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Online Contraception Counseling for Primiparous Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 148 - 158
https://doi.org/10.61535/bseusbfd.1400292

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of contraception counseling on contraceptive method use in the postpartum period in primiparous women. Data were collected using a questionnaire form prepared by the researchers. The randomized controlled trial was conducted with 70 primiparous women. The intervention group received individualized online contraceptive counseling at 2, 4, and 6 months postpartum. The control group did not receive any intervention. After the sixth month is completed, contraceptive method use was evaluated in both intervention and control groups. While there was no unintended pregnancy in the intervention group, unintended pregnancies occurred in the control group (p<0.05). After counseling, the rate of modern method use in the intervention group was statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). In regions where access to counseling services is limited due to economic, geographical, or cultural constraints, online counseling has the potential to increase contraceptive use, prevent unintended and closely spaced pregnancies, and support continued breastfeeding.

References

  • Abrejo, F.G., Iqbal, R. & Saleem, S. (2022). Women's Perceptions About Mobile Health Solutions for Selection and Use of Family Planning Methods in Karachi: a Feasibility Study. Bmc Women's Health, 22, 490. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02086-1
  • Almohanna, A. A., Win, K. T., & Meedya, S. (2020). Effectiveness of Internet-Based Electronic Technology Interventions on Breastfeeding Outcomes: Systematic Review. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(5), e17361. https://doi.org/10.2196/17361
  • Athey, S., Bergstrom, K., Hadad, V., Jamison, J. C., Özler, B., Parisotto, L., & Sama, J. D. (2023). Can Personalized Digital Counseling Improve Consumer Search for Modern Contraceptive Methods?. Science Advances, 9(40), Eadg4420. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg4420
  • Aung, B., Mitchell, J. W., & Braun, K. L. (2020). Effectiveness of mHealth Interventions for Improving Contraceptive Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Global health, science and practice, 8(4), 813–826. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00069
  • Aziz, M.M., El-Gazzar, A, F. (2023). Provider Bias and Family Planning in Upper Egypt: a Simulated Client Approach. J. Egypt. Public. Health. Assoc. 98, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-023-00144-6
  • Bawah, A. A., Asuming, P., Achana, S.f. et al. (2019). Contraceptive Use Intentions and Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Reproductive-aged Women in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Reprod Health, 16, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0693-x
  • Chuang, C. H., Velott, D. L., Weisman, C. S., et al. (2015). Reducing Unintended Pregnancies Through Web-based Reproductive Life Planning and Contraceptive Action Planning Among Privately Insured Women: Study Protocol for the Mynewoptions Randomized, Controlled Trial. Women's Health Issues: Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health, 25(6), 641–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.06.010
  • Duran, H. Dağ Tüzmen H, & Döner Ş,İ. (2023). “Family Planning Attitude In Turkish Culture: Relationship Between Experiencing Unintended Pregnancy, Receiving Counseling, And Accessing Methods”, IJHSRP, 8(1), 17–27, https://doi.org/10.33457/ijhsrp.1260825
  • Elkan Kiyat, Z., & Kahyaoğlu Süt, H. (2023). Covıd-19 Pandemisinde Üreme Sağlığı ve Modern Aile Planlaması Yöntem Danışmanlığı. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 497-504. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1068848
  • Eslami, M., & D'arcangues, C. (2016). Aiming for Quality in Iran's National Family Planning Program- Two Decades of Sustained Efforts. Contraception, 93(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2015.11.013
  • Farrokh-eslamlou, H., Aghlmand, S., Eslami, M., & Homer, C. S. (2014). Impact of the World Health Organization's Decision-making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers on the Quality of Family Planning Services in Iran. The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 40(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2012-100290
  • George, T. P., DeCristofaro, C., Dumas, B. P., & Murphy, P. F. (2015). Shared Decision Aids: Increasing Patient Acceptance of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 3(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3020205
  • Goldberg, D.G., Sahgal, B., Beeson, T., Wood, S.f., Mead, H., Abdul-Wakil, A., Stevens, H., Rui, P., & Rosenbaum, S.J. (2017). Patient Perspectives on Quality Family Planning Services in Underserved Areas. Patient Experience Journal, 4, 54-65. https://doi.org/10.35680/2372-0247.1194
  • Goueth, R. C., Maki, K. G., Babatunde, A., Eden, K. B., & Darney, B. G. (2022). Effects of Technology-based Contraceptive Decision Aids: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 227(5), 705–713.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.050
  • Gür, F., & Sohbet, R. (2017). Gazi̇antep İli̇nde El Beceri̇ Kurslarına Gelen Kadınların Ai̇le Planlamasina Yöneli̇k, Bi̇lgi̇ Tutum ve Davranışları. Medical Sciences, 12(1), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2017.12.1.1B0043
