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Technological Properties of Protein Hydrolysate Obtained From Fish Waste

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 898 - 902, 15.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1797788

Abstract

The fish processing industry generates up to 60% waste from processed fish. Instead of contributing to environmental pollution and facing challenges related to waste disposal, these by-products are utilized for the production of animal feed, fishmeal, fish oil, fish silage, fertilizers, and sauces. Additionally, hydrolysates are used in the production of high value-added products such as bioactive peptides, gelatin, and collagen. Studies on protein hydrolysates particularly focus on efficiently utilizing components derived from fish waste to realize their full industrial potential. This study reviews recent research on the functional properties of hydrolysates obtained from fish by-products and evaluates the current state as well as potential future directions in their application and research for effective utilization.

References

  • Abd El-Rady TK, Tahoun AAM, Abdin M, Amin HF. 2023. Effect of different hydrolysis methods on composition and functional properties of fish protein hydrolysate obtained from bigeye tuna waste. Int J Food Sci Technol, 58(12): 6552-6562.
  • Alahmad K, Noman A, Xia W, Jiang Q, Xu Y. 2023. Influence of the enzymatic hydrolysis using flavourzyme enzyme on functional, secondary structure, and antioxidant characteristics of protein hydrolysates produced from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Molecules, 28(20): 519.
  • Blanco M, Vázquez JA, Pérez-Martín RI, Sotelo CG. 2017. Hydrolysates of fish skin collagen: An opportunity for valorizing fish industry byproducts. Marine Drugs, 15(5): 131.
  • Dekkers E, Raghavan S, Kristinsson HG, Marshall MR. 2011. Oxidative stability of mahi mahi red muscle dipped in tilapia protein hydrolysates. Food Chem, 124(2): 640-645.
  • dos Santos SDA, Martins VG, Salas-Mellado M, Prentice C. 2011. Evaluation of functional properties in protein hydrolysates from bluewing searobin (Prionotus punctatus) obtained with different microbial enzymes. Food Bioprocess Technol, 4(8): 1399-1406.
  • Elavarasan K, Naveen Kumar V, Shamasundar B. 2014. Antioxidant and functional properties of fish protein hydrolysates from fresh water carp (Catla catla) as influenced by the Nature of Enzyme. J Food Proces Preserv, 38(3): 1207-1214.
  • FAO. 2024. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. blue transformation in action. Rome. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en (Accesed date: November 05, 2025).
  • Foh M, Kamara M, Amadou I, Foh B, Xia WenShui XW. 2011. Chemical and physicochemical properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish protein hydrolysate and concentrate. Int J Biol Chem, 5(1): 21-36.
  • Galvez RP, Berge JP. 2013. Utilization of fish waste. Taylor Francis, New York, US, pp: 232.
  • García‐Moreno PJ, Pérez‐Gálvez R, Espejo‐Carpio FJ, Ruiz‐Quesada C, Pérez‐Morilla AI, Martínez‐Agustín O, Guadix A, Guadix EM. 2017. Functional, bioactive and antigenicity properties of blue whiting protein hydrolysates: effect of enzymatic treatment and degree of hydrolysis. J Sci Food Agri, 97(1): 299-308.
  • Greyling N, Bordoloi A, Goosen NJ. 2021. Optimising enzymatic conditions of monkfish (Lophius vomerinus) heads hydrolysis towards potential waste biomass valorisation. Biomass Conver Biorefin, 11(6): 2711-2722.
  • Gündüz H, Öztürk F, Hamzaçebi S, Akpınar MD. 2018. The assessment of seafood processing waste. Aquat Sci Eng, 33(1): 1-5.
  • Hassan MA, Deepitha R, Xavier KM, Gupta S, Nayak BB, Balange AK. 2019. Evaluation of the properties of spray dried visceral protein hydrolysate from Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1978) extracted by enzymatic and chemical methods. Waste Biomass Valor, 10(9): 2547-2558.
  • Hsu KC. 2010. Purification of antioxidative peptides prepared from enzymatic hydrolysates of tuna dark muscle by-product. Food Chem, 122(1): 42-48.
