Açık Radyo Erişim Ağı Üzerine Sistematik Bir İnceleme: Bileşenler, Uygulamalar ve Gelecek Perspektifleri

Abstract

Açık Radyo Erişim Ağı (O-RAN), açıklık, çok tedarikçili yapı ve yazılım tanımlı ağ prensipleriyle geleneksel RAN mimarilerine alternatif sunarak mobil iletişimde önemli bir dönüşüm başlatmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışması, O-RAN’ın mimari yapısını, kontrol düzlemi bileşenlerini ve yapay zekâ ile bütünleşen ağ yönetim yaklaşımlarını incelemektedir. Yakın Gerçek Zamanlı (Near-RT) ve Gerçek Zamanlı Olmayan (Non-RT) RAN Akıllı Kontrolör (RIC) mimarileri çerçevesinde çalışan xApp ve rApp uygulamalarının rolleri, kaynak yönetimi ve politika tabanlı kontrol bağlamında incelenmiştir. Literatürdeki uygulama senaryoları, O-RAN’ın yalnızca mobil şebekeler değil, aynı zamanda özel 5G ağlar, uçan iletişim platformları ve dijital ikiz tabanlı ağ yönetimi gibi yenilikçi alanlara da entegre edilebildiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, zamanlama hassasiyetleri, güvenlik açıkları, sahaya dayalı veri eksiklikleri ve standardizasyon belirsizlikleri, mimarinin uygulanabilirliğini sınırlayan başlıca teknik zorluklar arasında yer almaktadır. O-RAN’ın 6G’ye geçiş sürecinde; otonom kontrol sistemleri, uçtan uca dilimleme ve yüksek frekanslı haberleşme altyapıları ile birleşerek temel bir yapı taşı haline gelmesi öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışma, O-RAN teknolojisine yönelik güncel araştırmaları bir araya getirerek, gelecekteki akademik ve endüstriyel çalışmalara kapsamlı bir referans çerçevesi sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

• Açık radyo erişim ağı (O-RAN)
• 5G
• 6G
• Yazılım tanımlı ağ
• Yapay zekâ

A Systematic Study on Open Radio Access Network: Components, Applications, and Future Directions

Abstract

Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) introduces a paradigm shift in mobile communications by promoting openness, multi-vendor interoperability, and software-defined networking capabilities as an alternative to traditional RAN architectures. This review study analyzes the architectural structure of O-RAN, its control plane components, and AI-driven network management frameworks. The roles of xApps and rApps operating on Near-Real-Time (Near-RT) and Non-Real-Time (Non-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) architectures are examined in the context of resource management and policy-based control. Findings from the literature indicate that O-RAN can be effectively integrated not only into conventional mobile networks but also into emerging use cases such as private 5G networks, UAV-assisted platforms, and digital twin-based network monitoring. However, several technical challenges remain, including timing and synchronization sensitivity, security vulnerabilities, lack of real-world labeled datasets, and ongoing standardization gaps. As we move toward 6G, O-RAN is expected to serve as a foundational architecture supporting autonomous control loops, end-to-end slicing, and high-frequency communication systems. This work aims to provide comprehensive references for researchers and practitioners by consolidating recent developments and outlining future research directions in the O-RAN domain.

Keywords

• Open radio access network (O-RAN)
• 5G
• 6G
• Software-defined network
• Artificial intelligence

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