Research Article
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Investigation of the Structural Properties and Electrical Responses of AZO Thin Films Deposited on Cotton Yarns

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 702 - 708, 15.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1842330
https://izlik.org/JA67NL27YU

Abstract

The development of functional textiles has gained increasing attention due to their potential applications in wearable electronics and sensor technologies. In this study, Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin film coatings were deposited onto cotton yarns using the sol–gel dip-coating method. In addition to undoped ZnO coatings, two different AZO samples were prepared by adjusting the Al precursor content to 2 wt.% and 4 wt.% in the precursor solution. The morphological characteristics of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while their electrical responses were evaluated using an analog-to-digital converter microcontroller board-based measurement system. SEM analyses revealed that undoped ZnO coatings exhibited a more homogeneous and continuous surface morphology, whereas increasing Al doping led to enhanced surface roughness, agglomeration, and film discontinuities. Electrical measurements indicated that undoped ZnO samples showed stable but low electrical responses, while higher Al doping levels adversely affected electrical stability due to structural inhomogeneities. The results demonstrate that, for AZO thin films deposited on textile substrates under low-temperature processing conditions, surface uniformity and film continuity play a critical role in determining electrical behavior.

References

  • Abbas, S. I., Alattar, A. M., & Al-Azawy, A. A. (2023). Enhanced ultraviolet photodetector based on Al-doped ZnO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method. Journal of Optics 2023 53:1, 53(1), 396-403. doi:10.1007/S12596-023-01164-3
  • Ahmed, G., Mohamed, W. S., Hasaneen, M. F., Ali, H. M., & Ibrahim, E. M. M. (2023). Optical, structural, electrical and photocatalytic properties of aluminum doped zinc oxide nanostructures. Optical Materials, 140, 113880. doi:10.1016/J.OPTMAT.2023.113880
  • Ahmed, S., Mazumdar, A. K. M. A. R., Syduzzaman, M., & Mahmud, M. S. (2024). UV Protection and Antimicrobial Properties of Textiles Using Nanotechnology. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, Part F3464, 191-232. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2696-7_8/FIGURES/6
  • Bin Choi, S., Veeralingam, S., Khanh, T. D., Choi, J. S., Kishore, K. R., Jung, S. B., & Kim, J. W. (2025). Rapid-response hybrid piezo-triboelectric pressure sensor using all-fabric materials for enhanced sensing and power generation. Nano Energy, 140, 111000. doi:10.1016/J.NANOEN.2025.111000
  • Bu, I. Y. Y. (2014). Sol–gel production of aluminium doped zinc oxide using aluminium nitrate. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 27(1), 19-25. doi:10.1016/J.MSSP.2014.06.011
  • Chen, C. (2025). Hierarchical porous MXene/CNT composite fiber supercapacitors with cryogenic-tolerant performance for wearable energy storage devices. Chemical Engineering Journal, 520, 165708. doi:10.1016/J.CEJ.2025.165708
  • Duan, Y., Sun, Z., Zhang, Q., Dong, Y., Lin, Y., Ji, D., & Qin, X. (2025). Constructing electrospun 3D liquid metal adhesion channel on stretchable yarns for broad-range strain-insensitivity smart textiles. Nature Communications 2025 16:1, 16(1), 6362-. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61444-3
  • Gozukizil, M. F., Nayman, E., Temel, S., & Gokmen, F. O. (2024). Comparison of gas sensing performances in various yarn types coated with polyaniline. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2024 35:7, 35(7), 529-. doi:10.1007/S10854-024-12106-5
