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Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method

Year 2023, , 375 - 386, 15.10.2023

Emrah Pıçakçı , Zehra Gülten Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1317900
Cited By: 1

Abstract

This study involved the preparation of lead oxide paste for use in the production of lead-acid batteries. The paste was applied to the positive plates, and its performance effects were tested on the battery. Morphological and surface area analyses were conducted using SEM and BET, respectively, after the performance tests. Two mixtures of lead oxide ratios, 25%Pb-75%PbO (sample A) and 30% Pb-70% PbO (sample B), were used. The dough was applied to positive grids and passed through the curing process. SEM images revealed that tribasic sulfate (3BS) structures had a higher charge acceptance rate than tetrabasic sulfate (4BS) structures. BET analyses showed that the surface area of the samples with A ratio was higher than that of B. Electrical tests were conducted in the laboratory, and the A sample was found to be 12% more effective in the first charging efficiency than the B sample. Sample A was also found to be 67% more efficient in charge acceptance tests and 6.5% more efficient in cycle tests. The study also showed that increasing the %Pb ratio in the product decreases the initial charge efficiency, charge acceptance, and cycle life. Finally, the response surface method was used to examine the 2D picture of the relationship between lead percentage and yield, and it was found that the highest yield was obtained at 26% lead yield, with the yield being inversely proportional to the increase in lead percentage, likely due to the effect of particle size and surface area.

Keywords

Lead (II) oxide Lead acid battery Positive plate Performance tests Surface response system

Supporting Institution

Kurum desteği yoktur.

Project Number

Çalışma proje dahilinde yapılmamıştır.

Thanks

We would like to thank Ako battery factory for their laboratory support.

