Marker Assisted Selection in Farm Animals

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 3, 94 - 101, 01.07.2018

Fatma Nur Abaylı

Abstract

The developments in
molecular biology in the last 30 years have made significant contributions to
the selection of livestock and to the speed of genetic progress. Today, in the
livestock sector, molecular markers have begun to find common application areas
in defining the desired yield characteristics of animals, in parent
identification and in the control of genetic diseases. The real use of
molecular markers in farm animals is to determine quantitative character loci
for genomic selection applications. The use of molecular markers in predicting
the future yield performance of animals provides important contributions to
animal breeding. The application areas of molecular markers for animal breeding
are divided into two main categories; practical or short term and long term.
Practical or short-term applications include identification of the individual
with respect to the desired character, parental assignment, control of genetic
diseases and prediction of genetic distance. Long-term applications include
genomic mapping, quantitative characterization, and genetic diversity.
Molecular markers can speed up selection in terms of desired characteristics by
removing some of the limitations of conventional breeding methods. Animals that
do not exhibit desired yield characteristics with molecular markers can be
selected early on and only characters expressed in single sex (milk yield) can
be detected in both sexes and used in a selective manner. The use of selected
spermatozoa, particularly by genomic selection, can help to ensure rapid and
effective genetic progress across the country. As a result, genetic capacities
of animals can be increased in a shorter time with these methods, and
significant contribution can be made to the country's economy.

Keywords

Gen, Animal breeding, Molecular biology, Marker assisted selection

ÇİFTLİK HAYVANLARINDA MARKÖR DESTEKLİ SELEKSİYON

Abstract

Son 30 yılda moleküler biyolojideki gelişmeler çiftlik hayvanlarının seleksiyonuna ve genetik ilerleme hızının artırılmasına önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Günümüzde hayvancılık sektöründe moleküler markörler, hayvanların istenilen verim karakterleri bakımından tanımlamasında, ebeveyn tayininde ve genetik hastalıkların kontrolünde yaygın uygulama alanları bulmaya başlamıştır. Çiftlik hayvanlarında moleküler markörlerin gerçek kullanımı genomik seleksiyon uygulamaları için kantitatif karakter lokuslarının belirlenmesi yönünde olmaktadır. Moleküler
markörlerin, hayvanların gelecekteki verim performansını önceden tahmininde kullanımı hayvan ıslahına önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Moleküler markörlerin hayvan ıslahındaki uygulama alanları pratik veya kısa dönem ve uzun dönem olmak üzere iki ana başlık altında toplanmaktadır. Pratik veya kısa dönem uygulamalar bireyin istenilen karakter bakımından tanımlanmasını, ebeveyn tayinini, genetik hastalıkların kontrolünü ve genetik uzaklığın tahminini kapsamaktadır. Uzun dönem uygulamalar ise genom haritasının oluşturulmasını, kantitatif karakter lokuslarının ve genetik çeşitliliğin belirlenmesini kapsamaktadır. Moleküler markörler geleneksel ıslah yöntemlerinin bazı sınırlamalarını ortadan kaldırarak istenilen özellikler bakımından seleksiyonu hızlandırabilmektedir. Moleküler markörler ile istenilen verim karakterlerini sergilemeyen hayvanlar erken dönemde damızlığa seçilebilmekte ve sadece tek cinsiyette ifade edilen karakterler (süt verimi) her iki cinsiyette tespit edilerek bunların seleksiyonda kullanımı sağlanabilmektedir. Özellikle genomik seleksiyon ile seçilmiş boğaların spermalarının kullanımı, ülke çapında hızlı ve etkin bir genetik ilerleme sağlanmasına yardımcı olabilir. Sonuç olarak, bu yöntemler ile hayvanların genetik kapasiteleri daha kısa sürede arttırılabilir ve ülke ekonomisine önemli ölçüde katkı sağlanabilir.

Keywords

Gen, Hayvan ıslahı, Moleküler biyoloji, Markör destekli seleksiyon

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