  • Güvercin, C. H., & Özan, S. (2019). Weak Ring of Family Planning Trainings: Patient Rights. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 3(2), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.2019.530
  • Türkiye 2018 Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2019). 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara. https://www.sck.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TNSA2018_ana_Rapor.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Jain, M., Caplan, Y., Ramesh, B. M., Isac, S., Anand, P., Engl, E., Halli, S., Kemp, H., Blanchard, J., Gothalwal, V., Namasivayam, V., Kumar, P., & Sgaier, S. K. (2021). Understanding Drivers of Family Planning in Rural Northern India: an Integrated Mixed-methods Approach. Plos One, 16(1), E0243854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243854
  • Karaahmet, A. Y., & Bilgiç, F. Ş. (2022). Breastfeeding Success in the First 6 Months of Online Breastfeeding Counseling After Cesarean Delivery and Its Effect on Anthropometric Measurements of the Baby: a Randomized Controlled Study. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 68(10), 1434–1440. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20220540
  • Kırıcı P., Kaplan S., Karaçor T., & Nacar M. (2020). Aile Planlaması Danışmanlık Hizmetinin Kadınların Kontraseptif Yöntem Tercihine Etkisi: Bir Tersiyer Merkez Deneyimi. Jinekoloji Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 425-430. https://doi.org/10.38136/jgon.698866
  • Lau, Y., Htun, T. P., Tam, W. S., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2016). Efficacy of E-technologies in Improving Breastfeeding Outcomes Among Perinatal Women: a Meta-analysis. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 12(3), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12202
  • Leight, J., Hensly, C., Chissano, M., Safran, E., Ali, L., Dustan, D., & Jamison, J. (2022). The Effects of Text Reminders on the Use of Family Planning Services: Evidence From a Randomised Controlled Trial in Urban Mozambique. Bmj Global Health, 7(4), E007862. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007862
  • Mccarthy, O., Ahamed, I., Kulaeva, F. et al. (2018) A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intervention Delivered by Mobile Phone App Instant Messaging to Increase the Acceptability of Effective Contraception Among Young People in Tajikistan. Reprod Health, 15, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0473-z
  • Nazik, F., Mumcu, Ş., Sönmez, M., Yılmaz, A. N., (2021). 15-49 Yaş Evli Kadınların Aile Planlamasına İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 326-336. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.881578
  • Okunlola, D. A., Alawode, O. A., Awoleye, A. F., & Ilesanmi, B. B. (2023). Internet Use, Exposure to Digital Family Planning Messages, and Sexual Agency Among Partnered Women in Northern Nigeria: Implications for Digital Family Planning Intervention. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 31(4), 2261681. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2023.2261681
  • Omo-Aghoja, L. O., Omo-Aghoja, V. W., Aghoja, C. O., Okonofua, F. E., Aghedo, O., Umueri, C., Otayohwo, R., Feyi-waboso, P., Onowhakpor, E. A., & Inikori, K. A. (2009). Factors Associated With the Knowledge, Practice and Perceptions of Contraception in Rural Southern Nigeria. Ghana Medical Journal, 43(3), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v43i3.55326
  • Peterson, S. F., & Fok, W. K. (2019). Mobile Technology for Family Planning. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 31(6), 459–463. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000578
  • Smith, C., Gold, J., Ngo, T. D., Sumpter, C., & Free, C. (2015). Mobile Phone-based Interventions for Improving Contraception Use. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), Cd011159. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011159.pub2
  • Sokmen, Y., Kaya Odabaş, R., & Karaçam, Z. (2022). The Use of Family Planning Methods and the Methods Used in Turkey: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2022.27037
  • The Lancet (2017). Family Planning: Accelerating the Way Ahead. Lancet (London, England), 390(10112), 2527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33247-6
  • Ugaz, J. K. Correa, & E. DeGraw. (2021). Digital Health Tools to Enhance the Uptake and Use of Contraceptives and Family Planning Services: A Landscape Assessment. Washington, DC: Palladium, Health Policy Plus. 20.05.2023 tarihinde Digital Health Tools to Enhance the Uptake and Use of Contraceptives and Family Planning Services (usaid.gov) adresinden erişildi.
  • Van Der Wijden, C., & Manion, C. (2015). Lactational Amenorrhoea Method for Family Planning. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cd001329. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001329.pub2
  • WHO. (2005). Report of WHO Technical Consultation on Birth Spacing. Geneva, Switzerland. layout birth spacing final 1-07bleeds.indd (who.int) adresinden erişildi.
  • WHO. (2010). Telemedicine: Opportunities and Developments in Member States: Report on the Second Global Survey on Ehealth. World Health Organization. 9789241564144_eng.pdf (who.int) adresinden erişildi.
  • WHO. (2015). Family Planning/Contraception. World Health Organization. 9789241565400-eng.pdf (who.int) adresinden erişildi.
  • Yıldız H. (2019). Sağlıklı Geleceğe Yatırım: İnsan Haklarına Dayalı Kaliteli Aile Planlaması Hizmetleri. Arslan Özkan H, Editör. Kadın Sağlığının Korunması ve Geliştirilmesinde Hemşirenin Rolü. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 54-62.

