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DEĞIŞIK TAKIM SPORLARINDAKI TÜRK ELIT KADIN SPORCULARIN MENSTRUEL DURUMLARININ DEĞERLENDIRILMESI

Year 2013, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 83 - 93, 01.08.2013

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türk bayan elit takım sporcularının menstruel durumlarını değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 1. lig ve süper ligdeki basketbol, futbol, çim hokeyi ve hentbol bayan takım sporcuları oluşturmaktadır. Örneklemini ise bu liglerde müsabakalara katılan rastgele yöntemiyle seçilen futbolda n=33, basketbolda n=29, hentbolda n=27 ve çim hokeyinde n=44 olmak üzere toplam 133 bayan sporcu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak sporcuların demografik bilgilerini ve menstruel durumlarını belirlemeye yönelik 37 sorudan oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Anketlerden elde edilen verilerin iki ya da daha çok değişkene ilişkin frekans dağılımları çıkarılmış, bazı sorular için kay-kare testi bazıları içinde ilişkisiz örneklemler için tek faktörlü varyans analizi Anova uygulanmıştır. Anket için cronbach’s alpha güvenilirlik kat sayısı 0.78 olarak bulunmuştur. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ve hesaplanmış değerlerin bulunmasında SPSS 10.0 istatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre branşlar ile menstruel düzensizlikler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır χ2=3.893, p≥.05 . Branşlar ile sportif aktivitenin menstruel periyodu değiştirme durumları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur χ2=12.165, p≤.05 . Sporculardan spora başladıktan sonra adet ile ilgi problemleri olanlar %8.3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Antrenman sıklığı ile menstruel siklus düzensizlikleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır χ2=1.178, p≥.05 . Branşlar ile menstruasyonun sportif aktiviteyi etkileme durumları arasında psikolojik olarak etkilendiğini belirten sporcular lehine anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur χ2=15.53, p≤.05 . Sonuç olarak, Türk elit bayan takım sporcularında sporun menstruel periyodu değiştirebildiği ve menstruasyonun sportif aktiviteyi daha çok psikolojik olarak etkilediği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • 1. Arena, B., Maffulli, F., Morleo, MA. (1995), “Reproductive Hormones and Menstrual Changes with Exercise in Female Athletes”. Sports Med. 19(4). pp. 278- 287.
  • 2. Baker, ER. (1981), “Menstrual Dysfunction and Hormonal Status in Athletic Women: A Review”. Fertil Steril. 36(6). pp. 691-696.
  • 3. Bass, M., Turner, L., Hunt, S. (2001), “Counseling Female Athletes: Application of the Stages of Change Model to Avoid Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Osteoporosis”. Psychol Rep. 88. pp. 1153-1160.
  • 4. Beals, KA. (2002), “Eating Behaviors, Nutritional Status, and Menstrual Function in Elite Female Adolescent Volleyball Players”. J. Am Diet Assoc. 102(9). pp. 1293-1296.
  • 5. Beals, KA., Manore, MM. (2002), “Disorders of the Female Athlete Triad Among Collegiate Athletes”. Int. J. Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 12(3). pp. 281-293.
  • 6. Beckvid, G., Schnell, C., Linden, A. (2000), “Women Endurance Runners with Menstrual Dysfunction Have Prolonged Interruption of Training Due to Injury”. Gynecol Obsted Invest. 49(1). pp. 41-46.
  • 7. Bennell, KL., Malchom, SA., Wark, JD. (1995), “Skeletal Effects of Menstrual Disturbances in Athletes”. Scand. J.Med. Sci. Sports. 7(5). pp. 261-273.
  • 8. Cannavo, S., Curto, L., Trimarchi, F. (2001), “ExerciseRelated Female Reproductive Dysfunction”. J. Endocrinol Invest. 24(10). pp. 823-832.
  • 9. Carol, A., Thomas, E. (1991) “Menstrual Disorders Among Intercollegiate Athletes and Non Athletes: Perceived Impact on Performance”. Athletic Training. JNATA. pp. 26.
  • 10. Cobb, KL., Bachrach, LK., Greendale, G., Marcus, R., Neer, RM., Nieves, J., Fran Sowers, M., Brown, BW., Gopalakrishnan, G., Luetters, C., Tanner, HK., Ward, B., Kelsey, JL. (2003), “Disordered Eating, Menstrual Irregularity, and Bone Mineral Density in Runners”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(5). pp. 711-719.
  • 11. Constantini, NW., Warren, MP. (1995), “Menstrual Dysfunction in Swimmers: A Distinct Entitiy”. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 80(9). pp. 2740-2744.
