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Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties

Year 2024, , 1246 - 1255, 15.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1545174

Abstract

The design and numerical analysis of the two-layer PCM (Phase Change Material)-based thermal management system for a 18650-type lithium-ion battery have been performed. In relation to simulation, the coefficient of thermal conductivity and melting temperature of the first layer of PCMs are varied. Other parameters are made identical to that of the next layer's parameters in order that the generation of two different layers of PCMs can be attained: PCM-1 and PCM-2. To obtain a more realistic approach in the numerical analysis, the battery thermal model was created in the COMSOL-MATLAB interface using the experimental internal resistance data obtained for 18650 type Li-ion batteries in the literature. While a cheaper and more accessible material with a thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/mK and a melting point of 50 °C was used in the PCM-2 layer, the thermal conductivity was changed as 0.2, 1 and 5 W/mK and the melting point was changed as 30, 40 and 50 °C in the PCM-1 layer. In this way, for PCM layers with different thickness (tpcm), the system was optimized at two different discharge rates, 5C and 7C. As a result of the numerical analysis, it was determined that the optimum tpcm, kpcm,1 and Tm values for the 5C discharge rate were 2 mm, 0.2 W/mK and 40 °C, respectively; and the optimum tpcm, kpcm,1 and Tm values for the 7C discharge rate were 4 mm, 5 W/mK and 40 °C, respectively.

References

  • Barré A, Deguilhem B, Grolleau S, Gérard M, Suard F, Riu D. 2013. A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications. J Power Sources, 241: 680-689.
  • Bernardi D, Pawlikowski E, Newman J. 1985. A general energy balance for battery systems. J Electrochem Soc, 132(1): 5.
  • Chen G, Shi Y, Yu Y. 2024. A thermal management design using phase change material in embedded finned shells for lithium-ion batteries. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 229: 125680.
  • COMSOL Multiphysics® v. 6.2. www.comsol.com. COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • El Idi MM, Karkri M, Tankari MA. 2021. A passive thermal management system of Li-ion batteries using PCM composites: Experimental and numerical investigations. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 169: 120894.
  • Jilte R, Afzal A, Panchal S. 2021. A novel battery thermal management system using nano-enhanced phase change materials. Energy, 219: 119564.
  • Kang C, Yang J, Yuan X, Qiu C, Cai Y. 2023. A novel multilayer composite structure-based battery thermal management system. Front Energy Res, 11: 1187904.
  • Kang Z, Peng Q, Yin R, Yao Z, Song Y, He B. 2024. Investigation of multifactorial effects on the thermal performance of battery pack inserted with multi-layer phase change materials. Energy, 290: 130164.
  • Kavasoğullari B, Karagöz ME, Yildiz AS, Biçer E. 2023. Numerical investigation of the performance of a hybrid battery thermal management system at high discharge rates. J Energy Storage, 73: 108982.
  • Kavasoğullari B, Karagöz ME, Önel MN, Yildiz AS, Biçer E. 2024. Enhancing the performance of the hybrid battery thermal management system with different fin structures at extreme discharge conditions. Numer Heat Transfer Part A: Appl, 1-23.
  • Kim J, Oh J, Lee H. 2019. Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles. Appl Therm Eng, 149: 192-212.
  • Lai Y, Wu W, Chen K, Wang S, Xin C. 2019. A compact and lightweight liquid-cooled thermal management solution for cylindrical lithium-ion power battery pack. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 144: 118581.
  • Lai YW, Chi KH, Chung YH, Liao SW, Shu CM. 2024. Thermal runaway characteristics of 18650 lithium-ion batteries in various states of charge. J Therm Anal Calorim, 2024: 1-10.
  • Ling Z, Wang F, Fang X, Gao X, Zhang Z. 2015. A hybrid thermal management system for lithium ion batteries combining phase change materials with forced-air cooling. Appl Energy, 148: 403-409.
  • Luo T, Zhang Y, Chen X, Jia T, Yu H, Mao B, Ma C. 2024. A hybrid battery thermal management system composed of MHPA/PCM/Liquid with a highly efficient cooling strategy. Appl Therm Eng, 2024: 123617.
  • Maknikar SK, Pawar AM. 2023. Application of phase change material (PCM) in battery thermal management system (BTMS): A critical review. Mater Today Proc, in press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.329
  • Moralı U. 2023. A numerical and statistical study to determine the effect of thermophysical properties of phase change material for lithium-ion battery thermal management. Numer Heat Transfer Part A: Appl, 1-14.
  • Murali G, Sravya GSN, Jaya J, Vamsi VNS. 2021. A review on hybrid thermal management of battery packs and it's cooling performance by enhanced PCM. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 150: 111513.
  • Radomska E, Mika L, Sztekler K. 2020. The impact of additives on the main properties of phase change materials. Energies, 13(12): 3064.
  • Raijmakers LHJ, Danilov DL, Eichel RA, Notten PHL. 2019. A review on various temperature-indication methods for Li-ion batteries. Appl Energy, 240: 918-945.
  • Safdari M, Ahmadi R, Sadeghzadeh S. 2020. Numerical investigation on PCM encapsulation shape used in the passive-active battery thermal management. Energy, 193: 116840.
  • Samimi F, Babapoor A, Azizi M, Karimi G. 2016. Thermal management analysis of a Li-ion battery cell using phase change material loaded with carbon fibers. Energy, 96: 355-371.
  • Shivram S, Harish R. 2024. Impact of Dual Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials on Mitigating Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Battery Cell. Case Stud Therm Eng, 104667.
  • Talele V, Zhao P. 2023. Effect of nano-enhanced phase change material on the thermal management of a 18650 NMC battery pack. J Energy Storage, 64: 107068.
  • Wang JX, Mao Y, Miljkovic N. 2024. Nano‐Enhanced Graphite/Phase Change Material/Graphene Composite for Sustainable and Efficient Passive Thermal Management. Adv Sci, 2402190.
  • Vyas D, Bhatt J, Rajput A, Hotta TK, Rammohan AR, Raghuraman DRSS. 2024. Investigation on Thermal Management of 18650 Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Nano-Enhanced Paraffin Wax: A Combined Numerical and experimental Study. Arab J Sci Eng, 1-18.
  • Yang X, Deng G, Cai Z, Li H, Zeng J, Yang H. 2023. Experimental study on novel composite phase change materials with room-temperature flexibility and high-temperature shape stability in a battery thermal management system. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 206: 123953.
  • Zou D, Ma X, Liu X, Zheng P, Hu Y. 2018. Thermal performance enhancement of composite phase change materials (PCM) using graphene and carbon nanotubes as additives for the potential application in lithium-ion power battery. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 120: 33-41.

Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties

Year 2024, , 1246 - 1255, 15.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1545174

Abstract

The design and numerical analysis of the two-layer PCM (Phase Change Material)-based thermal management system for a 18650-type lithium-ion battery have been performed. In relation to simulation, the coefficient of thermal conductivity and melting temperature of the first layer of PCMs are varied. Other parameters are made identical to that of the next layer's parameters in order that the generation of two different layers of PCMs can be attained: PCM-1 and PCM-2. To obtain a more realistic approach in the numerical analysis, the battery thermal model was created in the COMSOL-MATLAB interface using the experimental internal resistance data obtained for 18650 type Li-ion batteries in the literature. While a cheaper and more accessible material with a thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/mK and a melting point of 50 °C was used in the PCM-2 layer, the thermal conductivity was changed as 0.2, 1 and 5 W/mK and the melting point was changed as 30, 40 and 50 °C in the PCM-1 layer. In this way, for PCM layers with different thickness (tpcm), the system was optimized at two different discharge rates, 5C and 7C. As a result of the numerical analysis, it was determined that the optimum tpcm, kpcm,1 and Tm values for the 5C discharge rate were 2 mm, 0.2 W/mK and 40 °C, respectively; and the optimum tpcm, kpcm,1 and Tm values for the 7C discharge rate were 4 mm, 5 W/mK and 40 °C, respectively.

