Kömür Yığınlarında Kendiliğinden Yanma Sürecinin Çok Ölçekli Matematiksel ve Sayısal Modellemesine İlişkin Bir Derleme

Abstract

Düşük sıcaklıklarda gerçekleşen kömür oksidasyonu, kömürün kendi kendine ısınmasına ve nihayetinde kendiliğinden yanmasına (spontaneous combustion, sponcom) yol açan temel ekzotermik süreçtir. Bu olgu; kömürün üretimi, depolanması ve taşınması sırasında önemli güvenlik riskleri oluşturmakta, çevresel etkiler ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Kendiliğinden yanma; ısı üretimi, oksijen difüzyonu ve konvektif taşınımı, gözenek ölçeğinde reaksiyon kinetiği ve gaz oluşumunu içeren çok ölçekli bir fizikokimyasal süreçtir. Son yıllarda matematiksel modelleme ve Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği (CFD) alanındaki gelişmeler, kömür yığınlarında meydana gelen ısı birikimi, oksijen taşınımı ve gaz üretim mekanizmalarının daha bütüncül ve gerçekçi biçimde analiz edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Bu derlemede, kömürün kendi kendine ısınma ve kendiliğinden yanma eğilimini açıklamak ve öngörmek amacıyla geliştirilen deneysel yöntemler, analitik modeller ve sayısal simülasyon yaklaşımları sistematik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Modellerin temel varsayımları, çözüm stratejileri, güçlü yönleri ve sınırlılıkları karşılaştırmalı biçimde analiz edilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonuçları, kendiliğinden yanma riskinin yalnızca makroskobik sıcaklık artışı ile açıklanamayacağını; atomik ölçekte başlayan oksidasyon reaksiyonlarının gözenek ve parçacık ölçeklerinde gelişerek yığın ölçeğinde kritik ısı birikimi ve termal kaçışa yol açtığını göstermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, saha ölçeğinde erken risk tahmini ve etkin yangın yönetimi için geliştirilecek bütünleşik ve öngörücü dijital kömür yığını modellerine güçlü bir bilimsel temel sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Kendiliğinden yanma
• Düşük sıcaklık oksidasyonu
• Çok ölçekli modelleme
• Reaktif taşınım
• Isı ve kütle transferi
• Termal kaçış

Project Number

1889118

A Review of Multiscale Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of the Spontaneous Combustion Process in Coal Stockpiles

Abstract

Low-temperature coal oxidation is the fundamental exothermic process that leading self-heating and ultimately spontaneous combustion (sponcom). This phenomenon creates significant safety risks during coal production, storage, and transportation, and results in environmental impacts as well as economic losses. Spontaneous combustion is a multiscale physico-chemical process involving heat generation, oxygen diffusion and convective transport, pore-scale reaction kinetics, and gas formation. In recent years, advances in mathematical modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) have made it possible to conduct a more comprehensive and realistic analysis the mechanism of heat accumulation, oxygen transport, and gas formation occurring in coal stockpiles. This review systematically evaluates, experimental methods, analytical models, and numerical simulation approaches developed to explain and predict coal self-heating and spontaneous combustion tendencies. The fundamental assumptions, solution strategies, strengths, and limitations of these models have been analyzed comparatively. The evaluation results indicate that the risk of spontaneous combustion cannot be explained solely by macroscopic temperature increase; instead, oxidation reactions initiated at the atomic scale evolve through pore and particle scales, ultimately leading to critical heat accumulation and thermal runaway at the stockpile scale. The findings provide a strong scientific basis for developing integrated and predictive digital coal stockpiling models for early risk detection and effective fire management at the field scale.

Keywords

• Spontaneous combustion
• Low-temperature oxidation
• Multiscale modeling
• Reactive transport
• Heat and mass transfer
• Thermal runaway

Project Number

1889118

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