Evaluation of Eating Attitudes, Nutritional Status, and Anthropometric Measurements of Women Who Exercise: The Case of Karabük

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 224 - 232, 01.04.2023

Pınar Göbel Hilal Doğan

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1205092

Abstract

Unhealthy nutrition attitudes and behaviors are quite common among women. The development of such behaviors involves a high risk for existing health conditions of slightly obese and obese individuals. The way to a better quality of life is through doing regular physical activity, having a healthy diet, and changing eating attitudes. In this context, this study was conducted to examine the nutritional status and eating attitudes of women who applied to a private clinic and exercised. A total of 111 women between the ages of 18-45 who applied to a private nutrition and diet clinic in Karabük province in Türkiye and engaged in regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes per week or more) were included in the study. The data were collected using a questionnaire including the participants’ demographic data, anthropometric measurements, 3-day food consumption records, physical activity habits and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) scale. The measurements were performed with the Inbody 120 device, which performs detailed body analysis. SPSS 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used in the analysis of the data. The “Independent Sample-t” test (t-table value) was used to compare the measurement values of two independent groups. Eating attitudes of women differ according to age, educational status and BMI groups. Of the women with normal eating behavior, 50.6% are married, 46.1% are between the ages of 30-34, 49.4% are university graduates, and 61.8% are within the normal BMI range (P<0.05). According to the participants’ EAT-40 scores, it was observed that body weight, height, body fat and lean mass amount differed according to eating attitudes, but BMI and body fat percentage did not differ according to eating attitudes. There is a positive relationship between body weight and height, body fat, lean body mass and BMI, a negative relationship between body weight and body fat percentage, a positive relationship between body fat and BMI, a negative relationship between body fat and lean body mass and BMI, and a positive relationship between lean body mass and BMI (P<0.05). A positive relationship was found between healthy nutrition and eating attitudes of women who exercised. Future studies on the effects of eating attitudes and dietary habits of women exercising on anthropometric measurements are important.

