Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 454 - 462, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377

Abstract

References

  • Aksoy YE, Koçak V. 2020. Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey. Archiv Psychiat Nursing, 34(5): 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011.
  • Arpacıoğlu S, Baltalı Z, Ünübol B. 2021. COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler. Cukurova Medical J, 46: 88-100. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.785609
  • Carleton RN, Norton PJ, Asmundson GJG. 2007. Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. J Anxiety Disord, 21(1): 105-117. http://dx.d10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
  • Carleton RN. 2016. Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. J Anxiety Disord, 39: 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007.
  • Chong MY, Wang WC, Hsieh WC, et al. 2004. Psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on health workers in a tertiary hospital. The British J Psychiat, 185: 127133. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.2.127
  • Çırakoğlu OC. 2011. Domuz gribi (H1N1) salgınıyla ilişkili algıların, kaygı ve kaçınma düzeyi değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Türk Psikol Derg, 26(67): 49-64.
  • Deacon B, Olatunji BO. 2007. Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behav Res Therap, 45: 2110–2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.008
  • Ekiz T, Ilıman E, Dönmez E. 2020. Comparison of health anxiety level and control perception of COVID-19. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönet Strat Araş Derg, 6(1): 139-154.
  • Gigerenzer G, Garcia-Retamero R. 2017. Cassandra’s regret: The psychology of not wanting to know. Psychol Rev, 124(2): 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000055.
  • Gilbert A. 2019. Factors related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms: understanding the contribution of disgust, contamination fear and emotion regulation. MSc thesis, The University of Mississippi, Clinical Psychology, Mississippi, pp. 81.
  • Grenier S, Barrette AM, Ladouceur R. 2005. Intolerance of uncertainty and intolerance of ambiguity: Similarities and differences. Personal Individual Differen, 39: 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.014
  • Hagger MS, Orbell S. 2003. A meta-analytic review of the common-sense model of illness representations. Psychol Health, 18(2): 141-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/088704403100081321
  • Hill EM, Hamm A. 2019. Intolerance of uncertainty, social support, and loneliness in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Psycho Oncol, 28(3): 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4975.
  • Huang L, Lin G, Tang L, Yu L, Zhou Z. 2020. Special attention to nurses' protection during the COVID-19 epidemic. Crit Care, 24(1): 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2841-7
  • İnözü M, Eremsoy CE. 2013. Tiksinme ölçeği ile Bulaşma/Kirlenme Bilişleri ölçeği’nin Türkçe versiyonlarının psikometrik özellikleri. Türk Psikol Yazıları, 16(31): 1-10.
  • Jackson D, Bradbury-Jones C, Baptiste D, Gelling L, Morin K, Neville S, Smith GD. 2020. Life in the pandemic: Some reflections on nursing in the context of COVID-19. J Clin Nurs, 29(13-14): 2041-2043. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15257
  • Jalal B, Brühl A, O’Callaghan C, Piercy T, Cardinal RN, Ramachandran VS, Sahakian BJ. 2018. Novel smartphone interventions improve cognitive flexibility and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in individuals with contamination fears. Scientific Report, 8(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33142-2
  • Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, et al. 2020. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun, 87: 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
  • Kharma MY, Alalwani MS, Amer MF, Tarakji B, Aws G. 2015. Assessment of the awareness level of dental students toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus. J Inter Soc Prevent Commun Dentist, 5(3): 163–169. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.159951
  • Koch K, Pauly K, Kellermann T, et al. 2007. Gender differences in the cognitive control of emotion: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 45(12): 2744-2754. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.012.
  • Kristiansen IS, Halvorsen PA, Gyrd-Hansen D. 2007. Influenza pandemic: Perception of risk and individuals precautions in a general population. Cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 7: 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-48.
  • Li SL, Ferrari MJ, Bjørnstad ON, et al. 2019. Concurrent assessment of epidemiological and operational uncertainties for optimal outbreak control: Ebola as a case study. Proc Biol Sci, 286(1905): 20190774.
  • Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y. 2020a. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus – Infected pneumonia. New England J Med, 382: 1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
  • Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. 2020b. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active weibo users. Inter J Environ Res Public Health, 17(6): 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. 1995. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (dass) with the beck depression and anxiety ınventories. Behav Res Therapy, 33: 335-343.
  • Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, et al. 2003. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ, 168(10): 1245-1251.
  • Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. 2020. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. J Anxiety Disord, 74: 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema S, Aldao A. 2011. Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6): 704-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012
  • Parlapani E, Holeva V, Nikopoulou VA, et al. 2020. Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers Psychiat, 11: 842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
  • Peacock EJ, Wong PTP. 1990. The stress appraisal measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Med, 6(3): 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460060308
  • Pessoa L. 2008. On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci, 9: 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2317
  • Rosser B A. 2019. Intolerance of uncertainty as a transdiagnostic mechanism of psychological difficulties: A systematic review of evidence pertaining to causality and temporal precedence. Cognit Therapy Res, 43(2): 438-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9964-z
  • Sarıçam H, Erguvan FM, Akın A, Akça MŞ. 2014. The Turkish short version of the intolerance of uncertainty (IUS-12) scale: The study of validity and reliability. Route Educat Soc Sci J, 1(3):148-157. https://doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.109
  • Sarıçam H. 2018. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. JCBPR, 7(1): 19-30. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.274847
  • Satici B, Saricali M, Satici,SA, Griffiths MD. 2020. Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. Inter J Mental Health Addic, 1–12.
  • Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. 2020. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 74(4): 281-282. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/pcn.12988.
  • Swee MB, Olino TM, Heimberg RG. 2019. Worry and anxiety account for unique variance in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Cogn Behav Ther, 48(3): 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1533579.
  • Tanrıverdi Ö, Tanrıverdi S. 2021. COVID-19’un sağlık çalışanlarının ruh sağlığına etkisi ve ruhsal travmaların önlenmesi. Sağlık Akadem Derg, 8 (3): 245-248.
  • Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS, Berman NC, Fabricant LE, Olatunji BO. 2012. Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy Res, 36(3): 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3.
  • Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, et al. 2009. The psychological impact of the sars epidemic on hospital employees in china: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. The Canadian J Psychiatry, 54(5): 302-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400504.

