Abstract
Nurses gain emotional habitus by internalizing the rules, ethical values and feeling rules in their profession. If nurses do not manage their emotions in accordance with these rules and values, social suffering will be occurring. Determining social suffering helps to understand how a tension between the field of care work and emotional habitus can violate nurses’ wellbeing and cause burnout. For this reason, the aim of the study is to determine the burnout levels of nurses in the context of emotional habitus. The study was designed according to mixed research design. Clinical nurses in a university adult, oncology and child hospitals formed the population of this research. Firstly, Nursing Information Form, Maslach Burnout Scale were applied to participating 350 nurses. Secondly, semi-structured thorough individual interviews were made with 39 nurses of 201 with the high level of burnout. Four themes were reached about problem areas related for emotional habitus were by content analysis. These themes were inability to manage emotions, inability to meet psychosocial needs, paternalistic approach, and the way nurses express their feelings to patients arising from their interaction with patients. It has been understood that burnout may experience as a result of an incompatibility or conflict between the emotion display tendencies of nurses with high burnout level and the rules, values and ethical principles of the nursing profession. To prevent and cope with burnout; it has been proposed that awareness training programmes and course contents about emotional habitus should be arranged.
Keywords
References
- Bourdieu P, Wacquant L. 2012. Düşünümsel bir antropoloji için cevaplar. İletişim Yayınları, Çeviren; Ökten N, İstanbul, Türkiye, pp: 21.
- Bourdieu P. 2006. Pratik nedenler: Eylem kuramı üzerine. Kesit Yayıncılık, Çeviren; Tanrıöver HU, İstanbul, Türkiye, pp: 247.
- Ergin C. 1992. Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği’nin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, 22-25 Eylül, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 143-154.
- Freshwater D. 2012. The therapeutic use of self in nursing. In: Freshwater D, editor. Therapeutic nursing: Improving patient care through self-awareness and reflection. Sage Publicians, California, USA, 1st ed., pp: 198.
- Gorman LM, Sultan DF. 2007. Psychosocial nursing for general patient care. Davis Company, Philadelphia, USA, 3rd ed., pp: 552.
- Gray B, Smith P. 2009. Emotional labour and the clinical settings of nursing care: The perspectives of nurses in East London. Nurse Education in Practice, 9(4): 253-261.
- Gray B. 2012. Face to face with emotions in health and social care. Springer, New York, USA, 1st ed., pp: 191.
- Hirvonen H, Husso M. 2012. Living on a knife’s edge: Temporal conflicts in welfare service work. Time Soc, 21(3): 351-370.
- Hochschild AR. 1979. Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American J Soc, 85(3): 551-575.
- Husso M, Hirvonen H. 2012. Gendered agency and emotions in the field of care work. Gender, Work Organiz, 19(1): 29-51.
- Knights D, Surman E. 2008. Editorial: Addressing the gender gap in studies of emotion. Gender, Work Organiz, 15(1): 1-8.
- Maslach C, Goldberg J. 1998. Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Appl Prevent Psychol, 7: 63-74.
- Maslach C, Jackson SE. 1981. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occupat Behav, 2: 99-113.
- Maslach C, Schaufeli W, Leiter MP. 2001. Job burnout. Annual Rev Psychol, 52: 397-422.
- Morris JA, Feldman DC. 1996. The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Acad Manag Rev, 21(4): 986-1010.
- Peden AR, Laubham AK, Wells A, Staal J, et al. 2002. Hildegard Peplau’s nurse-patients relationship development and its applications. Tomey AM, Alligood MR, editors. Nursing theorists and their work. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 5th ed., pp: 67-74.
- Sheldon LK, Ellington L. 2008. Application of a model of social information processing to nursing theory: How nurses respond to patients. J Advan Nurs, 64(4): 388-398.
- Stayt LC. 2009. Death, empathy and self preservation: The emotional labour of caring for families of the critically ill in adult intensive care. J Clin Nurs, 18: 1267-1275.
- Theodosius C. 2008. Emotional labour in health care: The unmanaged heart of nursing. Routledge, New York, USA, 1st ed., pp: 248.
- Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. 2007. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care, 19(6): 349-357.
- Virkki T. 2008a. Habitual trust in encountering violence at work: Attitudes towards client violence among Finnish social workers and nurses. J Social Work, 8(3): 247-267.
- Virkki T. 2008b. The art of pacifying an aggressive client: ‘Feminine’ skills and preventing violence in caring. Work Gender, Work Organiz, 15(1): 72-87.
- Wharton AS. 1999. The psychosocial consequences of emotional labor. Annals American Acad Polit Soc Sci, 561(1): 158-176.
- Woodward VM. 1998. Caring, patient autonomy and stigma of paternalism. J Advan Nurs, 28(5): 1046-1052.
- Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. 2008. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 448.