  • Jiménez-González, A. E., Soto Urueta, J. A., & Suárez-Parra, R. (1998). Optical and electrical characteristics of aluminum-doped ZnO thin films prepared by solgel technique. Journal of Crystal Growth, 192(3-4), 430-438. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00422-9
  • Kong, L., Zhang, F., Wang, L., Ayiti, W., & Yao, Q. (2025). Nanocrystalline conductive thin films prepared by a novel micro-liquid droplet infiltration method on the surface of cotton yarns. doi:10.2139/SSRN.5464473
  • Marasini, S., Pandey, S., Ram Ghimire, R., & Subedi, P. (2025). Effect of Aluminum Doping on the Optical, Electrical, and Gas Sensing Properties of ZnO Thin Films. Progress in Physics of Applied Materials, 5(1), 1-9. doi:10.22075/PPAM.2024.35384.1118
  • Moussa, N. Ben, Lajnef, M., Jebari, N., Mahut, F., Bayle, F., Villebasse, C., … Herth, E. (2021). ZnO and Al-doped ZnO Sol-Gel Properties. 2021 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS and MOEMS, DTIP 2021. doi:10.1109/DTIP54218.2021.9568674
  • Nayman, E., Gözükızıl, M. F., & Usta, İ. (2024). Deposition of CdO Semiconductors on yarns by Dip Coating Method and Gas Sensor Applications. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon. 34:2, 34(2), 117-126, 10.32710/tekstilvekonfeksiyon.1178133
  • Priyalakshmi Devi, K., Goswami, P., & Chaturvedi, H. (2022). Fabrication of nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films using Sol-Gel spin coating technology and investigation of its structural, morphology and optical characteristics. Applied Surface Science, 591, 153226. doi:10.1016/J.APSUSC.2022.153226
  • Sharma, N., & Kumar, R. (2024). Zinc doped TiO2 thin films for ethanol detection. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 162, 112224. doi:10.1016/J.INOCHE.2024.112224
  • Shinde, P. G., Wani, S. M., Kotkar, M. T., Patil, A. G., & Jadhav, K. M. (2025). Enhanced surface morphology, electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin film deposited by the doctor blade method. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2025 36:24, 36(24), 1566-. doi:10.1007/S10854-025-15638-6
  • Sultana, R., Islam, K., & Chakraborty, S. (2024). Tuning Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Nb2O5 Thin Films via WO3 Doping. Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 2024 26:1, 26(1), 48-59. doi:10.1007/S42341-024-00572-X
  • Sunil, A., Gopika, M. S., Jayasudha, S., & Nair, P. B. (2025). Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activity of Zn Doped TiO2 Thin Films Synthesized via Sol-Gel Dip Coating Method. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2025, 1-17. doi:10.1007/S10904-025-04058-Y
  • Tanveer, Z., Arhum, Usman, M., Tanveer, B., Iqbal, H., Cheema, S. A., … Javaid, M. A. (2025). Advancing conductive cellulosic textiles: Structural, optical and thermoelectric enhancements via innovative metallic oxide deposition. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 305, 141418. doi:10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2025.141418
  • Yahi, A. H., Kacha, A. H., Anani, M., & Salim, K. (2025). Optimizing Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films: Structural, Optical, and Electrical Enhancements for Solar Cells. Physics of the Solid State 2025 67:4, 67(4), 259-268. doi:10.1134/S1063783425600451
  • Zhang, W., Luan, S., Fang, Y., Zhu, L., Yang, Y., Tian, M., … Miao, J. (2025). Dynamic reversible thermochromic camouflage smart textiles for temperature visualized personal healthcare and thermal management. Chemical Engineering Journal, 523, 168746. doi:10.1016/J.CEJ.2025.168746

Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 702 - 708, 15.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1842330
https://izlik.org/JA67NL27YU

