Parasites that Cause Myositis
Year 2023,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 498 - 507, 01.07.2023
Süleyman Kaan Öner
,
Sevil Alkan Çeviker
,
Numan Kuyubaşı
Abstract
Myositis is the inflammation of the muscles, especially the voluntary muscles, and is characterized by localized and widespread pain, swelling and weakness in that area. Striated muscles are often affected in myositis. Myositis can be caused by many different types of microorganisms. Parasitic agents are among these microorganisms. The clinical course varies according to the number of muscles involved and the immune response of the person. Clinical findings and radiological imaging are important in the diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis is made by parasitological, serological, and molecular methods and histopathological examination of tissue biopsies. Treatment varies according to the type of causative microorganism. In this review study, it was aimed to review the existing literature in terms of parasitic agents causing myositis. In addition, our second goal was also to raise the awareness of clinicians on this issue.
References
- Abdel Mawla MM. 1990. Ultrastructure of the cyst wall of S. lindemanni with pathological correlations. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 20 (1): 319-325.
- Abdelwahab IF, Klein MJ, Hermann G, Abdul-Quader M. 2003. Solitary cysticercosis of the biceps brachii in a vegetarian: a rare and unusual pseudotumor. Skeletal Radiol, 32 (7): 424–428.
- Akar S, Gurler O, Pozio E, Onen F, Sari I, Gerceker E, et al. 2007. Frequency and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms in humans during an outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella britovi. J Parasitol, 93 (2): 341–344.
- Alimehmeti R, Seferi A, Rroji A, Alimehmeti M. 2012. Saphenous neuropathy due to large hydatid cyst within long adductor muscle: case report and literature review. J Infect Dev Ctries, 6(6): 531–535.
- Alkan Çeviker S, Yüksel C, Şener A, Önder T, Metineren MH, Özel Ç, Akgül ÖS. 2022. Hydatid cyst of the spine: A rare case report. Spinal Kist Hidatik: Nadir Bir Olgu Sunumu. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 46(1): 78–81.
- Aloi M. 2006. Handbook of bioterrorism and disaster medicine, part IV. Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, US, pp: 279–283.
- Ates M, Karakaplan M. 2007. Hydatid cyst in the biceps and gluteus muscles: case report. Surg Infect, 8 (4): 475–478.
- Aydin BK, Acar MA, Sumer S, Demir NA, Erkocak OF, Ural O. 2014. Primary hydatid disease of brachialis and biceps brachii muscles: a case report. Trop Doc, 44(1): 53–55.
- Barazesh A, Sarkari B, Shahabi S, Halidi AG, Ekici A, Aydemir S. 2020. Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated from Humans: A Comparative Study in Two Cystic Echinococcosis Endemic Areas, Turkey and Iran. BioMed Res Int, 3054195. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3054195.
- Barr R. 1966. Human trichinosis: report of four cases, with emphasis on central nervous system involvement, and a survey of 500 consecutive autopsies at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. CMAJ, 95(18): 912–917.
- Basuroy R, Pennisi R, Robertson T, Norton R, Stokes J, Reimers J. 2008. Parasitic myositis in tropical Australia. Australia Med J Aust, 188(4): 254–256. DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01601.
- Bellanger AP, Runge M, Wendling D, Humbert P. 2014. Lumbar myositis associated with Toxocara spp. infection. Reumatol Clin, 10(1): 54–55.
- Boatin B. 2008. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP). Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 102(Suppl 1): 13-17. DOI: 10.1179/136485908X337427.
- Braae UC, Thomas LF, Robertson LJ, Dermauw V, Dorny P, Willingham AL. 2018. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Americas. Parasites Vectors, 11(1): 518. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3079-y.
- Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA, Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. 2010. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop, 114(1): 1–16.
- Capo V, Despommier DD. 1996. Clinical aspects of infection with Trichinella spp. Clin Microbiol Rev, 9 (1): 47–54.
- Chaudhary S. 2014. Cysticercosis of deltoid muscle. BMJ Case Rep, 2014: bcr2014204578. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204578.
- Chupp GL, Alroy J, Adelman LS, Breen JC, Skolnik PR. 1993. Myositis due to Pleistophora (Microsporidia) in a patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis, 16(1): 15–21.
- ClausenMR, Meyer CN, Krantz T, Moser C, Gomme G, KayserL, et al. 1996. Trichinella infection and clinical disease. QJM: Monthly J Assoc Physicians, 89(8): 631–636.
- Cossermelli W, Friedman H, Pastor EH, NobreMR, Manzione A, Camargo ME. 1978. Polymyositis in Chagas's disease. Ann Rheum Dis, 37(3): 277–280.
- Crum-Cianflone NF. 2004. Bacterial pyomyositis in the United States. Am J Med, 117(6): 420–428.
- Crum-Cianflone NF. 2008. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral myositis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 21(3): 473–494. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00001-08.
- Crum-Cianflone NF. 2010. Nonbacterial myositis. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 12 (5): 374–382.
- Çakır N. 2005. Güncel bir halk sağlığı sorunu: Trişinellozis. FLORA, 10(4): 163-170.
- Davis TM, Pongponratan E, Supanaranond W, Pukrittayakamee S, Helliwell T, Holloway P. 1999. Skeletal muscle involvement in falciparum malaria: biochemical and ultrastructural study. Clin Infect Dis, 29(4): 831–835.
- Del Brutto OH, Sotelo J, Roman GC. 1993. Therapy for neurocysticercosis: a reappraisal. Clin Infect Dis, 17(4): 730-735.
- Del Brutto OH. 2012. A review of cases of human cysticercosis in Canada. Canadian J Neurol Sci, 39(3): 319–322.