  • 12. De Cree, C. (1998), “Sex Steroid Metabolism and Menstrual Irregularities in the Exercising Female”. Sports Medicine. 25(6). pp. 369-409.
  • 13. Dickerson, LM., Mazyck, PJ., Hunter, MH. (2003), “Premenstrual Syndrome”. Am. Fam. Physician. 67(8). pp. 1743-1752.
  • 14. Erdely, GJ. (1962), “Gynecological Survey of Female Athletes”. J. Sports Med. 2. pp. 174-179.
  • 15. Fruth, SJ., Worrell, TW. (1995), “Factors Associated with Menstrual Irregularities and Decreased Bone Mineral Density in Female Athletes”. J. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 22(1). pp. 26-38.
  • 16. Gidwani, GP. (1991), “The Athlete and Menstruation”. Adolesc. Med. 2(1). pp. 27-46.
  • 17. Glendie, W. (1991), “Athletic Amenorrhea: Updated Review”. Athletic Training. 26. pp. 270-273.
  • 18. Golden, NH. (2002), “A review of the Female Athlete Triad (Amenorrhea, Osteoporosis and Disordered Eating)”. Int. J. Adolesc Med Health. 14(1). pp. 9-17.
  • 19. Greydanus, DE., Patel, DR. (2002), “The Female Athlete. Before and Beyond Puberty”. Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 49(3). pp. 553-580.
  • 20. Higgs, SL., Robertson, LA. (1984), “Cyclic Variations in Perceived Exertion and Physical Work Capacity in Female”. Can. J. Appl. 13. pp. 191-196.
  • 21. Jacalyn, J. (1996), “Differences in Percent Body Fat, Nutritional Intake and Caloric Expenditure Between Eumenorrheic and Oli/Amenorrheic Athletes”. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 15(3). pp. 83-87.
  • 22. Kin, A., Yegül, I., Çilli, M. (2000), “Sporcu Olan ve Olmayan Bayanlarda Menstruasyona İlişkin Bazı Özelliklerin Karşılaştırılması” (Comparison Between Some Menstruation Characteristics of Athletes and Sedimentary People). 1. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Kongresi. Bildiriler Kitapçığı. Cilt 1. pp. 159-161. [İn Turkish]
  • 23. Loucks, AB. (1990), “Effects of Exercise Training on the Menstrual Cycle: Existence and Mechanisms”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22(3). pp. 275-280.
  • 24. Loucks, AB. (2003), “Introduction to Menstrual Disturbances in Athletes”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(9). pp. 1551-1552.
  • 25. Manore, MM. (2002), “Dietary Recommendations and Athletic Menstrual Dysfunction”.Sports Med. 32(14). pp. 887-901.
  • 26. Mesaki, N., Sasaki, J., Shoji, M., Iwasaki, H., Asano, K., Eda, M. (1987), “Hormonal Changes During Continuous Exercise in Athletic Women”. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 39(1). pp. 63-69.
  • 27. Mesaki, N., Sasaki, J., Shoji, M., Iwasaki, H., Asano, K., Eda, M. (1986), “Hormonal Changes During Incremental Exercise in Athletic Women”. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 38(1). pp. 45-52.
  • 28. Miwa, T., Miura, K., Miyakawa, S., Narayama, S., Hirano, H., Kanai, K. (1993), “Athletes as Healty Testing Examinees, Methods”. Inf Med. 32(3). pp. 211-213.
  • 29. Resch, M., Szendei, G., Nagy, G., Pinter, J. (1998), “Prevalence of Menstrual and Eating Disorders Among Infertile Women”. Orv. Hetil. 139(6). pp. 287-291.
  • 30. Roca, CA., Schmidt, PJ., Altemus, M., Deuster, P., Danaceau, MA. Putnam, K., Rubinow, DR. (2003), “Differential Menstrual Cycle Regulation of HypothalamicPituitary-Adrenal Axis in Women wiht Premenstrual Syndrome and Controls”. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 88(7). pp. 3057-3063.
  • 31. Smith, LJ., Willemsen, WN. (1997), “Conditions at Conception and Risk of Menstrual Disorders”. Epidemiology. 8(5). pp. 524-529.
  • 32. Sundgot, BJ. (2000), “Physical Activity and Reproductive Health”. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 120(28). pp. 3447-3451.
  • 33. Warren, MP., Perlroth, NE. (2001), “The Effects of Intense Exercise on the Female Reproductive System”. J. Endocrinology. 170. pp. 3-11.
  • 34. Warren, MP., Shantha, S. (2000), “The Female Athlete, Baillieres Best Pract”. Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 14(1). pp. 37-53.
  • 35. West, RV. (1998), “The Female Athlete. The Triad of Disordered Eating, Amenorrhoea and Osteoporosis”. Sports Med. 26(2). pp. 63-71.
  • 36. Williams, NI., Helmreich, DL., Parfitt, DB., Balderrama, AC., Cameron, JL. (2001), “Evidence for a Causal Role of Low Energy Availability in the Induction of Menstrual Cycle Disturbances During Strenuous Exercise Training”. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 86(11). pp. 5184-5193.