References

  • Arun S, Kiran KUV, Mayavan S. 2020. Effects of carbon surface area and morphology on performance of stationary lead acid battery. J Energy Stor, 32: 101763.
  • Bao J, Lin N, Dan Y, Gao W, Liu Z, Lin H. 2021. Anodic co-electrodeposition of hierarchical porous nano-SiO2+ PbO2 composite for enhanced performance of advanced lead-carbon batteries. J Energy Stor, 35: 102285.
  • Bode H. 1977. Lead-acid Batteries, Handbook of Batteries, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, US.
  • Bode H. 1979. Lead-acid batteries. J Power Sour, 4(3): 252-255.
  • Chen T, Huang H, Ma H, Kong D. 2013. Effects of surface morphology of nanostructured PbO2 thin films on their electrochemical properties. Electrochimica Acta, 88: 79-85.
  • Chemistry Specialization Group. 2008. Lead and lead alloys- Lead oxides. TS EN 13086, April 4, 2008.
  • Dayton TC, Edwards DB. 2000. Improving the performance of a high power, lead–acid battery with paste additives. J Power Sour, 85(1): 137-144.
  • Draper NR, Pukelsheim F. 1996. An overview of design of experiments. Stat Papers, 37: 1-32.
  • Elkelawy M, El Shenawy EA, Bastawissi HAE, Shams MM, Panchal H. 2022. A comprehensive review on the effects of diesel/biofuel blends with nanofluid additives on compression ignition engine by response surface methodology. Energy Convers Manag: X: 100177.
  • Eydemir Y. 2019. Strengthened battery design in start-stop vehicles. MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Faculty of Technology, Energy Systems Engineering, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 93.
  • Garche J. 1990. On the historical development of the lead/acid battery, especially in Europe. J Power Sour, 31(1-4): 401-406.
  • Gutiérrez AS, Eras JJC, Santos VS, Herrera HH, Hens L, Vandecasteele C. 2018. Electricity management in the production of lead-acid batteries: The industrial case of a production plant in Colombia. J Clean Prod, 198: 1443-1458.
  • Jensen WA. 2017. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. J Quality Technol, 49(2): 186.
  • Jia X, Liu C, Neale ZG, Yang J, Cao G. 2020. Active materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries: synthesis, crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemistry. Chemical Rev, 120(15): 7795-7866.
  • Karimi MA, Karami H, Mahdipour M. 2006. Sodium sulfate as an efficient additive of negative paste for lead-acid batteries. JJ Power Sour, 160(2): 1414-1419.
  • Kocakulak T, Halis S, Ardebili SMS, Babagiray M, Haşimoğlu C, Rabeti M, Calam A. 2023. Predictive modelling and optimization of performance and emissions of an auto-ignited heavy naphtha/n-heptane fueled HCCI engine using RSM. Fuel, 333: 126519.
  • Kwiecien M, Badeda J, Huck M, Komut K, Duman D, Sauer DU. 2018. Determination of SoH of lead-acid batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Appl Sci, 8(6): 873.
  • Lach J, Wróbel K, Wróbel J, Podsadni P, Czerwiński A. 2019. Applications of carbon in lead-acid batteries: a review. J Solid State Electrochem, 23: 693-705.
  • Liu J, Yang D, Gao L, Zhu X, Li L, Yang J. 2011. Effect of iron doped lead oxide on the performance of lead acid batteries. J Power Sour, 196(20): 8802-8808.
  • Lu Y, Zhao CZ, Yuan H, Hu JK, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. 2022. Dry electrode technology, the rising star in solid-state battery industrialization. Matter, 5(3): 876-898.
  • Mayer MG, Rand DAJ. 1996. Leady oxide for lead/acid battery positive plates: scope for improvement?. J Power Sour, 59(1-2): 17-24.
  • Mitchell P, Zhong L, Xi X, Zou B. 2009. Dry particle based adhesive and dry film and methods of making same. US7508651.
  • Pavlov D. 2011. Lead-acid batteries: science and technology. Elsevier, New York, US, pp: 707.
  • Pıçakcı E, Yalçın ZG, Dağ M, Aydoğmuş E. 2021. The Effects of Using High Rate Lead (II) Oxide(PBO) on Battery. EasyChair Preprint № 692. URL: https://easychair.org/publications/preprint_download/LrkJ (accessed date: February 10, 2023).
  • Sagbas A. 2022. Analysis and optimization of process parameters in wire electrical discharge machining based on RSM: A case study. In Response Surface Methodology-Research Advances and Applications. IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102317.
  • Shang L, Yan Y, Zhan Y, Ke X, Shao Y, Liu Y, Lin M. 2021. A regulatory network involving Rpo, Gac and RSM for nitrogen-fixing biofilm formation by Pseudomonas stutzeri. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 7(1): 54.
  • Tong P, Zhao R, Zhang R, Yi F, Shi G, Li A, Chen H. 2015. Characterization of lead (Ⅱ)-containing activated carbon and its excellent performance of extending lead-acid battery cycle life for high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation. J Power Sour, 286: 91-102.
  • Technical Board. 2016. Lead-acid starter batteries-Part 1: General requirements and methods of test. TS EN 50342-1.
  • Uslu S, Celik MB. 2020. Performance and exhaust emission prediction of a SI engine fueled with I-amyl alcohol-gasoline blends: an ANN coupled RSM based optimization. Fuel, 265: 116922.
  • Vahedi Torshizi M, Azadbakht M, Kashaninejad M. 2020. A study on the energy and exergy of Ohmic heating (OH) process of sour orange juice using an artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). Food Sci Nutrit, 8(8): 4432-4445.
  • Wang J, Li M, Hu J, Ke Y, Yu W, Wang Z, Yang J. 2020. Effect of particle size on phase transitions of positive active materials made from novel leady oxide during soaking process and its influence on lead-acid battery capacity. J Energy Stor, 28: 101175.
  • Wang S, Xia B, Yin G, Shi P. 1995. Effects of additives on the discharge behaviour of positive electrodes in lead/acid batteries. J Power Sour, 55(1): 47-52.
  • Xie L, Zhou Y, Xiao S, Miao X, Murzataev A, Kong D, Wang L. 2022. Research on basalt fiber reinforced phosphogypsum-based composites based on single factor test and RSM test. Construct Build Mater, 316: 126084.
  • Yang W, Gao Z, Ma J, Wang J, Wang B, Liu L. 2013. Effects of solvent on the morphology of nanostructured Co3O4 and its application for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 112: 378-385.
  • Yin J, Lin Z, Liu D, Wang C, Lin H, Zhang W. 2019. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol/nano-carbon colloid on the electrochemical performance of negative plates of lead acid battery. J Electroanalytical Chem, 832: 152-157.
  • Zhang FY, Zhou HY, Yuan JQ, Li QH, Diao YW, Zhang LJ, Du L. 2022. Optimization of nitrosation reaction for synthesis of 4-aminoantipyrine by response surface methodology and its reaction mechanism. Organic Proces Res Devel, 26(11): 3051-3066.
  • Zhang K, Liu W, Ma B, Mezaal MA, Li G, Zhang R, Lei L. 2016. Lead sulfate used as the positive active material of lead acid batteries. J Solid State Electrochem, 20: 2267-2273.
  • Zhang WL, Yin J, Lin ZQ, Shi J, Wang C, Liu DB, Lin HB. 2017. Lead-carbon electrode designed for renewable energy storage with superior performance in partial state of charge operation. J Power Sour, 342: 183-191.

Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method

Year 2023, , 375 - 386, 15.10.2023

Emrah Pıçakçı , Zehra Gülten Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1317900
Cited By: 1

Abstract

This study involved the preparation of lead oxide paste for use in the production of lead-acid batteries. The paste was applied to the positive plates, and its performance effects were tested on the battery. Morphological and surface area analyses were conducted using SEM and BET, respectively, after the performance tests. Two mixtures of lead oxide ratios, 25%Pb-75%PbO (sample A) and 30% Pb-70% PbO (sample B), were used. The dough was applied to positive grids and passed through the curing process. SEM images revealed that tribasic sulfate (3BS) structures had a higher charge acceptance rate than tetrabasic sulfate (4BS) structures. BET analyses showed that the surface area of the samples with A ratio was higher than that of B. Electrical tests were conducted in the laboratory, and the A sample was found to be 12% more effective in the first charging efficiency than the B sample. Sample A was also found to be 67% more efficient in charge acceptance tests and 6.5% more efficient in cycle tests. The study also showed that increasing the %Pb ratio in the product decreases the initial charge efficiency, charge acceptance, and cycle life. Finally, the response surface method was used to examine the 2D picture of the relationship between lead percentage and yield, and it was found that the highest yield was obtained at 26% lead yield, with the yield being inversely proportional to the increase in lead percentage, likely due to the effect of particle size and surface area.

Keywords

Lead (II) oxide Lead acid battery Positive plate Performance tests Surface response system

Project Number

Çalışma proje dahilinde yapılmamıştır.