Primipar Kadınlara Verilen Çevrimiçi Kontrasepsiyon Danışmanlığı: Randomize Kontrollü Bir Çalışma

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 148 - 158
https://doi.org/10.61535/bseusbfd.1400292

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, primipar kadınlarda doğum sonu dönemde çevrimiçi kontrasepsiyon danışmanlığının kontraseptif yöntem kullanımı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Veriler araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan bir anket formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Randomize kontrollü tasarımlı bu çalışma 70 primipar kadın ile yürütülmüştür. Girişim grubuna, doğum sonu 2., 4. ve 6. aylarda bireyselleştirilmiş
çevrimiçi kontrasepsiyon danışmanlığı verilmiştir. Kontrol grubuna herhangi bir girişimde bulunulmamıştır. Altıncı ay tamamlandıktan sonra hem girişim hem de kontrol gruplarındaki katıımcıların kontraseptif yöntem kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir. Girişim grubunda istenmeyen gebelik yaşanmazken, kontrol grubunda istenmeyen gebelikler meydana gelmiştir (p<0.05). Danışmanlık sonrası girişim
grubunda modern yöntem kullanım oranı, kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde yüksek olarak saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Ekonomik, coğrafi veya kültürel kısıtlılıklar nedeniyle danışmanlık hizmetlerine erişimin sınırlı olduğu bölgelerde, çevrimiçi danışmanlık kontraseptif yöntem kullanımını artırma, istenmeyen ve yakın aralıklı gebelikleri önleme ve emzirmeye devam etmeyi destekleme potansiyeline sahiptir.