- Del Prete GF, De Carli M, Mastromauro C, Biagiotti R, Macchia D, Falagiani P. 1991. Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara canis expand in vitro human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. J Clin Invest, 88(1): 346–350.
- Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T. 2017. Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol, 95 (1): 315–493.
- Despommier DD. 1998. How does Trichinella spiralis make itself at home?. Parasitol Today, 14(8): 318–323.
- Didier ES, Maddry JA, Brindley PJ, Stovall ME, Didier PJ. 2005. Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 3(3): 419–434.
- Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Basáñez MG. 2021. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: From parasite biology and immunology to diagnosis and control. J Adv Parasitol, 112(1): 133–217.
- dos Santos S deS, Almeida GM, Monteiro ML, Gemignani P, Duarte MI., Toscano CM. 1999. Ocular myositis and diffuse meningoencephalitis from Trypanosoma cruzi in an AIDS patient. Trans R Soc Trop Medic Hyg, 93(5): 535–536.
- Drews SJ, Spencer BR, Wendel S, Bloch EM, International Society of Blood Transfusion TTID Working Party Parasite Subgroup. 2021. Filariasis and transfusion-associated risk: a literature review. Vox Sanguinis, 116(7): 741–754.
- Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK. 1970. The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces. JEM, 132(4): 636–662.
- Dubey ML, Khurana S, Singhal L, Dogra S, Singh S. 2011. Atypical trichinellosis without eosinophilia associated with osteomyelitis. Trop Doct, 41(4): 244–246. DOI: 10.1258/td.2011.110106.
- Durgun C, Alkan S, Durgun M, Dindar Demiray EK. 2022. Türkiye’den Kist hidatik konusunda yapılmış yayınların analizi. BSJ Health Sci, 5(1): 45-49. DOI: 10.19127/bshealthscience.937804.
- Ekici A, Timuçin D, Gürbüz E, Ünlü A, Aydemir S, Yilmaz H. 2021. Investigation of the relationship between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis in Van province, Turkey. PUJ, 14 (1): 34-38.
- El-Beshbishi SN, Ahmed NN, Mostafa SH, El-Ganainy GA. 2012. Parasitic infections and myositis. Parasitol Res, 110(1): 1–18. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2609-8.
- Elsheikha HM, Büsselberg D, Zhu XQ. 2016. The known and missing links between Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia. Metab Brain Dis, 31(4): 749-759.
- Fayer R, Esposito DH, Dubey JP. 2015. Human infections with Sarcocystis species. Clin Microbiol Rev, 28 (2): 295–311. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00113-14.
- Fayer R. 2004. Sarcocystis spp. in human infections. Clin Microbiol Rev, 17(4): 894–902. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.4.894-902.2004.
- Ferraccioli GF, Mercadanti M, Salaffi F, Bruschi F, Melissari M, Pozio E. 1988. Prospective rheumatological study of muscle and joint symptoms during Trichinella nelsoni infection. Q J Medic, 69(260): 973–984.
- Field AS, Marriott DJ, Milliken ST, Brew BJ, Canning EU, Kench JG. 1996. Myositis associated with a newly described microsporidian, Trachipleistophora hominis, in a patient with AIDS. J Clin Microbiol. 34(11): 2803–2811. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.11.2803-2811.1996.
- Gharamti AA, Rao A, Pecen PE, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C, Montoya JG. 2018. Acute Toxoplasma Dissemination With Encephalitis in the Era of Biological Therapies. Open Forum Infect Dis, 5(11): ofy259. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy259.
- Gherardi R, Baudrimont M, Lionnet F, Salord JM, Duvivier C, Michon C, et al. 1992. Skeletal muscle toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical and pathological study. Ann Neurol, 32(4): 535–542. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320409.
- Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. 2009. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 22(1): 127–145.
- Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. 2006. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet, 368(9541): 1106–1118.
- Guarner J. 2019. Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite. Semin Diagn Pathol, 36(3): 164–169. DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.008.
- Gürbüz E, Baran AI. 2021. Hastanemize başvuran gebe hastalarda Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalansı, ölü doğum ve erken doğum oranları, Igg pozitif hastalarda Igg avidite karşılaştırılması. Van Tıp Derg, 28(2): 300-306.
- Han B, Pan G, Weiss LM. 2021. Microsporidiosis in Humans. Clin Microbiol Rev, 34(4): e0001020.
- Honavar SG, Sekhar CG. 1998. Ultrasonological characteristics of extraocular cysticercosis. Orbit, 17(4): 271–284.
- Hotterbeekx A, Namale Ssonko V, Oyet W, Lakwo T, Idro R. 2019. Neurological manifestations in Onchocerca volvulus infection: A review. Brain Res Bull, 145(1): 39–44.
- Hussein A, Helal S. 2000. Schistosomal pelvic floor myopathy contributes to the pathogenesis of rectal prolapse in young males. Dis Colon Rect, 43(5): 644–649.
- Kc S, Neupane G, Regmi A, Shrestha S. 2020. Myocysticercosis as a rare cause of hand swelling involving thenar group of muscles: A case report. JNMA, 58(228): 618–620.
- Kim JI, Kim TW, Hong SM, Moon TY, Lee IS, Choi KU. 2014. Intramuscular sparganosis in the gastrocnemius muscle: a case report. Korean J Parasitol, 52(1): 69–73. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.69.
- Kociecka W. 2000. Trichinellosis: human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Vet Parasitol, 93(3-4): 365–383. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00352-6.
- Kuchta R, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Brabec J, Młocicki D, Sałamatin R, Scholz T. 2021. Sparganosis (Spirometra) in Europe in the Molecular Era. Clin Infect Dis, 72(5): 882–890. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1036.