References

  • Arun S, Kiran KUV, Mayavan S. 2020. Effects of carbon surface area and morphology on performance of stationary lead acid battery. J Energy Stor, 32: 101763.
  • Bao J, Lin N, Dan Y, Gao W, Liu Z, Lin H. 2021. Anodic co-electrodeposition of hierarchical porous nano-SiO2+ PbO2 composite for enhanced performance of advanced lead-carbon batteries. J Energy Stor, 35: 102285.
  • Bode H. 1977. Lead-acid Batteries, Handbook of Batteries, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, US.
  • Bode H. 1979. Lead-acid batteries. J Power Sour, 4(3): 252-255.
  • Chen T, Huang H, Ma H, Kong D. 2013. Effects of surface morphology of nanostructured PbO2 thin films on their electrochemical properties. Electrochimica Acta, 88: 79-85.
  • Chemistry Specialization Group. 2008. Lead and lead alloys- Lead oxides. TS EN 13086, April 4, 2008.
  • Dayton TC, Edwards DB. 2000. Improving the performance of a high power, lead–acid battery with paste additives. J Power Sour, 85(1): 137-144.
  • Draper NR, Pukelsheim F. 1996. An overview of design of experiments. Stat Papers, 37: 1-32.
  • Elkelawy M, El Shenawy EA, Bastawissi HAE, Shams MM, Panchal H. 2022. A comprehensive review on the effects of diesel/biofuel blends with nanofluid additives on compression ignition engine by response surface methodology. Energy Convers Manag: X: 100177.
  • Eydemir Y. 2019. Strengthened battery design in start-stop vehicles. MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Faculty of Technology, Energy Systems Engineering, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 93.
  • Garche J. 1990. On the historical development of the lead/acid battery, especially in Europe. J Power Sour, 31(1-4): 401-406.
  • Gutiérrez AS, Eras JJC, Santos VS, Herrera HH, Hens L, Vandecasteele C. 2018. Electricity management in the production of lead-acid batteries: The industrial case of a production plant in Colombia. J Clean Prod, 198: 1443-1458.
  • Jensen WA. 2017. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. J Quality Technol, 49(2): 186.
  • Jia X, Liu C, Neale ZG, Yang J, Cao G. 2020. Active materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries: synthesis, crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemistry. Chemical Rev, 120(15): 7795-7866.
  • Karimi MA, Karami H, Mahdipour M. 2006. Sodium sulfate as an efficient additive of negative paste for lead-acid batteries. JJ Power Sour, 160(2): 1414-1419.
  • Kocakulak T, Halis S, Ardebili SMS, Babagiray M, Haşimoğlu C, Rabeti M, Calam A. 2023. Predictive modelling and optimization of performance and emissions of an auto-ignited heavy naphtha/n-heptane fueled HCCI engine using RSM. Fuel, 333: 126519.
  • Kwiecien M, Badeda J, Huck M, Komut K, Duman D, Sauer DU. 2018. Determination of SoH of lead-acid batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Appl Sci, 8(6): 873.
  • Lach J, Wróbel K, Wróbel J, Podsadni P, Czerwiński A. 2019. Applications of carbon in lead-acid batteries: a review. J Solid State Electrochem, 23: 693-705.
  • Liu J, Yang D, Gao L, Zhu X, Li L, Yang J. 2011. Effect of iron doped lead oxide on the performance of lead acid batteries. J Power Sour, 196(20): 8802-8808.
  • Lu Y, Zhao CZ, Yuan H, Hu JK, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. 2022. Dry electrode technology, the rising star in solid-state battery industrialization. Matter, 5(3): 876-898.
  • Mayer MG, Rand DAJ. 1996. Leady oxide for lead/acid battery positive plates: scope for improvement?. J Power Sour, 59(1-2): 17-24.
  • Mitchell P, Zhong L, Xi X, Zou B. 2009. Dry particle based adhesive and dry film and methods of making same. US7508651.
  • Pavlov D. 2011. Lead-acid batteries: science and technology. Elsevier, New York, US, pp: 707.
  • Pıçakcı E, Yalçın ZG, Dağ M, Aydoğmuş E. 2021. The Effects of Using High Rate Lead (II) Oxide(PBO) on Battery. EasyChair Preprint № 692. URL: https://easychair.org/publications/preprint_download/LrkJ (accessed date: February 10, 2023).
  • Sagbas A. 2022. Analysis and optimization of process parameters in wire electrical discharge machining based on RSM: A case study. In Response Surface Methodology-Research Advances and Applications. IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102317.
  • Shang L, Yan Y, Zhan Y, Ke X, Shao Y, Liu Y, Lin M. 2021. A regulatory network involving Rpo, Gac and RSM for nitrogen-fixing biofilm formation by Pseudomonas stutzeri. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 7(1): 54.
  • Tong P, Zhao R, Zhang R, Yi F, Shi G, Li A, Chen H. 2015. Characterization of lead (Ⅱ)-containing activated carbon and its excellent performance of extending lead-acid battery cycle life for high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation. J Power Sour, 286: 91-102.
  • Technical Board. 2016. Lead-acid starter batteries-Part 1: General requirements and methods of test. TS EN 50342-1.
  • Uslu S, Celik MB. 2020. Performance and exhaust emission prediction of a SI engine fueled with I-amyl alcohol-gasoline blends: an ANN coupled RSM based optimization. Fuel, 265: 116922.
  • Vahedi Torshizi M, Azadbakht M, Kashaninejad M. 2020. A study on the energy and exergy of Ohmic heating (OH) process of sour orange juice using an artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM). Food Sci Nutrit, 8(8): 4432-4445.
  • Wang J, Li M, Hu J, Ke Y, Yu W, Wang Z, Yang J. 2020. Effect of particle size on phase transitions of positive active materials made from novel leady oxide during soaking process and its influence on lead-acid battery capacity. J Energy Stor, 28: 101175.
  • Wang S, Xia B, Yin G, Shi P. 1995. Effects of additives on the discharge behaviour of positive electrodes in lead/acid batteries. J Power Sour, 55(1): 47-52.
  • Xie L, Zhou Y, Xiao S, Miao X, Murzataev A, Kong D, Wang L. 2022. Research on basalt fiber reinforced phosphogypsum-based composites based on single factor test and RSM test. Construct Build Mater, 316: 126084.
  • Yang W, Gao Z, Ma J, Wang J, Wang B, Liu L. 2013. Effects of solvent on the morphology of nanostructured Co3O4 and its application for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta, 112: 378-385.
  • Yin J, Lin Z, Liu D, Wang C, Lin H, Zhang W. 2019. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol/nano-carbon colloid on the electrochemical performance of negative plates of lead acid battery. J Electroanalytical Chem, 832: 152-157.
  • Zhang FY, Zhou HY, Yuan JQ, Li QH, Diao YW, Zhang LJ, Du L. 2022. Optimization of nitrosation reaction for synthesis of 4-aminoantipyrine by response surface methodology and its reaction mechanism. Organic Proces Res Devel, 26(11): 3051-3066.
  • Zhang K, Liu W, Ma B, Mezaal MA, Li G, Zhang R, Lei L. 2016. Lead sulfate used as the positive active material of lead acid batteries. J Solid State Electrochem, 20: 2267-2273.
  • Zhang WL, Yin J, Lin ZQ, Shi J, Wang C, Liu DB, Lin HB. 2017. Lead-carbon electrode designed for renewable energy storage with superior performance in partial state of charge operation. J Power Sour, 342: 183-191.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Electrochemical Technologies, Chemical Engineering Design, Chemical Reaction
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emrah Pıçakçı 0000-0002-7552-439X