References

  • Abrejo, F.G., Iqbal, R. & Saleem, S. (2022). Women's Perceptions About Mobile Health Solutions for Selection and Use of Family Planning Methods in Karachi: a Feasibility Study. Bmc Women's Health, 22, 490. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-02086-1
  • Almohanna, A. A., Win, K. T., & Meedya, S. (2020). Effectiveness of Internet-Based Electronic Technology Interventions on Breastfeeding Outcomes: Systematic Review. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(5), e17361. https://doi.org/10.2196/17361
  • Athey, S., Bergstrom, K., Hadad, V., Jamison, J. C., Özler, B., Parisotto, L., & Sama, J. D. (2023). Can Personalized Digital Counseling Improve Consumer Search for Modern Contraceptive Methods?. Science Advances, 9(40), Eadg4420. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg4420
  • Aung, B., Mitchell, J. W., & Braun, K. L. (2020). Effectiveness of mHealth Interventions for Improving Contraceptive Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Global health, science and practice, 8(4), 813–826. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00069
  • Aziz, M.M., El-Gazzar, A, F. (2023). Provider Bias and Family Planning in Upper Egypt: a Simulated Client Approach. J. Egypt. Public. Health. Assoc. 98, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-023-00144-6
  • Bawah, A. A., Asuming, P., Achana, S.f. et al. (2019). Contraceptive Use Intentions and Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Reproductive-aged Women in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Reprod Health, 16, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0693-x
  • Chuang, C. H., Velott, D. L., Weisman, C. S., et al. (2015). Reducing Unintended Pregnancies Through Web-based Reproductive Life Planning and Contraceptive Action Planning Among Privately Insured Women: Study Protocol for the Mynewoptions Randomized, Controlled Trial. Women's Health Issues: Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health, 25(6), 641–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.06.010
  • Duran, H. Dağ Tüzmen H, & Döner Ş,İ. (2023). “Family Planning Attitude In Turkish Culture: Relationship Between Experiencing Unintended Pregnancy, Receiving Counseling, And Accessing Methods”, IJHSRP, 8(1), 17–27, https://doi.org/10.33457/ijhsrp.1260825
  • Elkan Kiyat, Z., & Kahyaoğlu Süt, H. (2023). Covıd-19 Pandemisinde Üreme Sağlığı ve Modern Aile Planlaması Yöntem Danışmanlığı. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 497-504. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.1068848
  • Eslami, M., & D'arcangues, C. (2016). Aiming for Quality in Iran's National Family Planning Program- Two Decades of Sustained Efforts. Contraception, 93(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2015.11.013
  • Farrokh-eslamlou, H., Aghlmand, S., Eslami, M., & Homer, C. S. (2014). Impact of the World Health Organization's Decision-making Tool for Family Planning Clients and Providers on the Quality of Family Planning Services in Iran. The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 40(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2012-100290
  • George, T. P., DeCristofaro, C., Dumas, B. P., & Murphy, P. F. (2015). Shared Decision Aids: Increasing Patient Acceptance of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 3(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3020205
  • Goldberg, D.G., Sahgal, B., Beeson, T., Wood, S.f., Mead, H., Abdul-Wakil, A., Stevens, H., Rui, P., & Rosenbaum, S.J. (2017). Patient Perspectives on Quality Family Planning Services in Underserved Areas. Patient Experience Journal, 4, 54-65. https://doi.org/10.35680/2372-0247.1194
  • Goueth, R. C., Maki, K. G., Babatunde, A., Eden, K. B., & Darney, B. G. (2022). Effects of Technology-based Contraceptive Decision Aids: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 227(5), 705–713.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.050
  • Gür, F., & Sohbet, R. (2017). Gazi̇antep İli̇nde El Beceri̇ Kurslarına Gelen Kadınların Ai̇le Planlamasina Yöneli̇k, Bi̇lgi̇ Tutum ve Davranışları. Medical Sciences, 12(1), 10-21. https://doi.org/10.12739/NWSA.2017.12.1.1B0043
  • Güvercin, C. H., & Özan, S. (2019). Weak Ring of Family Planning Trainings: Patient Rights. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 3(2), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.2019.530
  • Türkiye 2018 Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. (2019). 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK, Ankara. https://www.sck.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TNSA2018_ana_Rapor.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Jain, M., Caplan, Y., Ramesh, B. M., Isac, S., Anand, P., Engl, E., Halli, S., Kemp, H., Blanchard, J., Gothalwal, V., Namasivayam, V., Kumar, P., & Sgaier, S. K. (2021). Understanding Drivers of Family Planning in Rural Northern India: an Integrated Mixed-methods Approach. Plos One, 16(1), E0243854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243854
  • Karaahmet, A. Y., & Bilgiç, F. Ş. (2022). Breastfeeding Success in the First 6 Months of Online Breastfeeding Counseling After Cesarean Delivery and Its Effect on Anthropometric Measurements of the Baby: a Randomized Controlled Study. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 68(10), 1434–1440. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.20220540