- Kung DH, Hubenthal EA, Kwan JY, Shelburne SA, Goodman JC, Kass JS. 2011. Toxoplasmosis myelopathy and myopathy in an AIDS patient: a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome? Neurologist, 17(1): 49-51.
- Lal T, Paramasivam S, Jayapal B, Kataria R. 2021. Solitary cysticercosis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. BMJ Case Rep, 14(6): e242322.
- Lambertucci JR, Rayes AAM, Serufo JC, Gerspacher-Lara R, Brasileiro-Filho G, Teixeira R. 1998. Schistosomiasis and associated infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 93(Suppl 1): 135-139. DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761998000700019.
- Laranjo-González M, Devleesschauwer B, Trevisan C, Allepuz A, Sotiraki S, Abraham A. 2017. Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western Europe. Parasit Vectors, 10(1): 349.
- LevinML. 1983. Treatment of trichinosis with mebendazole. J Trop Med Hyg, 32(5): 980-983.
- Macpherson CN. 2013. The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: a zoonosis of global importance. Int J Parasitol, 43(12-13): 999–1008. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.004.
- Maldonado IR, Ferreira ML, Camargos ER, Chiari E, Machado CR. 2004. Skeletal muscle regeneration and Trypanosoma cruzi-induced myositis in rats. Histol Histopathol, 19(1): 85–93.
- Mannsour SE, Bauman PM, Reese HH, Otto GF. 1965. Myopathy in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Medic Hyg, 59: 87-89.
- Mansours ED, Reese H. 1964. A previously unreported myopathy in patients with schistosomiasis. Neurology, 14: 355-361.
- Mathis A, Weber R, Deplazes P. 2005. Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clin Microbiol Rev, 18(3): 423–445.
- McGavin MH, Krajewska-Pietrasik D, Rydén C, Höök M. 1993. Identification of a Staphylococcus aureus extracellular matrix-binding protein with broad specificity. Infect Immun, 61(6): 2479–2485. DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.6.2479-2485.1993.
- McManus DP, Dunne DW, Sacko M, Utzinger J, Vennervald BJ, Zhou XN. 2018. Schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4(1): 13. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0013-8.
- Mendez OA, Koshy AA. 2017. Toxoplasma gondii: Entry, association, and physiological influence on the central nervous system. PLoS Pathog, 13(7): e1006351.
- Mendonça AAS, Gonçalves-Santos E, Souza-Silva TG, González-Lozano KJ, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV. 2020. Thioridazine aggravates skeletal myositis, systemic and liver inflammation in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected and benznidazole-treated mice. Int Immunopharmacol, 85: 106611.
- Milner DAJr. 2018. Malaria Pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harbor Persp Medic, 8(1): a025569.
- Mishra SK, Pati SS, Mahanta KC, Mohanty S. 2010. Rhabdomyolysis in falciparum malaria--a series of twelve cases (five children and seven adults). Tropical Doc, 40(2): 87–88.
- Mseddi M, Mtaoumi M, Dahmene J, Ben Hamida R, Siala A, Moula T. 2005. Hydatid cysts in muscles: eleven cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, 91(3): 267–271.
- Murthy R, Samant M. 2008. Extraocular muscle cysticercosis: clinical features and management outcome. Strabismus, 16(3): 97–106.
- Narasimhan C, George TJ, Thomas George K, Mathai D, Chandi SM, Pulimood BM. 1992. W. bancrofti as a causal agent of polymyositis. J Assoc Physicians India, 40(7): 471–472.
- Narayanappa G, Nandeesh BN. 2021. Infective myositis. Brain Pathol, 31(3): e12950.
- Neumann H, Herz R, Baum C. 1985. Granulomatous and eosinophilic myositis due to Onchocerca volvulus. Der Pathologe, 6(2): 101–107.
- Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV, Penitente AR, Cupertino MC, Maldonado IR SC, Talvani A. 2017. Parasite control and skeletal myositis in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected and exercised rats. Acta Trop, 170: 8–15.
- O'Leary C, Finch R. 1992. Amoebic psoas and liver abscesses. Postgrad Med J, 68(806): 972–973.
- Pamphlett R, O'Donoghue P. 1990. Sarcocystis infection of human muscle. Aust N Z J Med, 20(5): 705–707.
- Pathmanathan R, Jayalakshmi P, Kan SP. 1988. A case of human Sarcocystis infection in Malaysia. J Malays Soc Health, 6: 45–47.
- Plonquet A, Bassez G, Authier FJ, Dray JM, Farcet JP, Gherardi RK 2003. Toxoplasmic myositis as a presenting manifestation of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Muscle Nerve, 27(6): 761–765.
- Poddar SK, Misra S, Singh NK. 1994. Acute polymyositis associated with W. bancrofti. Acta Neurol Scand, 89(3): 225–226.
- Pollock JL. 1979. Toxoplasmosis appearing to be dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol, 115: 736–737.
- Pratesi F, Bongiorni F, Kociecka W, Migliorini P, Bruschi F. 2006. Heart- and skeletal muscle-specific antigens recognized by trichinellosis patient sera. Parasite Immunol, 28(9): 447–451.
- Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. 2012. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 25(2): 264–296.
- Rosenthal BM. 2021. Zoonotic sarcocystis. Res Vet Sci, 136: 151–157.
- Ross AG, Vickers D, Olds GR, Shah SM, McManus DP. 2007. Katayama syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis, 7(3): 218–224.
- Saki J, Mowla K, Arjmand R, Kazemi F, Fallahizadeh S. 2021. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis Among Myositis patients in the Southwest of Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets, 21(1): 43-48.