Abstract

Fonksiyonel tekstillerin geliştirilmesi, giyilebilir elektronik ve sensör teknolojilerindeki potansiyel uygulamaları nedeniyle giderek artan bir ilgi görmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Al katkılı ZnO (AZO) ince film kaplamaları, sol-jel daldırma kaplama yöntemi kullanılarak pamuk ipliklerine uygulanmıştır. Katkısız ZnO kaplamalarına ek olarak, öncü çözeltideki Al öncü içeriği %2 ve %4 olacak şekilde ayarlanarak iki farklı AZO numunesi hazırlanmıştır. Kaplamaların morfolojik özellikleri taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelenirken, elektriksel tepkileri analog-dijital dönüştürücü mikrokontrolör kart tabanlı bir ölçüm sistemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. SEM analizleri, katkısız ZnO kaplamalarının daha homojen ve sürekli bir yüzey morfolojisi sergilediğini, Al katkısının artmasının ise yüzey pürüzlülüğünü, kümelenmeyi ve film süreksizliklerini artırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Elektriksel ölçümler, katkısız ZnO numunelerinin kararlı ancak düşük elektriksel tepkiler gösterdiğini, daha yüksek Al katkılama seviyelerinin ise yapısal homojen olmama nedeniyle elektriksel kararlılığı olumsuz etkilediğini göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, düşük sıcaklık işleme koşulları altında tekstil alt tabakalara biriktirilen AZO ince filmler için yüzey düzgünlüğünün ve film sürekliliğinin elektriksel davranışı belirlemede kritik bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu araştırmada hayvanlar ve insanlar üzerinde herhangi bir çalışma yapılmadığı için etik kurul onayı alınmamıştır.

References

  • Abbas, S. I., Alattar, A. M., & Al-Azawy, A. A. (2023). Enhanced ultraviolet photodetector based on Al-doped ZnO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method. Journal of Optics 2023 53:1, 53(1), 396-403. doi:10.1007/S12596-023-01164-3
  • Ahmed, G., Mohamed, W. S., Hasaneen, M. F., Ali, H. M., & Ibrahim, E. M. M. (2023). Optical, structural, electrical and photocatalytic properties of aluminum doped zinc oxide nanostructures. Optical Materials, 140, 113880. doi:10.1016/J.OPTMAT.2023.113880
  • Ahmed, S., Mazumdar, A. K. M. A. R., Syduzzaman, M., & Mahmud, M. S. (2024). UV Protection and Antimicrobial Properties of Textiles Using Nanotechnology. Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, Part F3464, 191-232. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2696-7_8/FIGURES/6
  • Bin Choi, S., Veeralingam, S., Khanh, T. D., Choi, J. S., Kishore, K. R., Jung, S. B., & Kim, J. W. (2025). Rapid-response hybrid piezo-triboelectric pressure sensor using all-fabric materials for enhanced sensing and power generation. Nano Energy, 140, 111000. doi:10.1016/J.NANOEN.2025.111000
  • Bu, I. Y. Y. (2014). Sol–gel production of aluminium doped zinc oxide using aluminium nitrate. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 27(1), 19-25. doi:10.1016/J.MSSP.2014.06.011
  • Chen, C. (2025). Hierarchical porous MXene/CNT composite fiber supercapacitors with cryogenic-tolerant performance for wearable energy storage devices. Chemical Engineering Journal, 520, 165708. doi:10.1016/J.CEJ.2025.165708
  • Duan, Y., Sun, Z., Zhang, Q., Dong, Y., Lin, Y., Ji, D., & Qin, X. (2025). Constructing electrospun 3D liquid metal adhesion channel on stretchable yarns for broad-range strain-insensitivity smart textiles. Nature Communications 2025 16:1, 16(1), 6362-. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61444-3
  • Gozukizil, M. F., Nayman, E., Temel, S., & Gokmen, F. O. (2024). Comparison of gas sensing performances in various yarn types coated with polyaniline. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2024 35:7, 35(7), 529-. doi:10.1007/S10854-024-12106-5
  • Jiménez-González, A. E., Soto Urueta, J. A., & Suárez-Parra, R. (1998). Optical and electrical characteristics of aluminum-doped ZnO thin films prepared by solgel technique. Journal of Crystal Growth, 192(3-4), 430-438. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00422-9
  • Kong, L., Zhang, F., Wang, L., Ayiti, W., & Yao, Q. (2025). Nanocrystalline conductive thin films prepared by a novel micro-liquid droplet infiltration method on the surface of cotton yarns. doi:10.2139/SSRN.5464473
  • Marasini, S., Pandey, S., Ram Ghimire, R., & Subedi, P. (2025). Effect of Aluminum Doping on the Optical, Electrical, and Gas Sensing Properties of ZnO Thin Films. Progress in Physics of Applied Materials, 5(1), 1-9. doi:10.22075/PPAM.2024.35384.1118
  • Moussa, N. Ben, Lajnef, M., Jebari, N., Mahut, F., Bayle, F., Villebasse, C., … Herth, E. (2021). ZnO and Al-doped ZnO Sol-Gel Properties. 2021 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS and MOEMS, DTIP 2021. doi:10.1109/DTIP54218.2021.9568674