Zehra Gülten Yalçın 0000-0001-5460-289X

Project Number Çalışma proje dahilinde yapılmamıştır.
Early Pub Date October 3, 2023
Publication Date October 15, 2023
Submission Date June 21, 2023
Acceptance Date August 23, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Pıçakçı, E., & Yalçın, Z. G. (2023). Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 6(4), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1317900
AMA Pıçakçı E, Yalçın ZG. Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method. BSJ Eng. Sci. October 2023;6(4):375-386. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1317900
Chicago Pıçakçı, Emrah, and Zehra Gülten Yalçın. “Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6, no. 4 (October 2023): 375-86. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1317900.
EndNote Pıçakçı E, Yalçın ZG (October 1, 2023) Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6 4 375–386.
IEEE E. Pıçakçı and Z. G. Yalçın, “Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method”, BSJ Eng. Sci., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 375–386, 2023, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1317900.
ISNAD Pıçakçı, Emrah - Yalçın, Zehra Gülten. “Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 6/4 (October 2023), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1317900.
JAMA Pıçakçı E, Yalçın ZG. Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2023;6:375–386.
MLA Pıçakçı, Emrah and Zehra Gülten Yalçın. “Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 6, no. 4, 2023, pp. 375-86, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1317900.
Vancouver Pıçakçı E, Yalçın ZG. Effects of High Level of Lead (II) Oxide (PbO) Usage on Accumulator and Response Surface Method. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2023;6(4):375-86.

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Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12706-1

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