- Santos Durán-Ortiz J, García-de la Torre I, Orozco-Barocio G, Martínez-Bonilla G, Rodríguez-Toledo A, Herrera-Zárate L. 1992. Trichinosis with severe myopathic involvement mimicking polymyositis. Report of a family outbreak. J Rheumatol, 19(2): 310–312.
- Sawhney BB, Chopra JS, Banerji AK, Wahi PL. 1976. Pseudohypertrophic myopathy in cysticercosis. Neurology, 26(3): 270–272.
- Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis, 17(1): 7-15.
- Schimrigk K, Emser W. 1978. Parasitic myositis by Echinococcus alveolaris. Report of a family with myotonia congenita. Eur Neurol, 17(1): 1–7.
- Sekhar GC, Lemke BN, Singh SK. 1996. Cystic lesions of the extraocular muscles. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 12(3): 199–205.
- Senanayake N, Wimalawansa SJ. 1981. Periodic paralysis complicating malaria. Postgrad Med J, 57(667): 273–274.
- Shankar SK, Suryanarayana V, Vasantha S, Ravi V, Kumar BR. 1994. Biology of neurocystocercosis - Parasite related factors modulating host response. Med J Armed Forces India, 50(2): 79–88.
- Sharma RK, Raghavendra N, Mohanty S, Tripathi BK, Gupta B, Goel A. 2014. Clinical & biochemical profile of trichinellosis outbreak in north India. Indian J Med Res, 140(3): 414–419.
- Sharma S, Mahajan RK, Ram H, Karikalan M, Achra A. 2021. Sparganosis mimicking a soft-tissue tumor: A diagnostic challenge. Trop Parasitol, 11(1): 49–52.
- Singh RP. 2014. Intramuscular cysticercosis-the solitary reaper. Ann Afr Med, 13(1): 53–54. DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.126955.
- Small ST, Tisch DJ, Zimmerman PA. 2014. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti. Infection, genetics and evolution. Infect Genet Evol, 28(1): 33–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.018.
- Stürchler D, Weiss N, Gassner M. 1990. Transmission of toxocariasis. J Infect Dis, 162(2): 571. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/162.2.571.
- Şahinoğlu MS, Alkan S. 2023. Purulent infectious myositis. BSJ Health Sci, 6(1): 29-30. DOI: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1164897.
- Şimşek S, Hattapoğlu S. 2021. Intramuscular hydatid cyst in the lower extremity: report of three cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 54: e02552021. DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0255-2021.
- Şimşek S. 2022. Hydatid cyst in the teres major muscle and brain. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 55: e03172022.
- Tekin R, Avci A, Tekin RC, Gem M, Cevik R. 2015. Hydatid cysts in muscles: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of this atypical presentation. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 48(5): 594–598.
- Thapa S, Lamichhane N, Joshi S. 2021. Isolated cysticercosis of sternocleidomastoid muscle: Role of ultrasonography. Case Rep Infect Dis, 2021: 7102416. DOI: 10.1155/2021/7102416.
- Türkoğlu E, Demirtürk N, Tünay H, Akıcı M, Öz G, Embleton DB. 2017. Evaluation of patients with cystic echinococcosis. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 41(1): 28. DOI: 10.5152/tpd.2017.4953.
- Vurucu S, Yüksel C, Akça A, Önder T, Güçlü Kayta SB, Alkan S. 2022. Kist hidatik hastalığınının intratorasik ve pulmoner tutulumları. Phnx Med J, 4(3): 102-104. DOI: 10.38175/phnx.1034018.
- Walsh SS, Robson WJ, Hart CA. 1988. Acute transient myositis due to Toxocara. Arch Dis Child, 63(9): 1087–1088.
- Weka RP, Kamani J, Cogan T, Eisler M, Morgan ER. 2019. Overview of Taenia solium cysticercosis in West Africa. Acta Trop, 190: 329–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.012.
- Wohlfert EA, Blader IJ, Wilson EH. 2017. Brains and brawn: Toxoplasma Infections of the central nervous system and skeletal muscle. Trends Parasitol, 33(7): 519-531.
- Wortmann RL. 1997. Inflammatory diseases of muscle and other myopathies. Textbook Rheumatol, 1997: 1177-1206.
- Wranicz MJ, Gustowska L, Gabryel P, Kucharska E, Cabaj W. 1998. Trichinella spiralis: induction of the basophilic transformation of muscle cells by synchronous newborn larvae. Parasitol Res, 84(5): 403–407.
- Yildirim AC, Dindar Demiray EK, Alkan S. 2022. Bibliometric analysis of amebiasis research. J Clin Medic Kaz, 19(6): 38-42. DOI: 10.23950/jcmk/12677.
- Yun SJ, Park MS, Jeon HK, Kim YJ, Kim WJ, Lee SC. 2010. A case of vesical and scrotal sparganosis presenting as a scrotal mass. Korean J Parasitol, 48(1): 57–59. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.57.
- Zaki SA, Shanbag P. 2011. Atypical manifestations of malaria. Res Rep Trop Med, 2: 9–22. DOI: 10.2147/RRTM.S13431.