  • Jemil I, Jridi M, Nasri R, Ktari N, Salem RBSB, Mehiri M, Hajji M, Nasri M. 2014. Functional, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of protein hydrolysates prepared from fish meat fermented by Bacillus subtilis A26. Process Biochem, 49(6): 963-972.
  • Karoud W, Sila A, Krichen F, Martinez-Alvarez O, Bougatef A. 2019. Characterization, surface properties and biological activities of protein hydrolysates obtained from hake (Merluccius merluccius) heads. Waste Biomass Valor, 10(2): 287-297.
  • Koç S. 2016. A study on nutritional, functional, and bioactive properties of protein hydrolysates from anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) flesh and by-products. PhD Thesis, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Institute of Science, Çanakkale, Türkiye, pp: 138.
  • Kristinsson HG. 2014. Antioxidants and functional components in aquatic foods. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, US, pp: 334.
  • Kristinsson HG, Rasco BA. 2000a. Biochemical and functional properties of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle proteins hydrolyzed with various alkaline proteases. J Agri Food Chem, 48(3): 657-666.
  • Kristinsson HG, Rasco BA. 2000b. Fish protein hydrolysates: production, biochemical, and functional properties. Crit Rew Food Sci Nutrit, 40(1): 43-81.
  • Massoud R, Hosseini AH, Massoud A. 2017. Functional properties of food proteins; gelation and stable foam. 6th International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICES), March 11-12, Paris, France, pp: 1-8.
  • Okutan G, Boran G. 2023. Emulsion and encapsulation applications in fish oil. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniv Fen Bil Enst Derg, 28(1): 334-344.
  • Parvathy U, Nizam K, Zynudheen A, Ninan G, Panda S, Ravishankar C. 2018. Characterization of fish protein hydrolysate from red meat of Euthynnus affinis and its application as an antioxidant in iced sardine. J Scient Indust Res, 77: 111-119.
  • Razali A, Amin A, Sarbon N. 2015. Antioxidant activity and functional properties of fractionated cobia skin gelatin hydrolysate at different molecular weight. Int Food Res J, 22(2): 651.
  • Sathivel S, Smiley S, Prinyawiwatkul W, Bechtel PJ. 2005. Functional and nutritional properties of red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) enzymatic hydrolysates. J Food Sci, 70(6): c401-c406.
  • Slizyte R, Mozuraitytė R, Martínez-Alvarez O, Falch E, Fouchereau-Peron M, Rustad T. 2009. Functional, bioactive and antioxidative properties of hydrolysates obtained from cod (Gadus morhua) backbones. Process Biochem, 44(6): 668-677.
  • Souissi N, Bougatef A, Triki-Ellouz Y, Nasri M. 2007. Biochemical and functional properties of sardinella (Sardinella aurita) by-product hydrolysates. Food Technol Biotechnol, 45(2): 187-194.
  • Taheri A, Anvar S, Ahari H, Fogliano V. 2013. Comparison the functional properties of protein Hydrolysates from poultry byproducts and rainbow trout. Iranian J Fisher Sci, 12(1): 154-169.
  • Tanuja S, Viji P, Zynudheen A, Joshy C. 2012. Composition, functional properties and antioxidative activity of hydrolysates prepared from the frame meat of Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Egyptian J Biol, 14: 27-35.
  • Tekle S, Bozkurt F, Akman PK, Sagdic O. 2022. Bioactive and Functional properties of gelatin peptide fractions obtained from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) skin. Food Sci Technol, 42: e60221.
  • Wangkheirakpam M, Mahanand S, Majumdar R, Sharma S, Hidangmayum D, Netam S. 2019. Fish waste utilization with reference to fish protein hydrolisate-a review. Fish Technol, 56(3): 169-178.
  • Wasswa J, Tang J, Gu XH, Yuan XQ. 2007. Influence of the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis on the functional properties of protein hydrolysate from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin. Food Chem, 104(4): 1698-1704.
  • Wouters AG, Rombouts I, Fierens E, Brijs K, Delcour JA. 2016. Relevance of the functional properties of enzymatic plant protein hydrolysates in food systems. Comprehensive Rev Food Sci Food Safety, 15(4): 786-800.

