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Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells

Year 2024, , 1050 - 1065, 15.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1496991

Abstract

Capsule networks (CapsNet) have emerged as a promising architectural framework for various machine-learning tasks and offer advantages in capturing hierarchical relationships and spatial hierarchies within data. One of the most crucial components of CapsNet is the squash function, which plays a pivotal role in transforming capsule activations. Despite the success achieved by standard squash functions, some limitations remain. The difficulty learning complex patterns with small vectors and vanishing gradients are major limitations. Standard squash functions may struggle to handle large datasets. We improve our methodology to enhance squash functions to address these challenges and build on our previous research, which recommended enhancing squash functions for future improvements. Thus, high-dimensional, and complex data scenarios improve CapsNet’s performance. Enhancing CapsNet for complex tasks like bone marrow (BM) cell classification requires optimizing its fundamental operations. Additionally, the squash function affects feature representation and routing dynamics. Additionally, this enhancement improves feature representation, preserves spatial relationships, and reduces routing information loss. The proposed method increased BM data classification accuracy from 96.99% to 98.52%. This shows that our method improves CapsNet performance, especially in complex and large-scale tasks like BM cells. Comparing the improved CapsNet model to the standard CapsNet across datasets supports the results. The enhanced squash CapsNet outperforms the standard model on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and Fashion MNIST with an accuracy of 99.83%, 73%, and 94.66%, respectively. These findings show that the enhanced squash function improves CapsNet performance across diverse datasets, confirms its potential for real-world machine learning applications, and highlight the necessity for additional research.

References

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Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells

Year 2024, , 1050 - 1065, 15.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1496991

Abstract

Capsule networks (CapsNet) have emerged as a promising architectural framework for various machine-learning tasks and offer advantages in capturing hierarchical relationships and spatial hierarchies within data. One of the most crucial components of CapsNet is the squash function, which plays a pivotal role in transforming capsule activations. Despite the success achieved by standard squash functions, some limitations remain. The difficulty learning complex patterns with small vectors and vanishing gradients are major limitations. Standard squash functions may struggle to handle large datasets. We improve our methodology to enhance squash functions to address these challenges and build on our previous research, which recommended enhancing squash functions for future improvements. Thus, high-dimensional, and complex data scenarios improve CapsNet’s performance. Enhancing CapsNet for complex tasks like bone marrow (BM) cell classification requires optimizing its fundamental operations. Additionally, the squash function affects feature representation and routing dynamics. Additionally, this enhancement improves feature representation, preserves spatial relationships, and reduces routing information loss. The proposed method increased BM data classification accuracy from 96.99% to 98.52%. This shows that our method improves CapsNet performance, especially in complex and large-scale tasks like BM cells. Comparing the improved CapsNet model to the standard CapsNet across datasets supports the results. The enhanced squash CapsNet outperforms the standard model on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and Fashion MNIST with an accuracy of 99.83%, 73%, and 94.66%, respectively. These findings show that the enhanced squash function improves CapsNet performance across diverse datasets, confirms its potential for real-world machine learning applications, and highlight the necessity for additional research.