  • Kırıcı P., Kaplan S., Karaçor T., & Nacar M. (2020). Aile Planlaması Danışmanlık Hizmetinin Kadınların Kontraseptif Yöntem Tercihine Etkisi: Bir Tersiyer Merkez Deneyimi. Jinekoloji Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 425-430. https://doi.org/10.38136/jgon.698866
  • Lau, Y., Htun, T. P., Tam, W. S., & Klainin-Yobas, P. (2016). Efficacy of E-technologies in Improving Breastfeeding Outcomes Among Perinatal Women: a Meta-analysis. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 12(3), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12202
  • Leight, J., Hensly, C., Chissano, M., Safran, E., Ali, L., Dustan, D., & Jamison, J. (2022). The Effects of Text Reminders on the Use of Family Planning Services: Evidence From a Randomised Controlled Trial in Urban Mozambique. Bmj Global Health, 7(4), E007862. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007862
  • Mccarthy, O., Ahamed, I., Kulaeva, F. et al. (2018) A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Intervention Delivered by Mobile Phone App Instant Messaging to Increase the Acceptability of Effective Contraception Among Young People in Tajikistan. Reprod Health, 15, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0473-z
  • Nazik, F., Mumcu, Ş., Sönmez, M., Yılmaz, A. N., (2021). 15-49 Yaş Evli Kadınların Aile Planlamasına İlişkin Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 326-336. https://doi.org/10.38108/ouhcd.881578
  • Okunlola, D. A., Alawode, O. A., Awoleye, A. F., & Ilesanmi, B. B. (2023). Internet Use, Exposure to Digital Family Planning Messages, and Sexual Agency Among Partnered Women in Northern Nigeria: Implications for Digital Family Planning Intervention. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 31(4), 2261681. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2023.2261681
  • Omo-Aghoja, L. O., Omo-Aghoja, V. W., Aghoja, C. O., Okonofua, F. E., Aghedo, O., Umueri, C., Otayohwo, R., Feyi-waboso, P., Onowhakpor, E. A., & Inikori, K. A. (2009). Factors Associated With the Knowledge, Practice and Perceptions of Contraception in Rural Southern Nigeria. Ghana Medical Journal, 43(3), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v43i3.55326
  • Peterson, S. F., & Fok, W. K. (2019). Mobile Technology for Family Planning. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 31(6), 459–463. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000578
  • Smith, C., Gold, J., Ngo, T. D., Sumpter, C., & Free, C. (2015). Mobile Phone-based Interventions for Improving Contraception Use. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), Cd011159. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011159.pub2
  • Sokmen, Y., Kaya Odabaş, R., & Karaçam, Z. (2022). The Use of Family Planning Methods and the Methods Used in Turkey: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2022.27037
  • The Lancet (2017). Family Planning: Accelerating the Way Ahead. Lancet (London, England), 390(10112), 2527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33247-6
  • Ugaz, J. K. Correa, & E. DeGraw. (2021). Digital Health Tools to Enhance the Uptake and Use of Contraceptives and Family Planning Services: A Landscape Assessment. Washington, DC: Palladium, Health Policy Plus. 20.05.2023 tarihinde Digital Health Tools to Enhance the Uptake and Use of Contraceptives and Family Planning Services (usaid.gov) adresinden erişildi.
  • Van Der Wijden, C., & Manion, C. (2015). Lactational Amenorrhoea Method for Family Planning. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cd001329. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001329.pub2
  • WHO. (2005). Report of WHO Technical Consultation on Birth Spacing. Geneva, Switzerland. layout birth spacing final 1-07bleeds.indd (who.int) adresinden erişildi.
  • WHO. (2010). Telemedicine: Opportunities and Developments in Member States: Report on the Second Global Survey on Ehealth. World Health Organization. 9789241564144_eng.pdf (who.int) adresinden erişildi.
  • WHO. (2015). Family Planning/Contraception. World Health Organization. 9789241565400-eng.pdf (who.int) adresinden erişildi.
  • Yıldız H. (2019). Sağlıklı Geleceğe Yatırım: İnsan Haklarına Dayalı Kaliteli Aile Planlaması Hizmetleri. Arslan Özkan H, Editör. Kadın Sağlığının Korunması ve Geliştirilmesinde Hemşirenin Rolü. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 54-62.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Midwifery (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Duygu Tatar 0000-0002-4437-3437

Meltem Demirgöz Bal 0000-0003-4009-7137

Publication Date
Submission Date December 4, 2023
Acceptance Date February 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tatar, D., & Demirgöz Bal, M. (n.d.). Online Contraception Counseling for Primiparous Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(3), 148-158. https://doi.org/10.61535/bseusbfd.1400292

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Health management, nursing, social work, midwifery, child development, occupational therapy, orthotics and prosthesis,
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