Suggestions for Urban Transformation through Two Applications in Ankara, the Capital of Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 55 - 71, 15.01.2024

Varol Koç

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1244301

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Cities resembling living organisms are dynamic places that constantly change, either positively or negatively. Urban transformation is a multifaceted process with economic, social, and cultural impacts, and it should trigger socio-economic change and transformation in a positive direction. This interaction between the city and urban transformation has also been integrated with relevant laws regulating the transformation. Urban transformation, which is a complex process in itself, draws from various related processes that have been ongoing since the past. The aim of the study is to examine the factors that play a role in the change and transformation of cities, their historical development, and legal regulations by analyzing the subject through two urban transformation examples in Ankara. In this context, Altındağ, which is the first region where gecekondu settlements began in Türkiye and the North Ankara Entrance Urban Transformation Projects, which marked the first urban transformation initiated by a law, were examined.

Keywords

Urban transformation, Urban design, Urban space, Urban transformation legislation, Squatting

Project Number

none

References

• Akın E. 2007. Kentsel gelişme ve kentsel rantlar: Ankara örneği. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 292.
• Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi. 2014. Kuzey Ankara kentsel dönüşüm projesi raporu. Kentsel Dönüşüm Şube Müdürlüğü, ss: 125.
• Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi. (Metropolitan Ankara) 2005-2007-2009-2010-2015. Kuzey Ankara kentsel dönüşüm projesi uygulama raporları. Kentsel Dönüşüm Şube Müdürlüğü, ss: 125.
• AMM Anual Reports. 2018. Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi Faaliyet Raporu. Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Kentsel Dönüşüm Şube Müdürlüğü, ss: 125.
• Aydın AH, Çamur Ö. 2016. Kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarında başarılı dünya örnekleri: Danbara, Solidere, Rio de Janeiro. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniv İktisad İdari Bilim Fak Derg, 6(1): 53-68.
• Bahçe, S., & Köse, A. H. (2016). Financialisation/borrowing circle as a solution to an unpleasant conundrum: Observations from the mature neoliberalism in Turkey. Research and Policy on Turkey, 1(1), 63-74.
• Barredo JI, Demicheli L. 2003. Urban sustainability in developing countries’ megacities: modelling and predicting future urban growth in Lagos. Cities, 20(5): 297-310.
• Batuman B. 2013. City profile: Ankara. Cities, 31: 578-590.
• Bauman Z. 2002. Modernità liquida. Robinson / Letture, Bari-Roma, Italy, pp: 310.
• Bayat A. 2012. Politics in the city‐inside‐out. City Soc, 24(2): 110-128.
• Beatley T, Wheeler SM. 2004. The sustainable urban development reader. Routledge, London UK, pp: 540.
• Bektaş Y, Yücel C. 2013. Ankara-Altındağ tepesi gecekondu bölgesi’nde mekânsal ayrışmanın gözlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Megaron, 8(2): 115-129.
• Bektaş Y, Türkün A. 2017. mixed income housing strategy in urban transformation and Türkiye-specific dynamics: Ankara Altındağ-Gültepe case. Megaron, 11(2): 263-279.
• Bostanoğlu Ö. 2008. Ankara-İstanbul başkentlik çekişmesi: Cumhuriyet Ankara'sından Gökçek Ankara'sına. Mülkiye Derg, 32(261): 89-117.
• Burçin Ü. 2020. Kentsel ekoloji üzerinden estetik tasarılar ve kuzey ankara örneklemi. Sanat Tasarım Derg, 25: 323-339.
• Caro RA. 1975. The power broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York. Vintage Books, New York, USA, pp: 1344,
• Cengiz E. 2022. Meclis tutanaklarında imar affı tartışmaları. J Inter Sci Res, 7: 66-81.
• Cesareo V, Vaccarini I. 2006. La libertà sorumlu. Soggettività e mutamento sosyale Milano. Vita e Pensiero, Milano, Italy, pp: 360.
• Cohen B. 2004. Urban growth in developing countries: a review of current trends and a caution regarding existing forecasts. World Develop, 32(1): 23-51.
• Çalışkan, O. (2010). Urban Gateway: Just a Symbol, or More?(Reappraising an Old Idea in the Case of Ankara). Journal of Urban Design, 15(1), 91-122.
• Ertaş M. 2011. Kentsel dönüşüm çalışmalarında sosyal boyutun incelenmesi Ankara ve Londra örnekleri. Selcuk Univ J Engin Sci, 10(1): 1-18.
• Fainstein SS. 2014. The just city. Inter J Urban Sci, 18(1): 1-18.
