Sustainable Management of Industrial Wastewater in Türkiye: Pilot-Scale Gravity-Driven Dynamic Membranes for Water Reuse

Abstract

There is an urgent need to transition toward a circular economy in Türkiye by improving effluent quality for industrial water reuse. This study evaluates the management and performance of a sustainable, pilot-scale (170 L) gravity-driven dynamic membrane (GD-DM) system designed for low-energy wastewater reclamation. Unlike conventional high-pressure membrane systems that suffer from high energy demands and chemical cleaning requirements, this GD-DM system integrate a 150 µm stainless steel support material to obtain a very low turbidity water. To align with waste-to-resource principles, the dynamic membrane layer was formed using waste activated sludge from the return line of an organized industrial wastewater treatment plant, eliminating the need for synthetic filtration media. Operating with automated sensors for real-time turbidity and flow monitoring, the system achieved an average flux of 353 L/m².h. High-quality reclaimed water (turbidity < 5 NTU) was consistently produced within 3 minutes, with levels dropping below 1 NTU for over 84% of the operational cycle. Because the conductivity of the permeate is very high (above 4,301 µS/cm), it cannot be reused for agricultural purposes. This approach provides a microfiltration-level effluent quality while maintaining a flux 20–30 times higher than traditional polymeric membranes. The treated water is virtually suspended-solids-free, making it suitable for industrial reuse. By drastically reducing energy consumption and operational complexity, the GD-DM system offers a scalable and environmentally sustainable solution for managing industrial wastewater and protecting receiving environments from pollutants like microplastics.

Keywords

• Industrial wastewater
• Gravity-driven
• Activated sludge
• Turbidity
• Dynamic membrane
• Reuse

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