Farmasötik Kirleticilerin Uzaklaştırılmasına Yönelik İleri Arıtma Prosesleri Üzerine Bir Derleme

Abstract

Su kaynaklarında ortaya çıkan yeni kirleticiler arasında yer alan farmasötik aktif bileşikler (FAB'ler), su içinde artan konsantrasyonları, kalıcılıkları ve potansiyel ekotoksikolojik riskleri sebebiyle küresel bir endişe kaynağıdır. Mikrokirletici sınıfında yer alan bu kirleticilerin geleneksel atıksu arıtma yöntemleri ile giderimlerindeki zorluk, ileri arıtma teknolojilerinin araştırılmasını ve uygulanmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, farmasötiklerin sulu çözeltilerden uzaklaştırılmasına yönelik güncel teknolojileri, kapsamlı bir literatür analiziyle ele almaktadır. İncelenen ana teknolojiler; Adsorpsiyon (Metal-Organik Kafes Yapılar, kil mineralleri, aktif karbon), İleri Oksidasyon Prosesleri (AOP'ler) (Fenton, fotokataliz, ozonlama) ve Membran Prosesleri (nanofiltrasyon, ters osmoz, membran biyoreaktörler) olarak üç ana başlık altında incelenmiştir. Her bir teknolojinin temel mekanizmaları, performansını etkileyen faktörler, avantajları ve sınırlılıkları detaylandırılmıştır. Özellikle, bu teknolojilerin bir arada kullanıldığı hibrit sistemlerin sinerjik etkileri ve artan arıtma verimlilikleri açıklanmıştır. Bu derleme, farklı teknolojilerin mekanizmalarını, avantajlarını, zorluklarını ve uygulama potansiyellerini karşılaştırarak farmasötik kirliliğiyle mücadele için mevcut durumu ve gelecek perspektiflerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Farmasötik giderimi
• İleri arıtma teknolojileri
• Adsorpsiyon
• İleri oksidasyon prosesleri
• Membran prosesleri
• Hibrit sistemler

A Review on Advanced Treatment Processes for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Pollutants

Abstract

Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), which are among the emerging pollutants in water resources, are a global concern due to their increasing concentrations in water, persistence, and potential ecotoxicological risks. The difficulty in removing these micropollutants with conventional wastewater treatment methods necessitates the research and application of advanced treatment technologies. This study addresses current technologies for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions through a comprehensive literature analysis. The main technologies examined are categorized under three main headings: Adsorption (Metal-Organic Frameworks, clay minerals, activated carbon), Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) (Fenton, photocatalysis, ozonation), and Membrane Processes (nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, membrane bioreactors). The fundamental mechanisms of each technology, the factors affecting their performance, their advantages, and their limitations are detailed. In particular, the synergistic effects and increased treatment efficiencies of hybrid systems, where these technologies are used together, are explained. This review aims to present the current situation and future perspectives for combating pharmaceutical pollution by comparing the mechanisms, advantages, challenges, and application potentials of different technologies.

Keywords

• Pharmaceutical removal
• Advanced treatment technologies
• Adsorption
• Advanced oxidation processes
• Membrane processes
• Hybrid systems

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