The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 454 - 462, 01.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377

Abstract

In epidemics, nurses often work on the front line. Therefore, there is a need for studies on the factors affecting the mental states of nurses. This study was conducted to examine the effect of nurses' attitudes towards uncertainty and perceived contamination cognition on mental state during the coronavirus disease pandemic. The study was completed with 328 nurses who filled the data collection forms. Data were tested Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Spearman correlation tests. In the relational questions were used with simple and multiple linear regression analysis. The average age of the nurses participating in the study was 31.81 ± 7.69, and 84.1% of them were women. All of the participants worked actively during the coronavirus disease pandemic process and 75.0% of them provided care to patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease. Moreover, 68.6% of the participants defined the coronavirus disease pandemic process as frightening/worrying. It was determined that the nurses had high levels of depression, anxiety and stress. While the average score of intolerance of uncertainty was 41.83 ± 8.40, their contamination cognition was 80.34 ± 1.59. A positive relationship was found between intolerance of uncertainty and contamination cognition, depression, anxiety, and stress in nurses. A positive relationship was also determined between contamination cognitions and depression, anxiety, and stress.

References

  • Aksoy YE, Koçak V. 2020. Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey. Archiv Psychiat Nursing, 34(5): 427-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.011.
  • Arpacıoğlu S, Baltalı Z, Ünübol B. 2021. COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler. Cukurova Medical J, 46: 88-100. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.785609
  • Carleton RN, Norton PJ, Asmundson GJG. 2007. Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. J Anxiety Disord, 21(1): 105-117. http://dx.d10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014
  • Carleton RN. 2016. Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. J Anxiety Disord, 39: 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007.
  • Chong MY, Wang WC, Hsieh WC, et al. 2004. Psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on health workers in a tertiary hospital. The British J Psychiat, 185: 127133. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.2.127
  • Çırakoğlu OC. 2011. Domuz gribi (H1N1) salgınıyla ilişkili algıların, kaygı ve kaçınma düzeyi değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmesi. Türk Psikol Derg, 26(67): 49-64.
  • Deacon B, Olatunji BO. 2007. Specificity of disgust sensitivity in the prediction of behavioral avoidance in contamination fear. Behav Res Therap, 45: 2110–2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.008
  • Ekiz T, Ilıman E, Dönmez E. 2020. Comparison of health anxiety level and control perception of COVID-19. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönet Strat Araş Derg, 6(1): 139-154.
  • Gigerenzer G, Garcia-Retamero R. 2017. Cassandra’s regret: The psychology of not wanting to know. Psychol Rev, 124(2): 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000055.
  • Gilbert A. 2019. Factors related to obsessive-compulsive symptoms: understanding the contribution of disgust, contamination fear and emotion regulation. MSc thesis, The University of Mississippi, Clinical Psychology, Mississippi, pp. 81.
  • Grenier S, Barrette AM, Ladouceur R. 2005. Intolerance of uncertainty and intolerance of ambiguity: Similarities and differences. Personal Individual Differen, 39: 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.014
  • Hagger MS, Orbell S. 2003. A meta-analytic review of the common-sense model of illness representations. Psychol Health, 18(2): 141-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/088704403100081321
  • Hill EM, Hamm A. 2019. Intolerance of uncertainty, social support, and loneliness in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Psycho Oncol, 28(3): 553-560. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4975.
  • Huang L, Lin G, Tang L, Yu L, Zhou Z. 2020. Special attention to nurses' protection during the COVID-19 epidemic. Crit Care, 24(1): 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2841-7
  • İnözü M, Eremsoy CE. 2013. Tiksinme ölçeği ile Bulaşma/Kirlenme Bilişleri ölçeği’nin Türkçe versiyonlarının psikometrik özellikleri. Türk Psikol Yazıları, 16(31): 1-10.
  • Jackson D, Bradbury-Jones C, Baptiste D, Gelling L, Morin K, Neville S, Smith GD. 2020. Life in the pandemic: Some reflections on nursing in the context of COVID-19. J Clin Nurs, 29(13-14): 2041-2043. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15257
  • Jalal B, Brühl A, O’Callaghan C, Piercy T, Cardinal RN, Ramachandran VS, Sahakian BJ. 2018. Novel smartphone interventions improve cognitive flexibility and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in individuals with contamination fears. Scientific Report, 8(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33142-2
  • Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, et al. 2020. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun, 87: 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
  • Kharma MY, Alalwani MS, Amer MF, Tarakji B, Aws G. 2015. Assessment of the awareness level of dental students toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus. J Inter Soc Prevent Commun Dentist, 5(3): 163–169. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.159951
  • Koch K, Pauly K, Kellermann T, et al. 2007. Gender differences in the cognitive control of emotion: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 45(12): 2744-2754. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.012.
