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Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars

Year 2025, Issue: Advanced Online Publication, 27 - 28
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1818465

Abstract

In the pursuit of low-carbon 3D-printed housing, this study investigates the environmental viability of 3D-printed housing made with alkali-activated binder (AAB) mortar, in comparison to conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC) systems. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted using a BIM-integrated framework, evaluating both mortar-level (A1–A3) and full building-level (A1–A5) impacts across four categories: global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and ozone depletion potential (ODP). At the material scale, the AAB mortar demonstrated around 77% lower GWP and significant reductions in AP and EP (by ~60% and ~66%, respectively) compared to OPC. These advantages are maintained and even amplified at the building scale. A 3D-printed AAB house showed a GWP of 6.52E+06 kg CO2-eq, significantly lower than the OPC house’s 2.85E+07 kg CO2-eq, while also cutting AP and EP by over 59% and 66%, respectively. These improvements stem from replacing clinker-based OPC with CDW-derived, low-carbon binders, significantly curbing emissions from production. However, the AAB system exhibited a higher ODP (0.749 kg CFC-11-eq), over four times that of the OPC house (0.166 kg CFC-11-eq), mainly due to sodium silicate and NaOH production. Contribution analysis confirmed that over 95% of all impacts stemmed from material production, affirming the critical role of binder formulation. This study confirms that AAB-integrated 3D printing can enable rapid, circular, and significantly decarbonized construction. Still, further optimization of activator chemistry is needed to fully align AAB systems with environmental sustainability targets.

References

  • Abdalla, H., Fattah, K., Abdallah, M., & Tamimi, A. (2021). Environmental footprint and economics of a full-scale 3D-printed house. Sustainability, 13(21), 11978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111978
  • Adesanya, E., Perumal, P., Luukkonen, T., Yliniemi, J., Ohenoja, K., Kinnunen, P., & Illikainen, M. (2020). Opportunities to improve sustainability of alkali-activated materials: A review of side-stream based activators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 125558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125558

Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars

Year 2025, Issue: Advanced Online Publication, 27 - 28
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1818465

Abstract

Düşük karbonlu 3D baskılı konut üretimi hedefi doğrultusunda, bu çalışma, alkali-aktif bağlayıcı (AAB) harcı ile üretilen 3D baskılı konutların, geleneksel Portland çimentosu (OPC) sistemleriyle karşılaştırıldığında çevresel açıdan uygulanabilirliğini incelemektedir. Yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi (LCA), BIM entegreli bir çerçeve kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve hem harç ölçeğinde (A1–A3) hem de tam bina ölçeğinde (A1–A5) dört etki kategorisi üzerinden değerlendirme yapılmıştır: küresel ısınma potansiyeli (GWP), asidifikasyon potansiyeli (AP), ötrofikasyon potansiyeli (EP) ve ozon incelmesi potansiyeli (ODP). Malzeme ölçeğinde, AAB harcı OPC’ye kıyasla GWP’de yaklaşık %77 daha düşük değer ve AP ile EP’de sırasıyla yaklaşık %60 ve %66’lık kayda değer azalmalar göstermiştir. Bu avantajlar bina ölçeğinde de korunmuş ve hatta güçlenmiştir.

3D baskılı AAB konutu, 6.52E+06 kg CO2-eşdeğer GWP değeri ile OPC konutunun 2.85E+07 kg CO2-eşdeğer değerine kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha düşük bir etki sergilemiş; ayrıca AP ve EP değerlerini sırasıyla %59 ve %66’nın üzerinde azaltmıştır. Bu iyileşmeler, klinker bazlı OPC’nin, inşaat ve yıkım atıklarından (CDW) türetilmiş düşük karbonlu bağlayıcılarla değiştirilmesinden kaynaklanmakta olup, üretim kaynaklı emisyonları kayda değer biçimde düşürmektedir.

Bununla birlikte, AAB sistemi daha yüksek bir ODP (0.749 kg CFC-11-eşdeğeri) göstermiştir; bu değer, OPC konutunun 0.166 kg CFC-11-eşdeğeri değerinin dört katından fazladır. Bu durum temel olarak sodyum silikat ve NaOH üretim süreçlerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Katkı analizi, tüm çevresel etkilerin %95’inden fazlasının malzeme üretiminden kaynaklandığını göstermiş, böylece bağlayıcı formülasyonunun kritik önemini doğrulamıştır.

Bu çalışma, AAB ile entegre 3D baskının hızlı, döngüsel ve önemli ölçüde karbon azaltılmış yapı üretimini mümkün kılabileceğini doğrulamaktadır. Ancak, AAB sistemlerinin çevresel sürdürülebilirlik hedefleri ile tam uyum sağlayabilmesi için aktivatör kimyasının daha fazla optimize edilmesi gerekmektedir.

References

  • Abdalla, H., Fattah, K., Abdallah, M., & Tamimi, A. (2021). Environmental footprint and economics of a full-scale 3D-printed house. Sustainability, 13(21), 11978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111978
  • Adesanya, E., Perumal, P., Luukkonen, T., Yliniemi, J., Ohenoja, K., Kinnunen, P., & Illikainen, M. (2020). Opportunities to improve sustainability of alkali-activated materials: A review of side-stream based activators. Journal of Cleaner Production, 269, 125558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125558
There are 2 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Production Technologies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oznur Kocaer 0000-0003-0611-2284

Submission Date November 5, 2025
Acceptance Date December 6, 2025
Early Pub Date December 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: Advanced Online Publication

Cite

APA Kocaer, O. (2025). Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science(Advanced Online Publication), 27-28. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1818465
AMA Kocaer O. Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars. BSJ Eng. Sci. December 2025;(Advanced Online Publication):27-28. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1818465
Chicago Kocaer, Oznur. “Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing With Waste-Derived Mortars”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, no. Advanced Online Publication (December 2025): 27-28. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1818465.
EndNote Kocaer O (December 1, 2025) Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science Advanced Online Publication 27–28.
IEEE O. Kocaer, “Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars”, BSJ Eng. Sci., no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 27–28, December2025, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1818465.
ISNAD Kocaer, Oznur. “Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing With Waste-Derived Mortars”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science Advanced Online Publication (December2025), 27-28. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1818465.
JAMA Kocaer O. Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2025;:27–28.
MLA Kocaer, Oznur. “Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing With Waste-Derived Mortars”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, no. Advanced Online Publication, 2025, pp. 27-28, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1818465.
Vancouver Kocaer O. Low-Carbon Construction through BIM-Based Design and 3D Printing with Waste-Derived Mortars. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2025(Advanced Online Publication):27-8.

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