Solunum Kas Güçlendirme Uygulamalarının Sportif Performans Belirleyicileri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Solunum kas antrenmanı sporcuların solunum kas kuvvetinde artış sağlayarak yorgunluğun daha geç oluşmasına ve uzun süre performansı devam ettirmesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız Solunum kas güçlendirme uygulamalarının sportif performans belirleyicileri üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 18-23 yaş aralığında (Deney, 13, Kontrol, 15) 28 tenis branşına sahip öğrenciler katılmıştır.   Deneklerden ön test-son test olarak flamingo denge testi, bacak kuvveti, sırt kuvveti, sağ ve sol pençe kuvveti, durarak uzun atlama, 30 m sürat testi ve pro-agility çeviklik testleri alınmıştır. Deney gurubu haftada 2 gün tenis antrenmanları ile birlikte haftanın 7 günü belirlenen solunum kas antrenmanını sabah-akşam uyguladı. Kontrol gurubu sadece belirlenen tenis antrenmanlarına katıldı. Çalışma 5 hafta uygulandı. Veriler incelendiğinde verilerin normal dağılım gösterdiği görüldü. Bağımsız grupların karşılaştırılmasında indepedent sample t test, bağımlı grupların karşılaştırılmasında paired sample t test kullanıldı. Elde edilen verilerde deney ve kontrol gurubunun 30 m sürat değerlerinde anlamlı farklılığın olduğu görüldü (p<0.05).  Solunum kası antrenmanı grubu bacak kuvveti, durarak uzun atlama, çeviklik ve denge değerleri ortalamalarında pozitif anlamlı artışlar varken, sırt kuvveti sağ-sol pençe kuvvet değerlerinde azalışların olduğu ve istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılığın olmadığı görüldü (p>0.05). Kontrol gurubunda diğer değişkenlerde istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılığın olmadığı belirlendi   (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak solunum kası antrenmanının 30 m sürat, denge, çeviklik, bacak kuvveti ve durarak uzun atlama değerlerine olumlu etkisinin olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Solunum kas antrenmanının, yorgunluğun ortaya çıkış süresini uzatarak ve egzersiz sonrası toparlanma sürecini hızlandırarak, özellikle aerobik kapasite gerektiren spor branşlarında performans gelişimine anlamlı düzeyde katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Solunum Kas Eğitimi
• Anaerobik Güç
• Raket Sporu
• Tenis

The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Strengthening Exercises on Determinants of Athletic Performance

Abstract

Respiratory muscle training contributes to athletes' increased respiratory muscle strength, delaying fatigue and enabling them to maintain performance for longer periods. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of respiratory muscle strengthening exercises on determinants of athletic performance. Twenty-eight tennis players aged 18-23 (experimental group, 13; control group, 15) enrolled at Sivas Cumhuriyet University participated in the study.   Pre-test and post-test measurements were taken from the subjects, including the flamingo balance test, leg strength, back strength, right and left grip strength, standing long jump, 30 m speed test, and pro-agility agility tests. The experimental group performed the specified respiratory muscle training twice a week in the morning and evening, along with tennis training. The control group only participated in the specified tennis training. The study was conducted over 5 weeks. Upon examination of the data, it was observed that the data showed a normal distribution. The independent sample t-test was used to compare independent groups, and the paired sample t-test was used to compare dependent groups. The data obtained showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the 30 m speed values (p<0.05).  The respiratory muscle training group showed positive and significant increases in the averages of leg strength, standing long jump, agility, and balance values, while decreases were observed in back strength and right-left grip strength values, and no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in other variables in the control group (p>0.05).