References

  • Afriyie Y, Weyori BA, Opoku AA. 2022a. Classification of blood cells using optimized capsule networks. Neural Process Lett. 54: 4809–482.
  • Afriyie Y, Weyori BA, Opoku AA. 2022b. Comparative evaluation performances of capsule networks for complex image classification. J. Data Inf. Manag, 4(3–4): 267-276.
  • Agustin RI, Arif A, Sukorini U. 2021. Classification of immature white blood cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia L1 using neural networks particle swarm optimization. Neural Comput Appl, 33(17): 10869-10880. doi: 10.1007/S00521-021-06245-7/TABLES/5.
  • Ananthakrishnan B, Shaik A, Akhouri S, Garg P, Gadag V, Kavitha MS. 2022. Automated bone marrow cell classification for haematological disease diagnosis using siamese neural network. Diagnostics (Basel), 13(1): 3390. doi: 10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS13010112.
  • Anupama MA, Sowmya V, Soman KP. 2019. Breast cancer classification using capsule network with preprocessed histology images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, ICCSP, April 4-6, Melmaruvathur, India, pp: 143-147.
  • Aydın Atasoy N, Al Rahhawi AFA. 2024. Examining the classification performance of pre-trained capsule networks on imbalanced bone marrow cell dataset. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 34(3): e23067. doi: 10.1002/IMA.23067.
  • Balasubramanian K, Ananthamoorthy NP, Ramya K. 2022. An approach to classify white blood cells using convolutional neural network optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm. Neural Comput Appl, 34(18): 16089-16101. doi: 10.1007/S00521-022-07279-1/TABLES/13.
  • Baghel N, Verma U, Nagwanshi KK. 2022. WBCs-Net: type identification of white blood cells using convolutional neural network. Multimed Tools Appl, 81(29): 42131-42147. doi: 10.1007/S11042-021-11449-Z/TABLES/11.
  • Bajer D, Zonc B, Dudjak M, Martinovic G. 2019. Performance analysis of SMOTE-based oversampling techniques when dealing with data imbalance. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Systems, Signals, and Image Processing, June 5-7, Osijek, Croatia, pp:265-271.
  • Basnet J, Alsadoon A, Prasad PWC, Al Aloussi S, Alsadoon OH. 2020. A novel solution of using deep learning for white blood cells classification: enhanced loss function with regularization and weighted loss (ELFRWL). Neural Process Lett, 52(2): 1517-1553. doi: 10.1007/S11063-020-10321-9.
  • Baydilli YY, Atila Ü. 2020. Classification of white blood cells using capsule networks. Comput Med Imaging Graph, 80: 101699. doi:10.1016/J.COMPMEDIMAG.2020.101699.
  • Chawla NV, Bowyer KW, Hall LO, Kegelmeyer WP. 2011. SMOTE: synthetic minority over-sampling technique. J Artif Intell Res, 16: 321-357.
  • Chawla NV, Lazarevic A, Hall LO, Bowyer KW. 2003. SMOTEBoost: improving prediction of the minority class in boosting. In: Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, September 22-26, Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia, pp: 107–119.
  • Chang S, Liu J. 2020. Multi-lane capsule network for classifying images with complex background. IEEE Access, 8: 79876-79886.
  • Confusion Matrix for Multi-Class Classification 2024. URL: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/06/confusion-matrix-for-multi-class-classification/ (accessed date: June 13, 2024).
  • Çınar A, Tuncer SA. 2021. Classification of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils on white blood cells using hybrid Alexnet-GoogleNet-SVM. SN Appl Sci, 3(4): 1-11. doi: 10.1007/S42452-021-04485-9/TABLES/4.
  • Dayı B, Üzen H, Çiçek İB, Duman ŞB. 2023. A novel deep learning-based approach for segmentation of different type caries lesions on panoramic radiographs. Diagnostics, 13(2): 202. doi: 10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS13020202.
  • Dhal KG, Rai R, Das A, Ray S, Ghosal D, Kanjilal R. 2023. Chaotic fitness-dependent quasi-reflected Aquila optimizer for superpixel based white blood cell segmentation. Neural Comput Appl, 35(21): 15315-15332. doi: 10.1007/S00521-023-08486-0/TABLES/10.
  • do Rosario VM, Breternitz M, Borin E. 2021. Efficiency and scalability of multi-lane capsule networks (MLCN). J Parallel Distrib Comput, 155: 63-73. doi: 10.1016/J.JPDC.2021.04.010.
  • El Alaoui-Elfels O, Gadi T. 2021. EMG-CapsNet: Elu multiplication gate capsule network for complex images classification. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR 2021), Online, December 15 – 17, pp: 97–108.
  • Elreedy D, Atiya AF. 2019. A comprehensive analysis of synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) for handling class imbalance. Inf Sci (N Y), 505: 32-64.
  • Fazeli S, Samiei A, Lee TD, Sarrafzadeh M. 2022. Beyond labels: visual representations for bone marrow cell morphology recognition, ArXiv, 111-117. doi: 10.1109/ichi57859.2023.00025.
  • Gautam A, Singh P, Raman B, Bhadauria H. 2017. Automatic classification of leukocytes using morphological features and Naïve Bayes classifier. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference, TENCON, November 5-8, Penang, Malaysia, pp: 1023-1027. doi: 10.1109/TENCON.2016.7848161.
  • Girdhar A, Kapur H, Kumar V. 2022. Classification of white blood cells using convolution neural network. Biomed Signal Process Control, 71: 103156. doi: 10.1016/J.BSPC.2021.103156.
  • Ghosh M, Das D, Chakraborty C, Ray AK. 2010. Automated leukocyte recognition using fuzzy divergence. Micron, 41(7): 840-846. doi: 10.1016/J.MICRON.2010.04.017.
  • Ghosh A, Jana ND, Mallik S, Zhao Z. 2022. Designing optimal convolutional neural network architecture using differential evolution algorithm. Patterns, 3(9):100567. doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100567.
  • Guo H, Viktor HL. 2004. Learning from imbalanced data sets with boosting and data generation: the DataBoost-IM approach. SIGKDD Explor, 6(1): 30-39.
  • Goswami D. 2019. Application of capsule networks for image classification on complex datasets.URL: https://hdl.handle.net/2142/105694 (accessed: May 26, 2024).
  • Ha Y, Du Z, Tian J. 2022. Fine-grained interactive attention learning for semi-supervised white blood cell classification. Biomed Signal Process Control, 75: 103611. doi: 10.1016/J.BSPC.2022.103611.
  • He H, Bai Y, Garcia EA, Li S. 2008. ADASYN: adaptive synthetic sampling approach for imbalanced learning. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, June 1-8, Hong Kong, China, pp:1322-1328.
  • Hegde RB, Prasad K, Hebbar H, Singh BMK. 2019a. Comparison of traditional image processing and deep learning approaches for classification of white blood cells in peripheral blood smear images. Biocybern Biomed Eng, 39(2): 382-392. doi: 10.1016/J.BBE.2019.01.005.
  • Hegde RB, Prasad K, Hebbar H, Singh BMK. 2019b. Feature extraction using traditional image processing and convolutional neural network methods to classify white blood cells: a study. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 42(2): 627-638. doi: 10.1007/S13246-019-00742-9/FIGURES/11.
  • Hosseini M, Bani-Hani D, Lam SS. 2022. Leukocytes image classification using optimized convolutional neural networks. Expert Syst Appl, 205: 117672. doi: 10.1016/J.ESWA.2022.117672.
  • Hoogi A, Wilcox B, Gupta Y, Rubin DL. 2019. Self-attention capsule networks for object classification. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.12483v2 (accessed: May 03, 2024).
  • Juanjuan W, Mantao X, Hui W, Jiwu Z. 2007. Classification of imbalanced data by using the SMOTE algorithm and locally linear embedding. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Processing, ICSP, November 16-20, Guilin, China, pp: 1741- 1745.
  • Keys RG. 1981. Cubic convolution interpolation for digital image processing. IEEE Trans Acoust, 29(6): 1153-1160.
  • Kingma DP, Ba JL. 2015. Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR, May 7-9, San Diego, pp:13.
  • Kutlu H, Avci E, Özyurt F. 2020. White blood cells detection and classification based on regional convolutional neural networks. Med Hypotheses, 135: 109472. doi: 10.1016/J.MEHY.2019.109472.
  • LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. 2015. Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553): 436-444. doi: 10.1038/nature14539.
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There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Biomedical Imaging, Biomedical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Amina Faris Al-rahhawi 0000-0001-9090-326X