Miyozite Neden Olan Parazitler
Year 2023,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 498 - 507, 01.07.2023
Süleyman Kaan Öner
,
Sevil Alkan Çeviker
,
Numan Kuyubaşı
Abstract
Miyozit, kasların, özellikle de istemli kasların inflamasyonudur. Miyozitte sıklıkla çizgili kaslar etkilenir. Etkilenen bölgede lokalize veya yaygın ağrı, şişlik ve kas güçsüzlüğü ile karakterizedir. Miyozite birçok farklı mikroorganizma türü neden olabilir. Paraziter etkenler de bu mikroorganizmalar arasında bulunmaktadır. Klinik seyir tutulan kas sayısı ve kişinin immun yanıtına göre değişmektedir. Tanıda klinik bulgular ve radyolojik görüntüleme önemlidir. Kesin tanı parazitolojik, serolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle ve doku biyopsilerinin histopatolojik incelemesi ile konur. Tedavi etken mikroorganizma türüne göre değişkenlik göstermektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında mevcut literatürün miyozite neden olan paraziter etkenler açısından gözden geçirilmesi amaçlandı. Ayrıca bu konuda klinisyenlerin farkındalığının arttırılması da ikinci hedefimizdi.
Thanks
Sayın Editör;
Yazımızı dergi kurallarına göre hazırlayarak yolladık umarım beğenirsiniz yardımlarınız için çok teşekkür ederim
References
- Abdel Mawla MM. 1990. Ultrastructure of the cyst wall of S. lindemanni with pathological correlations. J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 20 (1): 319-325.
- Abdelwahab IF, Klein MJ, Hermann G, Abdul-Quader M. 2003. Solitary cysticercosis of the biceps brachii in a vegetarian: a rare and unusual pseudotumor. Skeletal Radiol, 32 (7): 424–428.
- Akar S, Gurler O, Pozio E, Onen F, Sari I, Gerceker E, et al. 2007. Frequency and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms in humans during an outbreak of trichinellosis caused by Trichinella britovi. J Parasitol, 93 (2): 341–344.
- Alimehmeti R, Seferi A, Rroji A, Alimehmeti M. 2012. Saphenous neuropathy due to large hydatid cyst within long adductor muscle: case report and literature review. J Infect Dev Ctries, 6(6): 531–535.
- Alkan Çeviker S, Yüksel C, Şener A, Önder T, Metineren MH, Özel Ç, Akgül ÖS. 2022. Hydatid cyst of the spine: A rare case report. Spinal Kist Hidatik: Nadir Bir Olgu Sunumu. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 46(1): 78–81.
- Aloi M. 2006. Handbook of bioterrorism and disaster medicine, part IV. Drexel University College of Medicine, Pittsburgh, US, pp: 279–283.
- Ates M, Karakaplan M. 2007. Hydatid cyst in the biceps and gluteus muscles: case report. Surg Infect, 8 (4): 475–478.
- Aydin BK, Acar MA, Sumer S, Demir NA, Erkocak OF, Ural O. 2014. Primary hydatid disease of brachialis and biceps brachii muscles: a case report. Trop Doc, 44(1): 53–55.
- Barazesh A, Sarkari B, Shahabi S, Halidi AG, Ekici A, Aydemir S. 2020. Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated from Humans: A Comparative Study in Two Cystic Echinococcosis Endemic Areas, Turkey and Iran. BioMed Res Int, 3054195. DOI: 10.1155/2020/3054195.
- Barr R. 1966. Human trichinosis: report of four cases, with emphasis on central nervous system involvement, and a survey of 500 consecutive autopsies at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. CMAJ, 95(18): 912–917.
- Basuroy R, Pennisi R, Robertson T, Norton R, Stokes J, Reimers J. 2008. Parasitic myositis in tropical Australia. Australia Med J Aust, 188(4): 254–256. DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01601.
- Bellanger AP, Runge M, Wendling D, Humbert P. 2014. Lumbar myositis associated with Toxocara spp. infection. Reumatol Clin, 10(1): 54–55.
- Boatin B. 2008. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP). Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 102(Suppl 1): 13-17. DOI: 10.1179/136485908X337427.
- Braae UC, Thomas LF, Robertson LJ, Dermauw V, Dorny P, Willingham AL. 2018. Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in the Americas. Parasites Vectors, 11(1): 518. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3079-y.
- Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA, Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. 2010. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop, 114(1): 1–16.
- Capo V, Despommier DD. 1996. Clinical aspects of infection with Trichinella spp. Clin Microbiol Rev, 9 (1): 47–54.
- Chaudhary S. 2014. Cysticercosis of deltoid muscle. BMJ Case Rep, 2014: bcr2014204578. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204578.
- Chupp GL, Alroy J, Adelman LS, Breen JC, Skolnik PR. 1993. Myositis due to Pleistophora (Microsporidia) in a patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis, 16(1): 15–21.
- ClausenMR, Meyer CN, Krantz T, Moser C, Gomme G, KayserL, et al. 1996. Trichinella infection and clinical disease. QJM: Monthly J Assoc Physicians, 89(8): 631–636.
- Cossermelli W, Friedman H, Pastor EH, NobreMR, Manzione A, Camargo ME. 1978. Polymyositis in Chagas's disease. Ann Rheum Dis, 37(3): 277–280.
- Crum-Cianflone NF. 2004. Bacterial pyomyositis in the United States. Am J Med, 117(6): 420–428.
- Crum-Cianflone NF. 2008. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral myositis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 21(3): 473–494. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00001-08.
- Crum-Cianflone NF. 2010. Nonbacterial myositis. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 12 (5): 374–382.
- Çakır N. 2005. Güncel bir halk sağlığı sorunu: Trişinellozis. FLORA, 10(4): 163-170.
- Davis TM, Pongponratan E, Supanaranond W, Pukrittayakamee S, Helliwell T, Holloway P. 1999. Skeletal muscle involvement in falciparum malaria: biochemical and ultrastructural study. Clin Infect Dis, 29(4): 831–835.
