LED based Low-Cost Photo-Acoustic Setup by Using Stethoscope

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 369 - 374, 15.10.2023

Ela Durmuş , Ensar Karabulut , İbrahim Akkaya , Yavuz Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1318059

Abstract

In this study, design and characterization of a low-cost photo-acoustic setup is presented. Photo-acoustic effect is a very intriguing photo-thermo-acoustic effect having applications in a wide range from biomedical science to material characterization. The basic components of a photo-acoustic setup are a sound detector with or without an acoustic cell, a modulated light source preferably with enough power, and an absorbing object. One of the challenging problems is to couple the produced photo-acoustic waves into the detector and this problem was solved by using a commercial sound sensor module connected to a stethoscope. As a modulated light source simply a high power flashlight driven with an amplifier and MOSFET circuit was used. Both detection and light modulation were designed and operated to be via sound card input/output (I/O) of a computer and/or cell phone. Light power and frequency response of the system were presented and 523 Hz was determined as a resonance frequency of the system.

Keywords

Photo-acoustic, Low-cost, Stethoscope, Sound detection

References

• Aldama-Reyna CW, Aldama-Guardia JD, Agreda-Delgado JF. 2018. Infrared laser pulse energy detector based on photoacoustic effect. Momento-Revista De Fisica, 56: 87-103.
• Ayoub HS, El-Sherif AF, Maize SM, Elbashar YH. 2021. Design and implementation of photoacoustic based beam dump-average optical power meter for fast and ultrafast lasers. Opt Lasers Eng, 140: 106548.
• Bell AG. 1880. On the production and reproduction of sound by light. American J Sci, 118: 305-324.
• Hernández-Aguilar C, Mezzalama M, Lozano N, Cruz-Orea A, Martínez E, Ivanov R, Domínguez-Pacheco A. 2008. Optical absorption coefficient of laser irradiated wheat seeds determined by photoacoustic spectroscopy. The European Physical J Special Top, 153(1): 519-522.
• Hernandez-Aguilar C, Dominguez-Pacheco A, Valderrama-Bravo C, Cruz-Orea A, Ortiz E M, Ivanov, R, Ordonez-Miranda J. 2021. Photoacoustic characterization of wheat bread mixed with Moringa oleifera. Curr Res Food Sci, 4: 521-531.
• Inan I, Öztürk Y, Özdemir İE. 2019. Optical power measurement by using piezo microphone. In: Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU), Oct. 31 – Nov. 02, 2019, Izmir, Türkiye, pp: 1-4.
• Lucero MY, Chan J. 2021. Photoacoustic imaging of elevated glutathione in models of lung cancer for companion diagnostic applications. Nature Chem, 13(12): 1248-1256.
• Ma Y, Qiao S, Patimisco P, Sampaolo A, Wang Y, Tittel FK, Spagnolo V. 2020. In-plane quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. Appl Physics Lett, 116(6): 061101.
• Malkin S, Canaani O. 1994. The use and characteristics of the photoacoustic method in the study of photosynthesis. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Molec Biol, 45(1): 493-526.
• Mansanares AM, Vargas H. 1991. Photoacoustic characterization of a two-layer system. J Appl Physics, 70: 7046.
• Nikitichev DI, Xia W, Hill E, Mosse CA, Perkins T, Konyn K, Ourselin S, Desjardins AE, Vercauteren T. 2016. Music-of-light stethoscope: a demonstration of the photoacoustic effect. Phys Educ, 51: 045015.
• Perelta SB, Al-Khafaji HH, Williams AW. 1988. Photoacoustic optical power meter using piezoelectric detection. J Physics E: Sci Instrum, 21(2): 195.
• Röntgen WC. 1881. On tones produced by the intermittent irradiation of a gas. Philos Mag Lett 5, 11(68): 308–311.
• Rosencwaig A, Gersho A. 1976. Theory of the photoacoustic effect with solids. J Appl Physics, 47(1): 64-69.
• Rousset G, Lepoutre F, Bertrand L. 1983. Influence of thermoelastic bending on photoacoustic experiments related to measurements of thermal diffusivity of metals. J Appl Physics, 54(5): 2383-2391.
• Sim JY, Ahn CG, Huh C, Chung KH, Jeong EJ, Kim BK. 2017. Synergetic resonance matching of a microphone and a photoacoustic cell. Sensors, 17(4): 804.
• Singhal SK, Singh KP, Joshi SK, Rai AK. 2002. Diagnosis and study of fungal diseases of wheat by photoacoustic spectroscopy. Curr Sci, 82(5): 172-176.
• Somer A, Camilotti F, Costa G F, Bonardi C, Novatski A, Andrade AVC, Kozlowski Jr VA, Cruz GK. 2013. The thermoelastic bending and thermal diffusion processes influence on photoacoustic signal generation using open photoacoustic cell technique. J Appl Physics, 114: 063503.
• Tserevelakis GJ, Vrouvaki I, Siozos P, Melessanaki K, Hatzigiannakis K, Fotakis C, Zacharakis G. 2017. Photoacoustic imaging reveals hidden underdrawings in paintings. Sci Rep, 7(1): 1-11.
• Tyndall J. 1880. Action of an Intermittent Beam of Radiant Heat upon Gaseous Matter. Proc Royal Soc London, 31: 307-317.
• Velasco DS, Baesso ML, Medina AN, Bicanic DD, Koehorst R, van der Hooft JJJ, Bento AC. 2011. Thermal diffusivity of periderm from tomatoes of different maturity stages as determined by the concept of the frequency-domain open photoacoustic cell. J Appl Physics, 109(3): 034703.
• Zhong H, Duan T, Lan H, Zhou M, Gao F. 2018. Review of low-cost photoacoustic sensing and imaging based on laser diode and light-emitting diode. Sensors, 18(7): 2264.