Technological Properties of Protein Hydrolysate Obtained From Fish Waste

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 898 - 902, 15.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1797788

Abstract

The fish processing industry generates up to 60% waste from processed fish. Instead of contributing to environmental pollution and facing challenges related to waste disposal, these by-products are utilized for the production of animal feed, fishmeal, fish oil, fish silage, fertilizers, and sauces. Additionally, hydrolysates are used in the production of high value-added products such as bioactive peptides, gelatin, and collagen. Studies on protein hydrolysates particularly focus on efficiently utilizing components derived from fish waste to realize their full industrial potential. This study reviews recent research on the functional properties of hydrolysates obtained from fish by-products and evaluates the current state as well as potential future directions in their application and research for effective utilization.

References

  • Abd El-Rady TK, Tahoun AAM, Abdin M, Amin HF. 2023. Effect of different hydrolysis methods on composition and functional properties of fish protein hydrolysate obtained from bigeye tuna waste. Int J Food Sci Technol, 58(12): 6552-6562.
  • Alahmad K, Noman A, Xia W, Jiang Q, Xu Y. 2023. Influence of the enzymatic hydrolysis using flavourzyme enzyme on functional, secondary structure, and antioxidant characteristics of protein hydrolysates produced from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Molecules, 28(20): 519.
  • Blanco M, Vázquez JA, Pérez-Martín RI, Sotelo CG. 2017. Hydrolysates of fish skin collagen: An opportunity for valorizing fish industry byproducts. Marine Drugs, 15(5): 131.
  • Dekkers E, Raghavan S, Kristinsson HG, Marshall MR. 2011. Oxidative stability of mahi mahi red muscle dipped in tilapia protein hydrolysates. Food Chem, 124(2): 640-645.
  • dos Santos SDA, Martins VG, Salas-Mellado M, Prentice C. 2011. Evaluation of functional properties in protein hydrolysates from bluewing searobin (Prionotus punctatus) obtained with different microbial enzymes. Food Bioprocess Technol, 4(8): 1399-1406.
  • Elavarasan K, Naveen Kumar V, Shamasundar B. 2014. Antioxidant and functional properties of fish protein hydrolysates from fresh water carp (Catla catla) as influenced by the Nature of Enzyme. J Food Proces Preserv, 38(3): 1207-1214.
  • FAO. 2024. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. blue transformation in action. Rome. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd0683en (Accesed date: November 05, 2025).
  • Foh M, Kamara M, Amadou I, Foh B, Xia WenShui XW. 2011. Chemical and physicochemical properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish protein hydrolysate and concentrate. Int J Biol Chem, 5(1): 21-36.
  • Galvez RP, Berge JP. 2013. Utilization of fish waste. Taylor Francis, New York, US, pp: 232.
  • García‐Moreno PJ, Pérez‐Gálvez R, Espejo‐Carpio FJ, Ruiz‐Quesada C, Pérez‐Morilla AI, Martínez‐Agustín O, Guadix A, Guadix EM. 2017. Functional, bioactive and antigenicity properties of blue whiting protein hydrolysates: effect of enzymatic treatment and degree of hydrolysis. J Sci Food Agri, 97(1): 299-308.
  • Greyling N, Bordoloi A, Goosen NJ. 2021. Optimising enzymatic conditions of monkfish (Lophius vomerinus) heads hydrolysis towards potential waste biomass valorisation. Biomass Conver Biorefin, 11(6): 2711-2722.
  • Gündüz H, Öztürk F, Hamzaçebi S, Akpınar MD. 2018. The assessment of seafood processing waste. Aquat Sci Eng, 33(1): 1-5.
  • Hassan MA, Deepitha R, Xavier KM, Gupta S, Nayak BB, Balange AK. 2019. Evaluation of the properties of spray dried visceral protein hydrolysate from Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1978) extracted by enzymatic and chemical methods. Waste Biomass Valor, 10(9): 2547-2558.
  • Hsu KC. 2010. Purification of antioxidative peptides prepared from enzymatic hydrolysates of tuna dark muscle by-product. Food Chem, 122(1): 42-48.
  • Jemil I, Jridi M, Nasri R, Ktari N, Salem RBSB, Mehiri M, Hajji M, Nasri M. 2014. Functional, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of protein hydrolysates prepared from fish meat fermented by Bacillus subtilis A26. Process Biochem, 49(6): 963-972.