• Fawcett P. 2016. The routledge handbook of planning for health and well-being: shaping a sustainable and healthy future. Town Planning Rev, 87(6): 736-739.
• Florida R. 2002. The rise of the creative class. Basic Books, New York, USA, pp: 512.
• Gehl J. 2010. Cities for people. Island Press, Washington, USA, pp: 285.
• Genç FN. 2008. Türkiye’de kentsel dönüşüm: Mevzuat ve uygulamaların genel görünümü. Yönetim Ekon Derg, 15(1): 115-130.
• Genç FN. 2014. Gecekonduyla mücadeleden kentsel dönüşüme Türkiye’de kentleşme politikaları. Adnan Menderes Üniv Sosyal Bilim Enstit Derg, 1(1): 15-30.
• Glaeser EL. 2011. Triumph of the City: How our greatest invention makes us richer smarter greener healthier and happier. Penguin Books, London, UK, pp: 368.
• Gopakumar G. 2015. Intrusiveness of urban renewal in India: JNNURM as a development fix Canadian. J Develop Stud, 36(1): 89-106.
• Gün A, Pak B, Demir Y. 2021. Responding to the urban transformation challenges in Türkiye: a participatory design model for Istanbul. Inter J Urban Sustain Develop, 13(1): 32-55.
• Habertürk. 2017. Mehmet Özhaseki: Yeni yasanın eli kulağında 7.5 milyon bina yenilenecek [The minister of environment and urbanization: 75 million housing unit will be rebuilt]. URL: https://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/1600758-mehmet-ozhaseki-den-haberturk-tv-ye-aciklamalar# (accessed date: August 20, 2022).
• Hannerz U. 2001. Esplore la città. Antropologia della vita urbana Bologna. Il Mulino, Bologna, Italy, pp: 554.
• Hoch C, Dalton LC, So FS. 2000. The practice of local government planning. Intl City County Management Assn, Washington, USA, pp: 496.
• Hurriyet. 2018. Yılda 500 bin konut yeniden üretilecek. 500000 housing unit will be reconstructed a year. URL: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/yilda-500-bin-konut-yeniden-uretilecek-40840334 (accessed date: August 20, 2022).
• İnce E K. 2006. Kentsel dönüşümde yeni politika yasa ve eğilimlerin değerlendirilmesi “Kuzey Ankara girişi protokol yolu. Kentsel dönüşüm projesi”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye, ss: 213.
• Jacobs J. 2011. The death and life of great American cities. Modern Library, New York, USA, pp: 640.
• Jain M. 2018. The effect of distance on urban transformation in the Capital Region India. Inter Planning Stud, 23(1): 37-50.
• Jessop B. 2016. The heartlands of neoliberalism and the rise of the Austerity state. In Springer S, Birch K, ‎MacLeavy J editors. The handbook of neoliberalism. Routledge, London, UK, pp: 410–421.
• Khan D, Karak A. 2018. Urban development by dispossession: planetary urbanization and primitive accumulation. Studies Polit Econ, 99(3): 307-330.
• Klink J, Denaldi R. 2014. On financialization and state spatial fixes in Brazil. A geographical and historical interpretation of the housing program My House My Life. Habitat Inter, 44: 220-226.
• Koolhaas R. 1997. Delirious New York: A retroactive manifesto for Manhattan. The Monacelli Press, New York, USA, pp: 320.
• Kombe WJ. 2005. Land use dynamics in peri-urban areas and their implications on the urban growth and form: the case of Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Habitat Inter, 29(1): 113-135.
• Lai KP, Daniels JA. 2015. Banking on finance in Singapore: The state-led financialization of banking firms. GPN Working Paper Series, Global Production Networks Centre Singapore, URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9781119051374.ch9 (accessed date: August 20, 2022).
• Le Corbusier. 1923. Towards a new architecture. Dover Publications, London, UK, pp: 413.
• LeGates RT, Stout F. 2011. The city reader. Routledge, London, UK, pp: 110-114.
• Leigh NG, Blakely EJ. 2016. Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. New York, USA, pp: 446.
• Lerner J. 2014. Urban acupuncture. Island Press, Washington, USA, pp: 160.
• Leon JK. 2021. The global governance of housing: 1945–2016. Planning Perspectiv, 36(3): 475-494.
• Mazzette A. 2006. L'urbanità delle donne. Creare faticare altro. FrancoAngeli, Milano, Italy, pp: 280.
• Mitchell T. 1999. Dreamland: The neoliberalism of your desires. Middle East Report, 29(1; ISSU 210): 28-33.
• Monceri F. 2004. Il pensiero uyumsuz. Sulla creatività del filosofo. Elitler, 4: 38-49.
• Moughtin C. 2007. Urban design: street and square. Routledge, London, UK, pp: 314.
• Nancy JL. 2002. La città lontana. Ombre Corte, Verona, Italy, pp: 75.
• NCRPB. 2013. National Capital Region Planning Board. Draft Revised Regional Plan 2021: National Capital Territory. URL: https://ncrpb.nic.in/policies_strategies.html (accessed date: August 20, 2022).