Keywords

• Respiratory Muscle Training
• Anaerobic Power
• Racket Sport
• Tennis

References

1. Amonette, W., & Dupler, T. (2002). The effects of respiratory muscle training on VO2max the vantilatory threshold and pulmonary function. Journal of Exercise Physiology, 5(2), 29–35.
2. Aubier, M., Trippenbach, T., & Roussos, C. (1981). Respiratory muscle fatigue during cardiogenic shock. Journal of Applied Physiology, 51(2), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1981.51.2.499
3. Bahçecioğlu, H., & Yapıcıoğlu, B. (2023). Milli bocce sporcularında dört haftalık solunum kası antrenmanının solunum kas kuvveti, fonksiyonları ve performansa etkisi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 34–49.
4. Bayraktar, I. (2013). Relationships between agility, speed, reaction and vertical jump abilities of elite boxers. Journal of Academic Overview, 35, 1–8.
5. Beaumont, M., Mialon, P., Ber-Moy, C. L., Lochon, C., Péran, L., Pichon, R., Gut-Gobert, C., Leroyer, C., Morelot-Panzini, C., & Couturaud, F. (2015). Inspiratory muscle training during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized trial. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 12(4), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972315594625
6. Beyaz, N., İri, R., & Pişkin, N. E. (2024). 14-16 yaş futbolculara uygulanan aletli solunum kasi egzersizlerinin aerobik kapasite anaerobik güç ve bazı solunum parametreleri üzerine olan etkisinin incelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.61962/bsd.1438368
7. Bostancı, Ö. (2009). Determination of lung volume ratio in elite swimmers and football players by stereological method and comparison with respiratory parameters [Doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi]. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
8. Carpes, F. P., Fernanda, B. R., & Carlos, B. M. (2008). Effects of a program for trunk strength and stability on pain, low back and pelvis kinematics, and body balance: A pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 12(1), 22–30.