  • Kristiansen IS, Halvorsen PA, Gyrd-Hansen D. 2007. Influenza pandemic: Perception of risk and individuals precautions in a general population. Cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 7: 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-48.
  • Li SL, Ferrari MJ, Bjørnstad ON, et al. 2019. Concurrent assessment of epidemiological and operational uncertainties for optimal outbreak control: Ebola as a case study. Proc Biol Sci, 286(1905): 20190774.
  • Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y. 2020a. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus – Infected pneumonia. New England J Med, 382: 1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
  • Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. 2020b. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active weibo users. Inter J Environ Res Public Health, 17(6): 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. 1995. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (dass) with the beck depression and anxiety ınventories. Behav Res Therapy, 33: 335-343.
  • Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, et al. 2003. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ, 168(10): 1245-1251.
  • Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. 2020. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. J Anxiety Disord, 74: 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema S, Aldao A. 2011. Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(6): 704-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012
  • Parlapani E, Holeva V, Nikopoulou VA, et al. 2020. Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers Psychiat, 11: 842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
  • Peacock EJ, Wong PTP. 1990. The stress appraisal measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Med, 6(3): 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460060308
  • Pessoa L. 2008. On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci, 9: 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2317
  • Rosser B A. 2019. Intolerance of uncertainty as a transdiagnostic mechanism of psychological difficulties: A systematic review of evidence pertaining to causality and temporal precedence. Cognit Therapy Res, 43(2): 438-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9964-z
  • Sarıçam H, Erguvan FM, Akın A, Akça MŞ. 2014. The Turkish short version of the intolerance of uncertainty (IUS-12) scale: The study of validity and reliability. Route Educat Soc Sci J, 1(3):148-157. https://doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.109
  • Sarıçam H. 2018. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. JCBPR, 7(1): 19-30. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.274847
  • Satici B, Saricali M, Satici,SA, Griffiths MD. 2020. Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. Inter J Mental Health Addic, 1–12.
  • Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. 2020. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 74(4): 281-282. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/pcn.12988.
  • Swee MB, Olino TM, Heimberg RG. 2019. Worry and anxiety account for unique variance in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Cogn Behav Ther, 48(3): 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1533579.
  • Tanrıverdi Ö, Tanrıverdi S. 2021. COVID-19’un sağlık çalışanlarının ruh sağlığına etkisi ve ruhsal travmaların önlenmesi. Sağlık Akadem Derg, 8 (3): 245-248.
  • Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS, Berman NC, Fabricant LE, Olatunji BO. 2012. Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (Swine Flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy Res, 36(3): 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3.
  • Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, et al. 2009. The psychological impact of the sars epidemic on hospital employees in china: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. The Canadian J Psychiatry, 54(5): 302-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400504.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mahmut Evli 0000-0002-5113-7619

Nuray Şimşek 0000-0003-2325-791X

Ömer Ödek 0000-0002-6704-8178

Publication Date September 1, 2022
Submission Date January 18, 2022
Acceptance Date June 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Evli, M., Şimşek, N., & Ödek, Ö. (2022). The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 5(3), 454-462. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377
AMA Evli M, Şimşek N, Ödek Ö. The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic. BSJ Health Sci. September 2022;5(3):454-462. doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377
Chicago Evli, Mahmut, Nuray Şimşek, and Ömer Ödek. “The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 5, no. 3 (September 2022): 454-62. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377.
EndNote Evli M, Şimşek N, Ödek Ö (September 1, 2022) The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 5 3 454–462.
IEEE M. Evli, N. Şimşek, and Ö. Ödek, “The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic”, BSJ Health Sci., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 454–462, 2022, doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377.
ISNAD Evli, Mahmut et al. “The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 5/3 (September 2022), 454-462. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377.
JAMA Evli M, Şimşek N, Ödek Ö. The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic. BSJ Health Sci. 2022;5:454–462.
MLA Evli, Mahmut et al. “The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, vol. 5, no. 3, 2022, pp. 454-62, doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1059377.
Vancouver Evli M, Şimşek N, Ödek Ö. The Effect of Attitude towards Uncertainty and Perceived Contamination Cognition on Mental Status of Nurses during the Covid-19 Pandemic. BSJ Health Sci. 2022;5(3):454-62.