Nesrin Aydın Atasoy 0000-0002-7188-0020

Early Pub Date September 13, 2024
Publication Date September 15, 2024
Submission Date June 6, 2024
Acceptance Date September 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Al-rahhawi, A. F., & Aydın Atasoy, N. (2024). Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7(5), 1050-1065. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1496991
AMA Al-rahhawi AF, Aydın Atasoy N. Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells. BSJ Eng. Sci. September 2024;7(5):1050-1065. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1496991
Chicago Al-rahhawi, Amina Faris, and Nesrin Aydın Atasoy. “Optimizing Capsule Network Performance With Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7, no. 5 (September 2024): 1050-65. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1496991.
EndNote Al-rahhawi AF, Aydın Atasoy N (September 1, 2024) Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7 5 1050–1065.
IEEE A. F. Al-rahhawi and N. Aydın Atasoy, “Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells”, BSJ Eng. Sci., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1050–1065, 2024, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1496991.
ISNAD Al-rahhawi, Amina Faris - Aydın Atasoy, Nesrin. “Optimizing Capsule Network Performance With Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7/5 (September 2024), 1050-1065. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1496991.
JAMA Al-rahhawi AF, Aydın Atasoy N. Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2024;7:1050–1065.
MLA Al-rahhawi, Amina Faris and Nesrin Aydın Atasoy. “Optimizing Capsule Network Performance With Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 7, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1050-65, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1496991.
Vancouver Al-rahhawi AF, Aydın Atasoy N. Optimizing Capsule Network Performance with Enhanced Squash Function for Classification Large-Scale Bone Marrow Cells. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2024;7(5):1050-65.

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