- Del Brutto OH, Sotelo J, Roman GC. 1993. Therapy for neurocysticercosis: a reappraisal. Clin Infect Dis, 17(4): 730-735.
- Del Brutto OH. 2012. A review of cases of human cysticercosis in Canada. Canadian J Neurol Sci, 39(3): 319–322.
- Del Prete GF, De Carli M, Mastromauro C, Biagiotti R, Macchia D, Falagiani P. 1991. Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara canis expand in vitro human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. J Clin Invest, 88(1): 346–350.
- Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T. 2017. Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol, 95 (1): 315–493.
- Despommier DD. 1998. How does Trichinella spiralis make itself at home?. Parasitol Today, 14(8): 318–323.
- Didier ES, Maddry JA, Brindley PJ, Stovall ME, Didier PJ. 2005. Therapeutic strategies for human microsporidia infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 3(3): 419–434.
- Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Basáñez MG. 2021. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: From parasite biology and immunology to diagnosis and control. J Adv Parasitol, 112(1): 133–217.
- dos Santos S deS, Almeida GM, Monteiro ML, Gemignani P, Duarte MI., Toscano CM. 1999. Ocular myositis and diffuse meningoencephalitis from Trypanosoma cruzi in an AIDS patient. Trans R Soc Trop Medic Hyg, 93(5): 535–536.
- Drews SJ, Spencer BR, Wendel S, Bloch EM, International Society of Blood Transfusion TTID Working Party Parasite Subgroup. 2021. Filariasis and transfusion-associated risk: a literature review. Vox Sanguinis, 116(7): 741–754.
- Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK. 1970. The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces. JEM, 132(4): 636–662.
- Dubey ML, Khurana S, Singhal L, Dogra S, Singh S. 2011. Atypical trichinellosis without eosinophilia associated with osteomyelitis. Trop Doct, 41(4): 244–246. DOI: 10.1258/td.2011.110106.
- Durgun C, Alkan S, Durgun M, Dindar Demiray EK. 2022. Türkiye’den Kist hidatik konusunda yapılmış yayınların analizi. BSJ Health Sci, 5(1): 45-49. DOI: 10.19127/bshealthscience.937804.
- Ekici A, Timuçin D, Gürbüz E, Ünlü A, Aydemir S, Yilmaz H. 2021. Investigation of the relationship between schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis in Van province, Turkey. PUJ, 14 (1): 34-38.
- El-Beshbishi SN, Ahmed NN, Mostafa SH, El-Ganainy GA. 2012. Parasitic infections and myositis. Parasitol Res, 110(1): 1–18. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2609-8.
- Elsheikha HM, Büsselberg D, Zhu XQ. 2016. The known and missing links between Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia. Metab Brain Dis, 31(4): 749-759.
- Fayer R, Esposito DH, Dubey JP. 2015. Human infections with Sarcocystis species. Clin Microbiol Rev, 28 (2): 295–311. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00113-14.
- Fayer R. 2004. Sarcocystis spp. in human infections. Clin Microbiol Rev, 17(4): 894–902. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.4.894-902.2004.
- Ferraccioli GF, Mercadanti M, Salaffi F, Bruschi F, Melissari M, Pozio E. 1988. Prospective rheumatological study of muscle and joint symptoms during Trichinella nelsoni infection. Q J Medic, 69(260): 973–984.
- Field AS, Marriott DJ, Milliken ST, Brew BJ, Canning EU, Kench JG. 1996. Myositis associated with a newly described microsporidian, Trachipleistophora hominis, in a patient with AIDS. J Clin Microbiol. 34(11): 2803–2811. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.11.2803-2811.1996.
- Gharamti AA, Rao A, Pecen PE, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C, Montoya JG. 2018. Acute Toxoplasma Dissemination With Encephalitis in the Era of Biological Therapies. Open Forum Infect Dis, 5(11): ofy259. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy259.
- Gherardi R, Baudrimont M, Lionnet F, Salord JM, Duvivier C, Michon C, et al. 1992. Skeletal muscle toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical and pathological study. Ann Neurol, 32(4): 535–542. DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320409.
- Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. 2009. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 22(1): 127–145.
- Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. 2006. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet, 368(9541): 1106–1118.
- Guarner J. 2019. Chagas disease as example of a reemerging parasite. Semin Diagn Pathol, 36(3): 164–169. DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.008.
- Gürbüz E, Baran AI. 2021. Hastanemize başvuran gebe hastalarda Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalansı, ölü doğum ve erken doğum oranları, Igg pozitif hastalarda Igg avidite karşılaştırılması. Van Tıp Derg, 28(2): 300-306.
- Han B, Pan G, Weiss LM. 2021. Microsporidiosis in Humans. Clin Microbiol Rev, 34(4): e0001020.
- Honavar SG, Sekhar CG. 1998. Ultrasonological characteristics of extraocular cysticercosis. Orbit, 17(4): 271–284.
- Hotterbeekx A, Namale Ssonko V, Oyet W, Lakwo T, Idro R. 2019. Neurological manifestations in Onchocerca volvulus infection: A review. Brain Res Bull, 145(1): 39–44.
- Hussein A, Helal S. 2000. Schistosomal pelvic floor myopathy contributes to the pathogenesis of rectal prolapse in young males. Dis Colon Rect, 43(5): 644–649.
- Kc S, Neupane G, Regmi A, Shrestha S. 2020. Myocysticercosis as a rare cause of hand swelling involving thenar group of muscles: A case report. JNMA, 58(228): 618–620.
- Kim JI, Kim TW, Hong SM, Moon TY, Lee IS, Choi KU. 2014. Intramuscular sparganosis in the gastrocnemius muscle: a case report. Korean J Parasitol, 52(1): 69–73. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.69.
