Controller Design and Simulation for Direct Current Microgrids

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 927 - 936, 15.07.2025

Ahmet Alperen Özbek , Tuncay Altun , Kenan Altun

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1650066

Abstract

This study presents a control method to eliminate load-sharing imbalances, improve voltage regulation, and enhance system stability in direct current (DC) microgrids. The integration of renewable energy sources and the widespread adoption of distributed generation have made DC microgrids a crucial component of modern energy infrastructure. However, traditional methods based on fixed droop coefficients cannot dynamically adapt to varying operating conditions, leading to load-sharing inaccuracies and voltage deviations. To address these challenges, the developed model is equipped with an adaptive droop control algorithm designed to improve voltage regulation, enhance load-sharing accuracy, and ensure system reliability. The proposed control method employs a hierarchical structure consisting of primary and secondary control levels. The primary control level ensures local stability using inner-loop and conventional droop control strategies, while the secondary control level corrects voltage deviations and enhances load-sharing precision. The adaptive droop algorithm dynamically updates droop coefficients in real time based on system load conditions, providing more precise voltage regulation and balanced power distribution. Compared to conventional methods, this approach offers faster and more flexible responses, adapting to varying operating conditions and improving overall microgrid stability. The developed control method was tested on a DC microgrid version of the 14-bus alternating current (AC) system standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and its performance was verified through detailed simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control algorithm reduces voltage fluctuations, improves load-sharing accuracy, and adapts quickly to changing system conditions. The findings reveal that the adaptive droop control approach provides a reliable and efficient solution for enhancing voltage stability and energy efficiency in DC microgrids.

Keywords

Adaptive droop control, DC microgrids, Voltage regulation, Proportional load sharing, Hierarchical control

Doğru Akım Mikro Şebekeleri İçin Kontrolör Tasarımı ve Simülasyonu

Abstract

Bu çalışma, doğru akım (DA) mikro şebekelerde yük paylaşım dengesizliklerini gidermek, voltaj regülasyonunu iyileştirmek ve sistem kararlılığını artırmak amacıyla bir kontrol yöntemi önerilmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının entegrasyonu ve dağıtık üretim sistemlerinin yaygınlaşması DA mikro şebekeleri modern enerji altyapısında önemli bir konuma taşımıştır. Ancak, sabit eğim (droop) katsayılarına dayalı geleneksel yöntemler, değişen işletme koşullarına uyum sağlayamadığı için yük paylaşımında dengesizlikler ve voltaj sapmaları meydana gelmektedir. Bu kapsamda, geliştirilen model, adaptif droop kontrol algoritması ile donatılmış olup, voltaj regülasyonu, yük paylaşım doğruluğu ve sistem güvenilirliğini artırmak üzere tasarlanmıştır. Önerilen kontrol yöntemi, birincil ve ikincil kontrol seviyelerinden oluşan hiyerarşik bir yapı kullanmaktadır. Birincil kontrol, iç döngü ve geleneksel droop kontrol stratejileri ile yerel kararlılığı sağlarken, ikincil kontrol voltaj sapmalarını düzelterek yük paylaşım hassasiyetini artırmaktadır. Adaptif droop algoritması, sistem yük koşullarına bağlı olarak droop katsayılarını gerçek zamanlı güncelleyerek voltaj regülasyonunda daha hassas ve dengeli bir güç paylaşımı sunmaktadır. Geleneksel yöntemlere kıyasla daha hızlı ve esnek bir tepki verebilen bu yaklaşım, değişen işletme koşullarına uyum sağlayarak mikro şebekenin genel kararlılığını iyileştirmektedir. Geliştirilen kontrol yöntemi, IEEE tarafından standartları belirlenen 14-baralı alternatif akım (AA) sisteminin DA mikro şebekeye dönüştürülmüş modeli üzerinde test edilmiş ve performansı detaylı simülasyonlarla doğrulanmıştır. Simülasyon sonuçları, önerilen kontrol algoritmasının voltaj dalgalanmalarını azalttığını, yük paylaşım doğruluğunu artırdığını ve değişen sistem koşullarına hızlı uyum sağladığını göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, adaptif droop kontrol yönteminin DA mikro şebekelerde güvenilirlik ve enerji verimliliğini artıran yenilikçi bir çözüm sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Adaptif droop kontrolü, DA mikro şebekeler, Voltaj regülasyonu, Orantısal yük paylaşımı, Hiyerarşik kontrol

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