  • Karoud W, Sila A, Krichen F, Martinez-Alvarez O, Bougatef A. 2019. Characterization, surface properties and biological activities of protein hydrolysates obtained from hake (Merluccius merluccius) heads. Waste Biomass Valor, 10(2): 287-297.
  • Koç S. 2016. A study on nutritional, functional, and bioactive properties of protein hydrolysates from anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) flesh and by-products. PhD Thesis, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Institute of Science, Çanakkale, Türkiye, pp: 138.
  • Kristinsson HG. 2014. Antioxidants and functional components in aquatic foods. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, US, pp: 334.
  • Kristinsson HG, Rasco BA. 2000a. Biochemical and functional properties of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle proteins hydrolyzed with various alkaline proteases. J Agri Food Chem, 48(3): 657-666.
  • Kristinsson HG, Rasco BA. 2000b. Fish protein hydrolysates: production, biochemical, and functional properties. Crit Rew Food Sci Nutrit, 40(1): 43-81.
  • Massoud R, Hosseini AH, Massoud A. 2017. Functional properties of food proteins; gelation and stable foam. 6th International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICES), March 11-12, Paris, France, pp: 1-8.
  • Okutan G, Boran G. 2023. Emulsion and encapsulation applications in fish oil. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniv Fen Bil Enst Derg, 28(1): 334-344.
  • Parvathy U, Nizam K, Zynudheen A, Ninan G, Panda S, Ravishankar C. 2018. Characterization of fish protein hydrolysate from red meat of Euthynnus affinis and its application as an antioxidant in iced sardine. J Scient Indust Res, 77: 111-119.
  • Razali A, Amin A, Sarbon N. 2015. Antioxidant activity and functional properties of fractionated cobia skin gelatin hydrolysate at different molecular weight. Int Food Res J, 22(2): 651.
  • Sathivel S, Smiley S, Prinyawiwatkul W, Bechtel PJ. 2005. Functional and nutritional properties of red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) enzymatic hydrolysates. J Food Sci, 70(6): c401-c406.
  • Slizyte R, Mozuraitytė R, Martínez-Alvarez O, Falch E, Fouchereau-Peron M, Rustad T. 2009. Functional, bioactive and antioxidative properties of hydrolysates obtained from cod (Gadus morhua) backbones. Process Biochem, 44(6): 668-677.
  • Souissi N, Bougatef A, Triki-Ellouz Y, Nasri M. 2007. Biochemical and functional properties of sardinella (Sardinella aurita) by-product hydrolysates. Food Technol Biotechnol, 45(2): 187-194.
  • Taheri A, Anvar S, Ahari H, Fogliano V. 2013. Comparison the functional properties of protein Hydrolysates from poultry byproducts and rainbow trout. Iranian J Fisher Sci, 12(1): 154-169.
  • Tanuja S, Viji P, Zynudheen A, Joshy C. 2012. Composition, functional properties and antioxidative activity of hydrolysates prepared from the frame meat of Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Egyptian J Biol, 14: 27-35.
  • Tekle S, Bozkurt F, Akman PK, Sagdic O. 2022. Bioactive and Functional properties of gelatin peptide fractions obtained from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) skin. Food Sci Technol, 42: e60221.
  • Wangkheirakpam M, Mahanand S, Majumdar R, Sharma S, Hidangmayum D, Netam S. 2019. Fish waste utilization with reference to fish protein hydrolisate-a review. Fish Technol, 56(3): 169-178.
  • Wasswa J, Tang J, Gu XH, Yuan XQ. 2007. Influence of the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis on the functional properties of protein hydrolysate from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin. Food Chem, 104(4): 1698-1704.
  • Wouters AG, Rombouts I, Fierens E, Brijs K, Delcour JA. 2016. Relevance of the functional properties of enzymatic plant protein hydrolysates in food systems. Comprehensive Rev Food Sci Food Safety, 15(4): 786-800.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

İrem Ceren Kizilköy 0000-0002-1142-3864

Early Pub Date November 14, 2025
Publication Date November 15, 2025
Submission Date October 6, 2025
Acceptance Date November 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Kizilköy, İ. C. (2025). Technological Properties of Protein Hydrolysate Obtained From Fish Waste. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 8(6), 898-902. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1797788

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