- Kociecka W. 2000. Trichinellosis: human disease, diagnosis and treatment. Vet Parasitol, 93(3-4): 365–383. DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00352-6.
- Kuchta R, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Brabec J, Młocicki D, Sałamatin R, Scholz T. 2021. Sparganosis (Spirometra) in Europe in the Molecular Era. Clin Infect Dis, 72(5): 882–890. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1036.
- Kung DH, Hubenthal EA, Kwan JY, Shelburne SA, Goodman JC, Kass JS. 2011. Toxoplasmosis myelopathy and myopathy in an AIDS patient: a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome? Neurologist, 17(1): 49-51.
- Lal T, Paramasivam S, Jayapal B, Kataria R. 2021. Solitary cysticercosis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. BMJ Case Rep, 14(6): e242322.
- Lambertucci JR, Rayes AAM, Serufo JC, Gerspacher-Lara R, Brasileiro-Filho G, Teixeira R. 1998. Schistosomiasis and associated infections. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 93(Suppl 1): 135-139. DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761998000700019.
- Laranjo-González M, Devleesschauwer B, Trevisan C, Allepuz A, Sotiraki S, Abraham A. 2017. Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western Europe. Parasit Vectors, 10(1): 349.
- LevinML. 1983. Treatment of trichinosis with mebendazole. J Trop Med Hyg, 32(5): 980-983.
- Macpherson CN. 2013. The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: a zoonosis of global importance. Int J Parasitol, 43(12-13): 999–1008. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.004.
- Maldonado IR, Ferreira ML, Camargos ER, Chiari E, Machado CR. 2004. Skeletal muscle regeneration and Trypanosoma cruzi-induced myositis in rats. Histol Histopathol, 19(1): 85–93.
- Mannsour SE, Bauman PM, Reese HH, Otto GF. 1965. Myopathy in mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Medic Hyg, 59: 87-89.
- Mansours ED, Reese H. 1964. A previously unreported myopathy in patients with schistosomiasis. Neurology, 14: 355-361.
- Mathis A, Weber R, Deplazes P. 2005. Zoonotic potential of the microsporidia. Clin Microbiol Rev, 18(3): 423–445.
- McGavin MH, Krajewska-Pietrasik D, Rydén C, Höök M. 1993. Identification of a Staphylococcus aureus extracellular matrix-binding protein with broad specificity. Infect Immun, 61(6): 2479–2485. DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.6.2479-2485.1993.
- McManus DP, Dunne DW, Sacko M, Utzinger J, Vennervald BJ, Zhou XN. 2018. Schistosomiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4(1): 13. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0013-8.
- Mendez OA, Koshy AA. 2017. Toxoplasma gondii: Entry, association, and physiological influence on the central nervous system. PLoS Pathog, 13(7): e1006351.
- Mendonça AAS, Gonçalves-Santos E, Souza-Silva TG, González-Lozano KJ, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV. 2020. Thioridazine aggravates skeletal myositis, systemic and liver inflammation in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected and benznidazole-treated mice. Int Immunopharmacol, 85: 106611.
- Milner DAJr. 2018. Malaria Pathogenesis. Cold Spring Harbor Persp Medic, 8(1): a025569.
- Mishra SK, Pati SS, Mahanta KC, Mohanty S. 2010. Rhabdomyolysis in falciparum malaria--a series of twelve cases (five children and seven adults). Tropical Doc, 40(2): 87–88.
- Mseddi M, Mtaoumi M, Dahmene J, Ben Hamida R, Siala A, Moula T. 2005. Hydatid cysts in muscles: eleven cases. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, 91(3): 267–271.
- Murthy R, Samant M. 2008. Extraocular muscle cysticercosis: clinical features and management outcome. Strabismus, 16(3): 97–106.
- Narasimhan C, George TJ, Thomas George K, Mathai D, Chandi SM, Pulimood BM. 1992. W. bancrofti as a causal agent of polymyositis. J Assoc Physicians India, 40(7): 471–472.
- Narayanappa G, Nandeesh BN. 2021. Infective myositis. Brain Pathol, 31(3): e12950.
- Neumann H, Herz R, Baum C. 1985. Granulomatous and eosinophilic myositis due to Onchocerca volvulus. Der Pathologe, 6(2): 101–107.
- Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV, Penitente AR, Cupertino MC, Maldonado IR SC, Talvani A. 2017. Parasite control and skeletal myositis in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected and exercised rats. Acta Trop, 170: 8–15.
- O'Leary C, Finch R. 1992. Amoebic psoas and liver abscesses. Postgrad Med J, 68(806): 972–973.
- Pamphlett R, O'Donoghue P. 1990. Sarcocystis infection of human muscle. Aust N Z J Med, 20(5): 705–707.
- Pathmanathan R, Jayalakshmi P, Kan SP. 1988. A case of human Sarcocystis infection in Malaysia. J Malays Soc Health, 6: 45–47.
- Plonquet A, Bassez G, Authier FJ, Dray JM, Farcet JP, Gherardi RK 2003. Toxoplasmic myositis as a presenting manifestation of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia. Muscle Nerve, 27(6): 761–765.
- Poddar SK, Misra S, Singh NK. 1994. Acute polymyositis associated with W. bancrofti. Acta Neurol Scand, 89(3): 225–226.
- Pollock JL. 1979. Toxoplasmosis appearing to be dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol, 115: 736–737.
- Pratesi F, Bongiorni F, Kociecka W, Migliorini P, Bruschi F. 2006. Heart- and skeletal muscle-specific antigens recognized by trichinellosis patient sera. Parasite Immunol, 28(9): 447–451.
- Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé ML. 2012. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev, 25(2): 264–296.
- Rosenthal BM. 2021. Zoonotic sarcocystis. Res Vet Sci, 136: 151–157.
- Ross AG, Vickers D, Olds GR, Shah SM, McManus DP. 2007. Katayama syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis, 7(3): 218–224.
- Saki J, Mowla K, Arjmand R, Kazemi F, Fallahizadeh S. 2021. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara canis Among Myositis patients in the Southwest of Iran. Infect Disord Drug Targets, 21(1): 43-48.
- Santos Durán-Ortiz J, García-de la Torre I, Orozco-Barocio G, Martínez-Bonilla G, Rodríguez-Toledo A, Herrera-Zárate L. 1992. Trichinosis with severe myopathic involvement mimicking polymyositis. Report of a family outbreak. J Rheumatol, 19(2): 310–312.
- Sawhney BB, Chopra JS, Banerji AK, Wahi PL. 1976. Pseudohypertrophic myopathy in cysticercosis. Neurology, 26(3): 270–272.
- Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis, 17(1): 7-15.
- Schimrigk K, Emser W. 1978. Parasitic myositis by Echinococcus alveolaris. Report of a family with myotonia congenita. Eur Neurol, 17(1): 1–7.
- Sekhar GC, Lemke BN, Singh SK. 1996. Cystic lesions of the extraocular muscles. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg, 12(3): 199–205.
- Senanayake N, Wimalawansa SJ. 1981. Periodic paralysis complicating malaria. Postgrad Med J, 57(667): 273–274.
- Shankar SK, Suryanarayana V, Vasantha S, Ravi V, Kumar BR. 1994. Biology of neurocystocercosis - Parasite related factors modulating host response. Med J Armed Forces India, 50(2): 79–88.
- Sharma RK, Raghavendra N, Mohanty S, Tripathi BK, Gupta B, Goel A. 2014. Clinical & biochemical profile of trichinellosis outbreak in north India. Indian J Med Res, 140(3): 414–419.
- Sharma S, Mahajan RK, Ram H, Karikalan M, Achra A. 2021. Sparganosis mimicking a soft-tissue tumor: A diagnostic challenge. Trop Parasitol, 11(1): 49–52.
- Singh RP. 2014. Intramuscular cysticercosis-the solitary reaper. Ann Afr Med, 13(1): 53–54. DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.126955.
- Small ST, Tisch DJ, Zimmerman PA. 2014. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti. Infection, genetics and evolution. Infect Genet Evol, 28(1): 33–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.018.
- Stürchler D, Weiss N, Gassner M. 1990. Transmission of toxocariasis. J Infect Dis, 162(2): 571. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/162.2.571.
- Şahinoğlu MS, Alkan S. 2023. Purulent infectious myositis. BSJ Health Sci, 6(1): 29-30. DOI: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1164897.
- Şimşek S, Hattapoğlu S. 2021. Intramuscular hydatid cyst in the lower extremity: report of three cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 54: e02552021. DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0255-2021.
- Şimşek S. 2022. Hydatid cyst in the teres major muscle and brain. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 55: e03172022.
- Tekin R, Avci A, Tekin RC, Gem M, Cevik R. 2015. Hydatid cysts in muscles: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of this atypical presentation. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 48(5): 594–598.
- Thapa S, Lamichhane N, Joshi S. 2021. Isolated cysticercosis of sternocleidomastoid muscle: Role of ultrasonography. Case Rep Infect Dis, 2021: 7102416. DOI: 10.1155/2021/7102416.
- Türkoğlu E, Demirtürk N, Tünay H, Akıcı M, Öz G, Embleton DB. 2017. Evaluation of patients with cystic echinococcosis. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 41(1): 28. DOI: 10.5152/tpd.2017.4953.
- Vurucu S, Yüksel C, Akça A, Önder T, Güçlü Kayta SB, Alkan S. 2022. Kist hidatik hastalığınının intratorasik ve pulmoner tutulumları. Phnx Med J, 4(3): 102-104. DOI: 10.38175/phnx.1034018.
- Walsh SS, Robson WJ, Hart CA. 1988. Acute transient myositis due to Toxocara. Arch Dis Child, 63(9): 1087–1088.
- Weka RP, Kamani J, Cogan T, Eisler M, Morgan ER. 2019. Overview of Taenia solium cysticercosis in West Africa. Acta Trop, 190: 329–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.012.
- Wohlfert EA, Blader IJ, Wilson EH. 2017. Brains and brawn: Toxoplasma Infections of the central nervous system and skeletal muscle. Trends Parasitol, 33(7): 519-531.
- Wortmann RL. 1997. Inflammatory diseases of muscle and other myopathies. Textbook Rheumatol, 1997: 1177-1206.
- Wranicz MJ, Gustowska L, Gabryel P, Kucharska E, Cabaj W. 1998. Trichinella spiralis: induction of the basophilic transformation of muscle cells by synchronous newborn larvae. Parasitol Res, 84(5): 403–407.
- Yildirim AC, Dindar Demiray EK, Alkan S. 2022. Bibliometric analysis of amebiasis research. J Clin Medic Kaz, 19(6): 38-42. DOI: 10.23950/jcmk/12677.
- Yun SJ, Park MS, Jeon HK, Kim YJ, Kim WJ, Lee SC. 2010. A case of vesical and scrotal sparganosis presenting as a scrotal mass. Korean J Parasitol, 48(1): 57–59. DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.57.
- Zaki SA, Shanbag P. 2011. Atypical manifestations of malaria. Res Rep Trop Med, 2: 9–22. DOI: 10.2147/RRTM.S13431.