The Impact of Resampling Techniques on the Performance of Software Defect Prediction Using the NASA Metrics Data Program Dataset

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 41 - 52, 15.01.2026

Emre Can Yılmaz , Recai Oktaş

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1792907

Abstract

The NASA Metrics Data Program (MDP) is a widely used repository containing software metrics and defect data from various NASA projects. To narrow the study’s scope, the JM1 subset was selected due to its large size and class imbalance. The effects of resampling techniques on the performance of machine learning models were examined using the JM1 dataset. We evaluate several oversampling, undersampling, and hybrid resampling methods-including SMOTE, RUS, ROSE, ADASYN, Tomek Links, ENN, Near Miss, and Borderline-SMOTE-in conjunction with classifiers such as Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF). Our results indicate that models trained without any resampling often perform poorly in identifying faulty modules (the minority class), despite achieving deceptively high values in overall accuracy metrics. Conversely, hybrid methods such as SMOTE+ENN and oversampling techniques like ROSE significantly improve performance-particularly when used with Random Forest and Naive Bayes classifiers-based on metrics sensitive to class imbalance such as AUC and F1-score. The best performance is observed when combining Random Forest with SMOTE+ENN, achieving 0.9350 accuracy, an AUC of 0.9837, and F1-scores of 0.9126 and 0.9483 for non-defective and defective modules, respectively. Consequently, for imbalanced software defect datasets, the selection of appropriate resampling methods and the use of metrics truly reflecting real-world performance are critically important.

Keywords

Software defect prediction , Imbalanced dataset , Resampling methods , Empirical software engineering

NASA Metrics Data Program Veri Seti Üzerinde Yeniden Örnekleme Yöntemlerinin Yazılımda Hata Tahmini Başarımına Etkisi

Abstract

NASA Metrics Data Program (MDP), NASA tarafından yürütülen ve çeşitli yazılım projelerinden elde edilen metrikleri ve hata bilgilerini içeren, araştırmalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan bir veri deposudur. Çok sayıda alt kümeye sahip NASA MDP verilerinde, çalışmanın kapsamını sınırlamak için uygun bir alt veri kümesinin seçilmesi uygun olacaktır. Bu amaçla, büyük ve dengesiz veriler içermesi nedeniyle JM1 alt kümesi tercih edilmiştir. JM1 üzerinde yeniden örnekleme tekniklerinin makine öğrenmesi modellerinin başarımına etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda SMOTE, RUS, ROSE, ADASYN, Tomek Links, ENN, Near Miss ve Borderline-SMOTE gibi aşırı örnekleme, eksik örnekleme ve hibrit teknikler; Naive Bayes (NB), Destek Vektör Makineleri (DVM), Lojistik Regresyon (LR), Karar Ağacı (KA) ve Rastgele Orman (RO) sınıflandırıcıları ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, yeniden örnekleme uygulanmayan modellerin, özellikle azınlık sınıfı olarak tanımlanan hatalı modülleri tanımada düşük başarım sergilediğini; buna karşın genel doğruluk metriklerinde yanıltıcı şekilde yüksek değerler elde edebildiğini göstermektedir. Öte yandan, SMOTE+ENN gibi hibrit ve ROSE gibi aşırı örnekleme yöntemlerinin, özellikle Rastgele Orman ve Naive Bayes sınıflandırıcılarıyla birlikte kullanıldığında, AUC ve F1-ölçütü gibi dengesizliğe duyarlı metriklerde anlamlı iyileşmeler sağladığı gözlemlenmiştir. En iyi sonuç, SMOTE+ENN yöntemiyle birlikte kullanılan Rastgele Orman modeliyle elde edilmiş; 0,9350 doğruluk, 0,9837 AUC ve hatasız/hatalı modüller için sırasıyla 0,9126/0,9483 F1-ölçütü değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Bu bulgular, yazılım hata tahmininde sınıf dengesizliğiyle mücadelede uygun yeniden örnekleme stratejilerinin seçiminin ve dengesizliğe duyarlı metriklerle değerlendirme yapılmasının önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Yazılımda hata tahmini , Dengesiz veri seti , Yeniden örneklendirme yöntemleri , Ampirik yazılım mühendisliği

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırmada hayvanlar ve insanlar üzerinde herhangi bir çalışma yapılmadığı için etik kurul onayı alınmamıştır.

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