Abstract
Hemşireler bakım verirken mesleklerine ait kuralları, etik değerleri ve hissetme kurallarını içselleştirerek duygusal habitusu kazanırlar. Bu içselleştirme gerçekleşemez ve hemşirelerin duygu gösterim davranışları bu kurallar ve değerler ile uyuşmazsa sosyal keder ortaya çıkabilir. Sosyal keder, bakım alanı ile duygusal habitus arasındaki gerilimin hemşirelerin iyi oluşunu nasıl olumsuz etkilediğini ve tükenmişliğe neden olduğunu anlamamıza yardımcı olur. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada hemşirelerin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin duygusal habitus bağlamında incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma karma araştırma desenine göre dizayn edilmiştir. Bir üniversitenin erişkin, onkoloji ve çocuk hastanelerindeki klinik hemşireleri bu araştırmanın evrenini oluşturmuştur. 350 hemşireye Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Sonrasında tükenmişlik düzeyi yüksek olan 201 hemşireden gönüllü olan 39’u ile yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine bireysel görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Duygusal habitusa yönelik sorun alanlarına ait içerik analizinde dört temaya ulaşılmıştır. Bu temalar; duyguları yönetmede yetersizlik, hemşirelerin hastalarla etkileşiminden kaynaklanan duygularını hastalara ifade etme biçimleri, paternalist yaklaşım ve psikososyal gereksinimleri karşılayamama’dır. Sonuçta tükenmişlik düzeyi yüksek olan hemşirelerin duygu gösterim eğilimleri ile hemşirelik mesleğine ait kurallar, değerler ve etik ilkeler arasında bir uyumsuzluğun veya çatışmanın olması sonucunda tükenmişlik yaşayabilecekleri anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle tükenmişliği önlemek ve tükenmişlikle baş etmek için duygusal habitus ile ilgili farkındalık eğitim programlarının ve ders içeriklerinin düzenlenmesi önerilmiştir.
Keywords
References
- Bourdieu P, Wacquant L. 2012. Düşünümsel bir antropoloji için cevaplar. İletişim Yayınları, Çeviren; Ökten N, İstanbul, Türkiye, pp: 21.
- Bourdieu P. 2006. Pratik nedenler: Eylem kuramı üzerine. Kesit Yayıncılık, Çeviren; Tanrıöver HU, İstanbul, Türkiye, pp: 247.
- Ergin C. 1992. Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği’nin uyarlanması. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, 22-25 Eylül, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 143-154.
- Freshwater D. 2012. The therapeutic use of self in nursing. In: Freshwater D, editor. Therapeutic nursing: Improving patient care through self-awareness and reflection. Sage Publicians, California, USA, 1st ed., pp: 198.
- Gorman LM, Sultan DF. 2007. Psychosocial nursing for general patient care. Davis Company, Philadelphia, USA, 3rd ed., pp: 552.
- Gray B, Smith P. 2009. Emotional labour and the clinical settings of nursing care: The perspectives of nurses in East London. Nurse Education in Practice, 9(4): 253-261.
- Gray B. 2012. Face to face with emotions in health and social care. Springer, New York, USA, 1st ed., pp: 191.
- Hirvonen H, Husso M. 2012. Living on a knife’s edge: Temporal conflicts in welfare service work. Time Soc, 21(3): 351-370.
- Hochschild AR. 1979. Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American J Soc, 85(3): 551-575.
- Husso M, Hirvonen H. 2012. Gendered agency and emotions in the field of care work. Gender, Work Organiz, 19(1): 29-51.
- Knights D, Surman E. 2008. Editorial: Addressing the gender gap in studies of emotion. Gender, Work Organiz, 15(1): 1-8.
- Maslach C, Goldberg J. 1998. Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Appl Prevent Psychol, 7: 63-74.
- Maslach C, Jackson SE. 1981. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occupat Behav, 2: 99-113.
- Maslach C, Schaufeli W, Leiter MP. 2001. Job burnout. Annual Rev Psychol, 52: 397-422.
- Morris JA, Feldman DC. 1996. The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Acad Manag Rev, 21(4): 986-1010.
- Peden AR, Laubham AK, Wells A, Staal J, et al. 2002. Hildegard Peplau’s nurse-patients relationship development and its applications. Tomey AM, Alligood MR, editors. Nursing theorists and their work. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 5th ed., pp: 67-74.
- Sheldon LK, Ellington L. 2008. Application of a model of social information processing to nursing theory: How nurses respond to patients. J Advan Nurs, 64(4): 388-398.
- Stayt LC. 2009. Death, empathy and self preservation: The emotional labour of caring for families of the critically ill in adult intensive care. J Clin Nurs, 18: 1267-1275.
- Theodosius C. 2008. Emotional labour in health care: The unmanaged heart of nursing. Routledge, New York, USA, 1st ed., pp: 248.
- Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. 2007. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care, 19(6): 349-357.
- Virkki T. 2008a. Habitual trust in encountering violence at work: Attitudes towards client violence among Finnish social workers and nurses. J Social Work, 8(3): 247-267.
- Virkki T. 2008b. The art of pacifying an aggressive client: ‘Feminine’ skills and preventing violence in caring. Work Gender, Work Organiz, 15(1): 72-87.
- Wharton AS. 1999. The psychosocial consequences of emotional labor. Annals American Acad Polit Soc Sci, 561(1): 158-176.
- Woodward VM. 1998. Caring, patient autonomy and stigma of paternalism. J Advan Nurs, 28(5): 1046-1052.
- Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. 2008. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 448.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Nursing |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 1, 2023 |
| Submission Date | December 19, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | February 20, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 |