MENSTRUAL STATUS DIFFERENCES OF ELITE TURKISH FEMALE ATHLETES FROM VARIOUS TEAM SPORTS

Year 2013, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 83 - 93, 01.08.2013

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the menstrual status of elite Turkish female athletes from different team sports. The study universe was composed of elite female athletes playing in basketball, soccer, field hockey and handball teams in the Turkish Premier League and Turkish Super League. The study sample consisted of 133 randomly-selected female athletes playing in soccer n=33 , basketball n=29 , handball n=27 and field hockey n= 44 teams competing in these leagues. An 37-item questionnaire was administered to collect data on the demographic and menstrual status of participants. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was found 0.78 for the questionnaire. Frequency distributions of the study data were calculated on the basis of two or more variables. A chi-square test was applied to some items and one-way analysis of variance ANOVA was applied to unrelated samples. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 10.0. No significant relationship was found between menstrual disorders and sport branches χ2=3.893, p>.05 . A significantrelationship was detected between sports branches and changes to the menstrual cycle related to sporting activity χ2=12.165, p.05 . A statistically-significant relationship was found between sports branches and the effects of menstruation on the sports activity in favor of the female athletes who stated that they were psychologically affected by menstruation χ2=15.53, p

References

  • 1. Arena, B., Maffulli, F., Morleo, MA. (1995), “Reproductive Hormones and Menstrual Changes with Exercise in Female Athletes”. Sports Med. 19(4). pp. 278- 287.
  • 2. Baker, ER. (1981), “Menstrual Dysfunction and Hormonal Status in Athletic Women: A Review”. Fertil Steril. 36(6). pp. 691-696.
  • 3. Bass, M., Turner, L., Hunt, S. (2001), “Counseling Female Athletes: Application of the Stages of Change Model to Avoid Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Osteoporosis”. Psychol Rep. 88. pp. 1153-1160.
  • 4. Beals, KA. (2002), “Eating Behaviors, Nutritional Status, and Menstrual Function in Elite Female Adolescent Volleyball Players”. J. Am Diet Assoc. 102(9). pp. 1293-1296.
  • 5. Beals, KA., Manore, MM. (2002), “Disorders of the Female Athlete Triad Among Collegiate Athletes”. Int. J. Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 12(3). pp. 281-293.
  • 6. Beckvid, G., Schnell, C., Linden, A. (2000), “Women Endurance Runners with Menstrual Dysfunction Have Prolonged Interruption of Training Due to Injury”. Gynecol Obsted Invest. 49(1). pp. 41-46.
  • 7. Bennell, KL., Malchom, SA., Wark, JD. (1995), “Skeletal Effects of Menstrual Disturbances in Athletes”. Scand. J.Med. Sci. Sports. 7(5). pp. 261-273.
  • 8. Cannavo, S., Curto, L., Trimarchi, F. (2001), “ExerciseRelated Female Reproductive Dysfunction”. J. Endocrinol Invest. 24(10). pp. 823-832.
  • 9. Carol, A., Thomas, E. (1991) “Menstrual Disorders Among Intercollegiate Athletes and Non Athletes: Perceived Impact on Performance”. Athletic Training. JNATA. pp. 26.
  • 10. Cobb, KL., Bachrach, LK., Greendale, G., Marcus, R., Neer, RM., Nieves, J., Fran Sowers, M., Brown, BW., Gopalakrishnan, G., Luetters, C., Tanner, HK., Ward, B., Kelsey, JL. (2003), “Disordered Eating, Menstrual Irregularity, and Bone Mineral Density in Runners”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(5). pp. 711-719.
  • 11. Constantini, NW., Warren, MP. (1995), “Menstrual Dysfunction in Swimmers: A Distinct Entitiy”. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 80(9). pp. 2740-2744.
  • 12. De Cree, C. (1998), “Sex Steroid Metabolism and Menstrual Irregularities in the Exercising Female”. Sports Medicine. 25(6). pp. 369-409.
  • 13. Dickerson, LM., Mazyck, PJ., Hunter, MH. (2003), “Premenstrual Syndrome”. Am. Fam. Physician. 67(8). pp. 1743-1752.
  • 14. Erdely, GJ. (1962), “Gynecological Survey of Female Athletes”. J. Sports Med. 2. pp. 174-179.
  • 15. Fruth, SJ., Worrell, TW. (1995), “Factors Associated with Menstrual Irregularities and Decreased Bone Mineral Density in Female Athletes”. J. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 22(1). pp. 26-38.