• Official Gazette. 2012. The law regarding transformation of areas under disaster risks. URL: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/05/20120531-1.htm (accessed date: August 20, 2022).
• Olujimi J. 2009. Evolving a planning strategy for managing urban sprawl in Nigeria. J Human Ecol, 25(3): 201- 208.
• Oosterbaan C, Arku G, Asiedu AB. 2012. Conversion of Residential Units to Commercial Spaces in Accra Ghana: A Policy Dilemma. Inter Plan Stud, 17(1): 45-66.
• Özel N, Kılıçaslan H. 2021. Creative drama in the context of urbanization and urban planning from past to present. 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, July 09-11, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 44-56.
• Pereira A. L. D. S. 2017. Financialization of housing in Brazil: New frontiers. Inter J Urban Regional Res, 41(4): 604-622.
• Peñalosa E. 2012. Walkable city: how downtown can save America one step at a time. Farrar Straus and Giroux, New York, USA, pp: 320.
• Poyraz E. 2021. Kentsel dönüşümün yarattığı ekonomik sonuçlar: Kuzey Ankara girişi kentsel dönüşüm projesi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye, ss: 162.
• Ratcliffe J, Stubbs M, Keeping M. 2021. Urban planning and real estate development. Routledge, London, UK p: 543.
• Roberts P, Sykes H. 1999. Urban regeneration: a handbook. Sage, New York, USA, pp: 257.
• Romer PM. 1990. Endogenous technological change. J Politic Econ, 98(5): 71-102
• Salomone M, Messina M. 2011. Complex ecological creative: The modern city and social change. World Futures, 67(2): 79-92.
• Sclar ED, Volavka-Close N, Brown P. 2013. The urban transformation: health shelter and climate change. Routledge, Abingdon, UK, pp: 238.
• Sennett R. 2007. The culture of the new capitalism. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA, pp: 241.
• Setchell CA. 1995. The growing environmental crisis in the world's mega cities: the case of Bangkok. Third World Plan Rev, 17(1): 1- 18.
• Soederberg S. 2015. Subprime housing goes south: Constructing securitized mortgages for the poor in Mexico. Antipode, 47(2): 481-499.
• Sonmez H. 2020. Türkiye'de kentsel dönüşümün tarihçesi ve Ankara’daki bazı kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları. Tezsiz Yüksek Lisans Projesi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Lisans Üstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Taşınmaz Geliştirme Uzaktan Eğitim Programı, Samsun, Türkiye, ss: 38.
• Sür A. 2014. 1960'tan 2014'e kentsel dönüşüm serüveni. URL: https://www.ekoyapidergisi.org. (erişim Tarihi: 27 Mayıs 2020).
• Şenyapılı T. 2004. Barakadan gecekonduya Ankara’da kentsel mekânın dönüşümü. İletişim Yayıncılık, İstanbul, Türkiye, ss: 372.
• Şenyapılı T. 2014. Denetimsiz ve adaletsiz rant paylaşımının biçimlendirdiği kentsel dokuya örnek: Ankara-Yıldız. İdealkent, 5(11): 326-347.
• Şisman A, Kibaroğlu D. 2009. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları. TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası, 12. Türkiye Harita Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, 11­15 Mayıs, Ankara, Türkiye, ss: 1-9.
• Tarigan AK, Samsura DAA, Sagala S, Wimbardana R. 2017. Balikpapan: Urban planning and development in anticipation of the post-oil industry era. Cities, 60: 246-259.
• Taylor N. 1998. Urban planning theory since 1945. Sage, New York, USA, pp: 253.
• TBMM. 2004. North Ankara entrance urban transformation project law. URL: https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc090/kanuntbmmc090/kanuntbmmc09005481.pdf. Accessed date: August 20, 2022).
• Topal A, Yalman GL, Çelik Ö. 2019. Changing modalities of urban redevelopment and housing finance in Türkiye: Three mass housing projects in Ankara. J Urban Affairs, 41(5): 630-653.
• Ülger NE. 2011. Türkiye'de arazi düzenlemeleri ve kentsel dönüşüm. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, ss: 360.
• United Nations. 2007. World urbanization prospects: 2007 revision data tables and highlights. United Nations, New York, USA, pp: 32.
• Wang Y. 2015. The rise of the ‘shareholding state’: financialization of economic management in China. Socio-Econ Rev, 13(3): 603-625.
• Yenice MS. 2014. Türkiye'nin kentsel dönüşüm deneyiminin tarihsel analizi. BAU Bilim Bil Öğr, 16(1): 76-88.
• Yeşilbağ M. 2020. The state-orchestrated financialization of housing in Türkiye housing policy. Debate, 30(4): 533-558.
• Zhang KH. 2002. What explains China's rising urbanisation in the reform era? Urban Stud, 39(12): 2301-2315.