9. Comba, D. (2018). Bayan basketbolcularda dört haftalık solunum kas antrenmanının performansa etkisi [Yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi]. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
10. Culver, B. H., Graham, B. L., Coates, A. L., Wanger, J., Berry, C. E., Clarke, P. K., Hallstrand, TS., Hankinsın, J. L., Kaminsky, D. A., MacIntyre, N. R., McCormack, M. C., Rosenfeld, M., Stanojevic, S., & Weiner, D. J. (2017). ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Pulmonary Function Laboratories. “Recommendations for a standardized pulmonary function report”: An official American Thoracic Society technical statement. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 196(11), 1463–1472.
11. Çevik, A., & Bostancı, Ö. (2024). Erkek basketbolcularda dört haftalık solunum kas antrenmanının pulmoner fonksiyonlar ile aerobik ve anaerobik performansa etkisi: Deneysel araştırma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 16(2).
12. Dempsey, J. A., Miller, J. D., & Romer, L. M. (2006). The respiratory system. In P. A. Farrell, M. J. Joyner, & V. J. Caiozzo (Eds.), ACSM advanced exercise physiology (1st ed., pp. 259–260). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
13. Fernandez, J. F., Rivas, D. S., & Villanueva, A. M. (2009). A review of the activity profile and physiological demands of tennis match play. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 31(4).
14. Fox, E., Bowers, R. W., & Foss, M. L. (1999). Physiological basics of physical education and sports (M. Çerit, Trans.). Bağırgan Yayımevi. (Original work published n.d., pp. 269–303).
15. Freitas, J. P., Costa, R., Barranco, L. G., Reis, K., Lopes, AJ., Mainenti, M. R. M., & Vigario, P. D. S. (2024). Effect of inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic performance, sports skills, and quality of life in wheelchair rugby athletes. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 40(11), 360–365.
16. Gök, U. C., Koç, M., Macit, Ö., Arslantürk, G., & Coşun, B. (2024). İnspiratuar kas kuvvetinin aerobik ve anaerobik performans, vücut kompozisyonu ve solunum fonksiyon değişkenleri ile ilişkisi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 35(4), 212–223. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1596249
17. Goosey-Tolfrey, V., Foden, E., Perret, C., & Degens, H. (2010). Effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory function and repetitive sprint performance in wheelchair basketball players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 4(9), 665–668. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.049486
18. Hajghanbari, B., Yamabayashi, C., Buna, T. R., Coelho, J. D., Freedman, K. D., Morton, T. A., Palmer, S. A., Toy, M. A., Walsh, C., Sheel, A. W., & Reid, W. D. (2013). Effects of respiratory muscle training on performance in athletes: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(6), 1643–1663.
19. Held, H. E., & Pendergast, D. R. (2014). The effects of respiratory muscle training on respiratory mechanics and energy cost. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 200, 7–17.
20. Hoffman, J. R., & Maresh, C. M. (2000). Physiology of basketball. In W. E. Garrett & D. T. Kirkendall (Eds.), Exercise and sport science (1st ed., pp. 733–744). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
21. Jakobsen, MD., Sundstrup, E., Krustrup, P., & Aagaard, P. (2011). The effect of recreational soccer training and running on postural balance in untrained men. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(3), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1669-2
22. Jurić, I., Labor, S., Plavec, D., & Labor, M. (2019). Inspiratory muscle strength affects anaerobic endurance in professional athletes. Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju, 70(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3182
23. Karsten, M., Ribeiro, G. S., Esquivel, M. S., & Matte, D. L. (2018). The effects of inspiratory muscle training with linear workload devices on the sports performance and cardiopulmonary function of athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport, 34, 92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.09.004
24. Kermen, O. (1997). Tennis techniques and tactics (B. Yavuz, Ed.). Şama Matbaacılık. (pp. 42–50).
25. Kilding, A. E., Brown, S., & McConnell, A. K. (2010). Inspiratory muscle training improves 100 and 200 m swimming performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108(3), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1228-x
26. Kumaştarlı, M., Suna, M., Çalışkan, I. V., Işıldak, K., & Demir, M. (2011). Comparison of anthropometric properties of tennis and football players. Selcuk University Physical Education and Sports Science Journal, 13(3), 372–377.
27. Langer, D., Charususin, N., Jacome, C., Hoffman, M., McConnell, A., Decramer, M., & Gosselink, R. (2015). Efficacy of a novel method for inspiratory muscle training in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physical Therapy, 95(9), 1264–1273.
28. Lomax, M., & McConnell, A. K. (2009). Influence of prior activity (warm-up) and inspiratory muscle training upon between- and within-day reliability of maximal inspiratory pressure measurement. Respiration, 78(2), 197–202.
29. Martin, B. J., & Stager, J. M. (1981). Ventilatory endurance in athletes and non-athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 13(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198101000-00013
30. McConnell, A. (2011). Breathe strong, perform better (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
31. Öncen, S. (2018). The effect of high intensity interval training in a normobaric hypoxia environment created with a training mask on aerobic and anaerobic performance components [Doktora tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi]. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
32. Özdal, M. (2016). Influence of an eight-week core strength training program on respiratory muscle fatigue following incremental exercise. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 24(3), 225–230.
33. Pendergast, D. R., Moon, E., Krasney, J. J., Held, H. E., & Zamparo, P. (2015). Human physiology in an aquatic environment. Comprehensive Physiology, 5, 1705–1750.
34. Rakovic, E., Paulsen, G., Helland, C., Eriksrud, O., & Haugen, T. (2018). The effect of individualised sprint training in elite female team sport athletes: A pilot study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(24), 2802–2808.
35. St Croix, C. M., Morgan, B. J., Wetter, T. J., & Dempsey, J. A. (2000). Fatiguing inspiratory muscle work causes reflex sympathetic activation in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 529(2), 493–504.
36. Stone, M. H., & Sands, W. (2007). Bioenergetics and metabolism. Principles and Practice of Resistance Training (1st ed., p. 55). Human Kinetics.
37. Thomas Scherer, A. (2000). Respiratory muscle endurance training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease impact on exercise capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 162, 1709–1714.
38. Ulbricht, A., Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Ferrauti, A. (2015). The relative age effect and physical fitness characteristics in German male tennis players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 14, 634–642.
39. Wells, G. D., & Norris, S. R. (2009). Assessment of physiological capacities of elite athletes & respiratory limitations to exercise performance. Pediatric Respiratory Reviews, 10(3), 91–98.
40. Witt, J. D., Guenette, J. A., Rupert, J. L., McKenzie, D. C., & Sheel, A. W. (2007). Inspiratory muscle training attenuates the human respiratory muscle metaboreflex. The Journal of Physiology, 584(3), 1019–1028.