  • Nayman, E., Gözükızıl, M. F., & Usta, İ. (2024). Deposition of CdO Semiconductors on yarns by Dip Coating Method and Gas Sensor Applications. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon. 34:2, 34(2), 117-126, 10.32710/tekstilvekonfeksiyon.1178133
  • Priyalakshmi Devi, K., Goswami, P., & Chaturvedi, H. (2022). Fabrication of nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films using Sol-Gel spin coating technology and investigation of its structural, morphology and optical characteristics. Applied Surface Science, 591, 153226. doi:10.1016/J.APSUSC.2022.153226
  • Sharma, N., & Kumar, R. (2024). Zinc doped TiO2 thin films for ethanol detection. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 162, 112224. doi:10.1016/J.INOCHE.2024.112224
  • Shinde, P. G., Wani, S. M., Kotkar, M. T., Patil, A. G., & Jadhav, K. M. (2025). Enhanced surface morphology, electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin film deposited by the doctor blade method. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2025 36:24, 36(24), 1566-. doi:10.1007/S10854-025-15638-6
  • Sultana, R., Islam, K., & Chakraborty, S. (2024). Tuning Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Nb2O5 Thin Films via WO3 Doping. Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 2024 26:1, 26(1), 48-59. doi:10.1007/S42341-024-00572-X
  • Sunil, A., Gopika, M. S., Jayasudha, S., & Nair, P. B. (2025). Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activity of Zn Doped TiO2 Thin Films Synthesized via Sol-Gel Dip Coating Method. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2025, 1-17. doi:10.1007/S10904-025-04058-Y
  • Tanveer, Z., Arhum, Usman, M., Tanveer, B., Iqbal, H., Cheema, S. A., … Javaid, M. A. (2025). Advancing conductive cellulosic textiles: Structural, optical and thermoelectric enhancements via innovative metallic oxide deposition. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 305, 141418. doi:10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2025.141418
  • Yahi, A. H., Kacha, A. H., Anani, M., & Salim, K. (2025). Optimizing Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films: Structural, Optical, and Electrical Enhancements for Solar Cells. Physics of the Solid State 2025 67:4, 67(4), 259-268. doi:10.1134/S1063783425600451
  • Zhang, W., Luan, S., Fang, Y., Zhu, L., Yang, Y., Tian, M., … Miao, J. (2025). Dynamic reversible thermochromic camouflage smart textiles for temperature visualized personal healthcare and thermal management. Chemical Engineering Journal, 523, 168746. doi:10.1016/J.CEJ.2025.168746
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Compound Semiconductors, Wearable Materials, Material Characterization
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Enes Nayman 0000-0002-3656-3126

Submission Date December 15, 2025
Acceptance Date February 12, 2026
Publication Date March 15, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1842330
IZ https://izlik.org/JA67NL27YU
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Nayman, E. (2026). Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 9(2), 702-708. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1842330
AMA 1.Nayman E. Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026;9(2):702-708. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1842330
Chicago Nayman, Enes. 2026. “Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri Ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9 (2): 702-8. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1842330.
EndNote Nayman E (March 1, 2026) Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9 2 702–708.
IEEE [1]E. Nayman, “Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi”, BSJ Eng. Sci., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 702–708, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.1842330.
ISNAD Nayman, Enes. “Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri Ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9/2 (March 1, 2026): 702-708. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1842330.
JAMA 1.Nayman E. Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026;9:702–708.
MLA Nayman, Enes. “Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri Ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 9, no. 2, Mar. 2026, pp. 702-8, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1842330.
Vancouver 1.Enes Nayman. Pamuk İplikler Üzerine Biriktirilen AZO İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Yanıtlarının İncelenmesi. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026 Mar. 1;9(2):702-8. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.1842330

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