pp: 89.
• Rapid Alert. 2020. System for food and feed (RASFF). URL= https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/rasff_en (accessed date: February 09, 2020).
• Scholl PF, Groopman JD. 2008. Long-term stability of human aflatoxin B1 albumin adducts assessed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevent, 17(6): 1436-1439.
• Sheijooni‐Fumani N, Hassan J, Yousefi SR. 2011. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereals by homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography‐fluorescence detection. J Separation Sci, 34(11): 1333-1337.
• Sipos P, Peles F, Brassó DL, Béri B, Pusztahelyi T, Pócsi I, Győri Z. 2021. Physical and chemical methods for reduction in aflatoxin content of feed and food. Toxins, 13(3): 204.
• SPSS 9.0. 1999. SPSS for Windows. Chicago, Illinois.
• Tejero P, Martín A, Rodríguez A, Galván AI Ruiz-Moyano S, Hernández A. 2021. In vitro biological control of Aspergillus flavus by Hanseniaspora opuntiae L479 and Hanseniaspora uvarum L793, producers of antifungal volatile organic compounds. Toxins, 13(9): 663.
• TGK. 2011. Türk Gıda Kodeksi, Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, 29 Aralık 2011 tarih ve 28157 sayılı Resmi Gazete (3. Mükerrer).
• Tonbak F, Demir P, 2021. Yem ve gıdalarla hayatımıza giren aflatoksinleri önleme yöntemleri. Vet Farmakol Toksikol Dern Bült, 12(2): 105-117.
• Uçkun O, Var İ. 2014. Monitoring of aflatoxins in peanuts. Türk Tar Doğa Bil Derg, 1(Özel Sayı-1): 1310-1314.
• Yaroğlu T. 2007. Research for the existance of aflatoxin B1 within the food of young trouts that are presented for the consume in the market of Erzurum province. MSc Thesis, Atatürk University, Institute of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Türkiye, pp: 54.
• Ye T, Yan H, Wang X, Zhao W, Tao F, Zhou Y. 2023. Determination of four aflatoxins on dark tea infusions and aflatoxin transfers evaluation during tea brewing. Food Chem, 405: 134969.
• Yıldırım E, Macun HC, Yalçınkaya İ, Şahin F, Ekici H 2018. Kırıkkale’deki yem ve süt örneklerinde aflatoksin kalıntısının araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 65: 199-204.