  • 16. Gidwani, GP. (1991), “The Athlete and Menstruation”. Adolesc. Med. 2(1). pp. 27-46.
  • 17. Glendie, W. (1991), “Athletic Amenorrhea: Updated Review”. Athletic Training. 26. pp. 270-273.
  • 18. Golden, NH. (2002), “A review of the Female Athlete Triad (Amenorrhea, Osteoporosis and Disordered Eating)”. Int. J. Adolesc Med Health. 14(1). pp. 9-17.
  • 19. Greydanus, DE., Patel, DR. (2002), “The Female Athlete. Before and Beyond Puberty”. Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 49(3). pp. 553-580.
  • 20. Higgs, SL., Robertson, LA. (1984), “Cyclic Variations in Perceived Exertion and Physical Work Capacity in Female”. Can. J. Appl. 13. pp. 191-196.
  • 21. Jacalyn, J. (1996), “Differences in Percent Body Fat, Nutritional Intake and Caloric Expenditure Between Eumenorrheic and Oli/Amenorrheic Athletes”. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 15(3). pp. 83-87.
  • 22. Kin, A., Yegül, I., Çilli, M. (2000), “Sporcu Olan ve Olmayan Bayanlarda Menstruasyona İlişkin Bazı Özelliklerin Karşılaştırılması” (Comparison Between Some Menstruation Characteristics of Athletes and Sedimentary People). 1. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Kongresi. Bildiriler Kitapçığı. Cilt 1. pp. 159-161. [İn Turkish]
  • 23. Loucks, AB. (1990), “Effects of Exercise Training on the Menstrual Cycle: Existence and Mechanisms”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22(3). pp. 275-280.
  • 24. Loucks, AB. (2003), “Introduction to Menstrual Disturbances in Athletes”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(9). pp. 1551-1552.
  • 25. Manore, MM. (2002), “Dietary Recommendations and Athletic Menstrual Dysfunction”.Sports Med. 32(14). pp. 887-901.
  • 26. Mesaki, N., Sasaki, J., Shoji, M., Iwasaki, H., Asano, K., Eda, M. (1987), “Hormonal Changes During Continuous Exercise in Athletic Women”. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 39(1). pp. 63-69.
  • 27. Mesaki, N., Sasaki, J., Shoji, M., Iwasaki, H., Asano, K., Eda, M. (1986), “Hormonal Changes During Incremental Exercise in Athletic Women”. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi. 38(1). pp. 45-52.
  • 28. Miwa, T., Miura, K., Miyakawa, S., Narayama, S., Hirano, H., Kanai, K. (1993), “Athletes as Healty Testing Examinees, Methods”. Inf Med. 32(3). pp. 211-213.
  • 29. Resch, M., Szendei, G., Nagy, G., Pinter, J. (1998), “Prevalence of Menstrual and Eating Disorders Among Infertile Women”. Orv. Hetil. 139(6). pp. 287-291.
  • 30. Roca, CA., Schmidt, PJ., Altemus, M., Deuster, P., Danaceau, MA. Putnam, K., Rubinow, DR. (2003), “Differential Menstrual Cycle Regulation of HypothalamicPituitary-Adrenal Axis in Women wiht Premenstrual Syndrome and Controls”. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 88(7). pp. 3057-3063.
  • 31. Smith, LJ., Willemsen, WN. (1997), “Conditions at Conception and Risk of Menstrual Disorders”. Epidemiology. 8(5). pp. 524-529.
  • 32. Sundgot, BJ. (2000), “Physical Activity and Reproductive Health”. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 120(28). pp. 3447-3451.
  • 33. Warren, MP., Perlroth, NE. (2001), “The Effects of Intense Exercise on the Female Reproductive System”. J. Endocrinology. 170. pp. 3-11.
  • 34. Warren, MP., Shantha, S. (2000), “The Female Athlete, Baillieres Best Pract”. Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 14(1). pp. 37-53.
  • 35. West, RV. (1998), “The Female Athlete. The Triad of Disordered Eating, Amenorrhoea and Osteoporosis”. Sports Med. 26(2). pp. 63-71.
  • 36. Williams, NI., Helmreich, DL., Parfitt, DB., Balderrama, AC., Cameron, JL. (2001), “Evidence for a Causal Role of Low Energy Availability in the Induction of Menstrual Cycle Disturbances During Strenuous Exercise Training”. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 86(11). pp. 5184-5193.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Selma Karacan This is me

Filiz Çolakoğlu This is me

Gülfem Ersöz This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karacan, S., Çolakoğlu, F., & Ersöz, G. (2013). MENSTRUAL STATUS DIFFERENCES OF ELITE TURKISH FEMALE ATHLETES FROM VARIOUS TEAM SPORTS. Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 83-93.

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