Keywords

Exercise, Nutrition, Eating attitude, Body mass index

References

• Afrin S, AlAshqar A, El Sabeh M, Miyashita-Ishiwata M, Reschke L, Brennan JT, Borahay, MA. 2021. Diet and nutrition in gynecological disorders: A focus on clinical studies. Nutrients, 13(6): 1747.
• Al Banna MH, Brazendale K, Khan MSI, Sayeed A, Hasan MT, Kundu S. 2021. Association of overweight and obesity with the risk of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among Bangladeshi university students. Eat Behav, 40: 101474.
• Bąk-Sosnowska M, Gruszczyńska M, Skrypnik D, Grzegorczyn S, Karolkiewicz J, Ratajczak M, Bogdański P. 2021. Type of physical training and selected aspects of psychological functioning of women with obesity: A randomised trial. Nutrients, 13(8): 2555.
• Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos, F. 2019. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabol, 92: 6-10.
• Coulthard H, Sharps M, Cunliffe L, van den Tol A. 2021. Eating in the lockdown during the Covid 19 pandemic; self-reported changes in eating behaviour, and associations with BMI, eating style, coping and health anxiety. Appetite, 161: 105082.
• De Lorenzo A, Martinoli R, Vaia F, Di Renzo, L. 2006. Normal weight obese (NWO) women: an evaluation of a candidate new syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 16(8): 513-523.
• dos Santos Fechine CPN, Monteiro MGCA, Tavares JF, Souto AL, Luna RCP, da Silva CSO, Persuhn DC. 2021. Choline Metabolites, Hydroxybutyrate and HDL after dietary fiber supplementation in overweight/obese hypertensive women: a metabolomic study. Nutrients, 13(5): 1437.
• Doyle AC, Grange D, Goldschmidt A, Wilfley DE. 2007. Psychosocial and hysical impairment in overweight adolescents at high risk for eating disorders. Obesity, 15(2): 145-154.
• Duncan L, Yilmaz Z, Gaspar H, Walters R, Goldstein J, Anttila V, Bulik CM. 2017. Significant locus and metabolic genetic correlations revealed in genome-wide association study of anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry, 174(9): 850-858.
• Elal G, Altug A, Slade P, Tekcan A. 2000. Factor structure of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) in a Turkish university sample. Eat Weight Disord, 5(1): 46-50.
• Erol A, Toprak G, Yazici F. 2002. Predictors of eating disorders and general psychological symptoms in university student women. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 13(1): 48-57.
• Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. 2010. Prevention and control of type 2 diabetes by Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Prac, 89(2): 97-102.
• Estruch R, Martínez-González MA, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Covas MI, PREDIMED Study Investigators. 2006. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on cardiovascular risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med, 145(1): 1-11.
• Fuentes N, Silveyra P. 2019. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol, 116: 135-170.
• Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. 1979. The Eating Attitudes Test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med, 9(2): 273-279.
• Haghighat N, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Wong A, Cheraghloo N, Moradpour G, Dutheil F. 2021. Effects of 6 months of soy-enriched high protein compared to eucaloric low protein snack replacement on appetite, dietary intake, and body composition in normal-weight obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 13(7): 2266.
• Kapoor N, Furler J, Paul TV, Thomas N, Oldenburg B. 2019. Normal weight obesity: an underrecognized problem in individuals of South Asian descent. Clin Ther, 41(8): 1638-1642.
• Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Chiu WT, Deitz AC, Hudson JI, Shahly V, Aguilar-gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Benjet C. 2014. The prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry, 73: 904-914.
• Kim YJ, Tamadon A, Park HT, Kim H, Ku, SY. 2016. The role of sex steroid hormones in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. Osteoporos Sarcopenia, 2: 140-155.
• Kuller LH, Pettee Gabriel KK, Kinzel LS, Underwood DA, Conroy MB, Chang Y, Mackey RH, Edmundowicz D, Tyrrell KS, Buhari AM. 2016. The women on the move through activity and nutrition (WOMAN) study: final 48-month results. Obesity, 20: 636-643.
• Mustelin L, Bulik CM, Kaprio J, Keski-Rahkonen A. 2017. Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder related features in the community. Appetite, 109: 165-171.
• Nosaka N, Tsujino S, Honda K, Suemitsu H, Kato K, Kondo K. 2021. Effect of ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides on substrate oxidation during aerobic exercise could depend on sex difference in middle-aged sedentary persons. Nutrients, 13: 36.
• Rocha-Rodrigues S, Sousa M, Lourenço Reis P, Leão C, Cardoso-Marinho B, Massada M, Afonso J. 2021. Bidirectional interactions between the menstrual cycle, exercise training, and macronutrient intake in women: A review. Nutrients, 13: 438.
• Savaşır I, Erol N. 1989. Anorexia Neurosa Symptoms Index. J Psychol, 7:19-25.
• Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. 2008. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: Meta-analysis. BMJ, 337: a1344.
• Tertre E, Delville A, Prêt D, Hubert F, Ferrage E. 2015. Cation diffusion in the interlayer space of swelling clay minerals-A combined macroscopic and microscopic study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 149:251-267.
• Tsilidis KK, Cariolou M, Becerra-Tomás N. 2022. Postdiagnosis body fatness, recreational physical activity, dietary factors and breast cancer prognosis: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) summary of evidence grading. Int J Cancer, 1-10.
• TUBER. 2015. T.C. Ministry of Health Publication No: 1031, Ankara 2016. Türkiye Specific Food and Nutrition Guide, Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1st edition, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Türkiye Nutrition and Health Survey. 2014. Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Habits Final Report. General Directorate of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Ministry of Health Publication No: 931, 1st edition, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Villarejo C, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, Peñas-Lledó E, Granero R, Penelo E, Tinahones FJ, Sancho C, Vilarrasa N, Montserrat-Gil De Bernabé M. 2012. Lifetime obesity in patients with eating disorders: Increasing prevalence, clinical and personality correlates. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 20: 250-254.
• Von Mutius E, Schwartz J, Neas LM, Dockery D, Weiss ST. 2001. Relation of body mass index to asthma and atopy in children: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study III. Thorax, 56(11): 835-838.
• Waliłko J, Bronowicka P, He J, Brytek-Matera A. 2021. Dieting and disinhibited eating patterns in adult women with normal body weight: Does rumination matter? Nutrients, 13: 2475.