References

  • Barré A, Deguilhem B, Grolleau S, Gérard M, Suard F, Riu D. 2013. A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications. J Power Sources, 241: 680-689.
  • Bernardi D, Pawlikowski E, Newman J. 1985. A general energy balance for battery systems. J Electrochem Soc, 132(1): 5.
  • Chen G, Shi Y, Yu Y. 2024. A thermal management design using phase change material in embedded finned shells for lithium-ion batteries. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 229: 125680.
  • COMSOL Multiphysics® v. 6.2. www.comsol.com. COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • El Idi MM, Karkri M, Tankari MA. 2021. A passive thermal management system of Li-ion batteries using PCM composites: Experimental and numerical investigations. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 169: 120894.
  • Jilte R, Afzal A, Panchal S. 2021. A novel battery thermal management system using nano-enhanced phase change materials. Energy, 219: 119564.
  • Kang C, Yang J, Yuan X, Qiu C, Cai Y. 2023. A novel multilayer composite structure-based battery thermal management system. Front Energy Res, 11: 1187904.
  • Kang Z, Peng Q, Yin R, Yao Z, Song Y, He B. 2024. Investigation of multifactorial effects on the thermal performance of battery pack inserted with multi-layer phase change materials. Energy, 290: 130164.
  • Kavasoğullari B, Karagöz ME, Yildiz AS, Biçer E. 2023. Numerical investigation of the performance of a hybrid battery thermal management system at high discharge rates. J Energy Storage, 73: 108982.
  • Kavasoğullari B, Karagöz ME, Önel MN, Yildiz AS, Biçer E. 2024. Enhancing the performance of the hybrid battery thermal management system with different fin structures at extreme discharge conditions. Numer Heat Transfer Part A: Appl, 1-23.
  • Kim J, Oh J, Lee H. 2019. Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles. Appl Therm Eng, 149: 192-212.
  • Lai Y, Wu W, Chen K, Wang S, Xin C. 2019. A compact and lightweight liquid-cooled thermal management solution for cylindrical lithium-ion power battery pack. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 144: 118581.
  • Lai YW, Chi KH, Chung YH, Liao SW, Shu CM. 2024. Thermal runaway characteristics of 18650 lithium-ion batteries in various states of charge. J Therm Anal Calorim, 2024: 1-10.
  • Ling Z, Wang F, Fang X, Gao X, Zhang Z. 2015. A hybrid thermal management system for lithium ion batteries combining phase change materials with forced-air cooling. Appl Energy, 148: 403-409.
  • Luo T, Zhang Y, Chen X, Jia T, Yu H, Mao B, Ma C. 2024. A hybrid battery thermal management system composed of MHPA/PCM/Liquid with a highly efficient cooling strategy. Appl Therm Eng, 2024: 123617.
  • Maknikar SK, Pawar AM. 2023. Application of phase change material (PCM) in battery thermal management system (BTMS): A critical review. Mater Today Proc, in press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.329
  • Moralı U. 2023. A numerical and statistical study to determine the effect of thermophysical properties of phase change material for lithium-ion battery thermal management. Numer Heat Transfer Part A: Appl, 1-14.
  • Murali G, Sravya GSN, Jaya J, Vamsi VNS. 2021. A review on hybrid thermal management of battery packs and it's cooling performance by enhanced PCM. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 150: 111513.
  • Radomska E, Mika L, Sztekler K. 2020. The impact of additives on the main properties of phase change materials. Energies, 13(12): 3064.
  • Raijmakers LHJ, Danilov DL, Eichel RA, Notten PHL. 2019. A review on various temperature-indication methods for Li-ion batteries. Appl Energy, 240: 918-945.
  • Safdari M, Ahmadi R, Sadeghzadeh S. 2020. Numerical investigation on PCM encapsulation shape used in the passive-active battery thermal management. Energy, 193: 116840.
  • Samimi F, Babapoor A, Azizi M, Karimi G. 2016. Thermal management analysis of a Li-ion battery cell using phase change material loaded with carbon fibers. Energy, 96: 355-371.
  • Shivram S, Harish R. 2024. Impact of Dual Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials on Mitigating Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Battery Cell. Case Stud Therm Eng, 104667.
  • Talele V, Zhao P. 2023. Effect of nano-enhanced phase change material on the thermal management of a 18650 NMC battery pack. J Energy Storage, 64: 107068.
  • Wang JX, Mao Y, Miljkovic N. 2024. Nano‐Enhanced Graphite/Phase Change Material/Graphene Composite for Sustainable and Efficient Passive Thermal Management. Adv Sci, 2402190.
  • Vyas D, Bhatt J, Rajput A, Hotta TK, Rammohan AR, Raghuraman DRSS. 2024. Investigation on Thermal Management of 18650 Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Nano-Enhanced Paraffin Wax: A Combined Numerical and experimental Study. Arab J Sci Eng, 1-18.
  • Yang X, Deng G, Cai Z, Li H, Zeng J, Yang H. 2023. Experimental study on novel composite phase change materials with room-temperature flexibility and high-temperature shape stability in a battery thermal management system. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 206: 123953.
  • Zou D, Ma X, Liu X, Zheng P, Hu Y. 2018. Thermal performance enhancement of composite phase change materials (PCM) using graphene and carbon nanotubes as additives for the potential application in lithium-ion power battery. Int J Heat Mass Transfer, 120: 33-41.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Energy Generation, Conversion and Storage (Excl. Chemical and Electrical), Numerical Methods in Mechanical Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Barış Kavasoğulları 0000-0002-6086-8923

Publication Date November 15, 2024
Submission Date September 7, 2024
Acceptance Date October 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Kavasoğulları, B. (2024). Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7(6), 1246-1255. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1545174
AMA Kavasoğulları B. Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties. BSJ Eng. Sci. November 2024;7(6):1246-1255. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1545174
Chicago Kavasoğulları, Barış. “Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7, no. 6 (November 2024): 1246-55. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1545174.
EndNote Kavasoğulları B (November 1, 2024) Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7 6 1246–1255.
IEEE B. Kavasoğulları, “Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties”, BSJ Eng. Sci., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1246–1255, 2024, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1545174.
ISNAD Kavasoğulları, Barış. “Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7/6 (November 2024), 1246-1255. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1545174.
JAMA Kavasoğulları B. Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2024;7:1246–1255.
MLA Kavasoğulları, Barış. “Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 7, no. 6, 2024, pp. 1246-55, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1545174.
Vancouver Kavasoğulları B. Numerical Analysis of a Two-Layer PCM Based Battery Thermal Management System for Different Material Properties. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2024;7(6):1246-55.

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