Research Article
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Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 343 - 351, 01.07.2023

Pınar Göbel , Begüm Defne Şafak Erbağ

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549

Abstract

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the eating behaviour, food addiction and depression status in women with different body mass indexes. Participants included 951 adult women whose BMI ranged from 14.9 kg/m2 to 55.8 kg/m2. In the study, general characteristics of the participants and their eating habits were asked, their anthropometric measurements were requested, and the “Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ)”, “Addiction-Like Eating Behaviour Scale (AEBS)” and “Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)” questions were asked. It was determined that the mean age of the participants was 31.4±7.7 years, and the body mass index of 53.0% was within the normal range. 86.6% of the participants stated that their emotional state affects their eating habits. A statistically significant correlation was determined between the DEBQ and its subscales, AEBS and BDI scores of BMI classes (F(4,914)=13.043; 36.234; 5.386; 36.505; 31.070; 15.388, P<0.05 ). Emotional eating is seen as a mediator between BMI and depression, and it can be said that depressive symptoms are associated with obesity. Individuals with obesity have higher BMI with more depressive symptoms and emotional eating behaviour. The need for multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of obesity is revealed.

Keywords

Obesity Emotional eating Addiction-like eating Eating disorders Depression Women

References

  • Andriessen C, Christensen P, Nielsen LV, Ritz C, Astrup A, Larsen TM, Raben A. 2018. Weight loss decreases self-reported appetite and alters food preferences in overweight and obese adults: observational data from the DiOGenes study. Appetite, 125: 314-322.
  • Annesi JJ, Johnson PH. 2020. Mitigation of the effects of emotional eating on sweets consumption by treatment-associated self-regulatory skills usage in emerging adult and middle-age women with obesity. Appetite, 155: 104818.
  • Barnhart WR, Braden AL, Jordan, AK. 2020. Negative and positive emotional eating uniquely interact with ease of activation, intensity, and duration of emotional reactivity to predict increased binge eating. Appetite, 151: 104688.
  • Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. 1961. Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4(6): 561-571.
  • Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. 2011. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite, 56(3): 564-566.
  • Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH, World Obesity Federation. 2017. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev, 18(7): 715-723.
  • Camilleri GM, Méjean C, Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva VA, Bellisle F, Hercberg S, Péneau S. 2014. The associations between emotional eating and consumption of energy-dense snack foods are modified by sex and depressive symptomatology. J Nutr, 144(8): 1264-1273.
  • Croker H, Cooke L, Wardle J. 2011. Appetitive behavior of children attending obesity treatment. Appetite, 57(2): 525-529.
  • De Young KP, Zander M, Anderson DA. 2014. Beliefs about the emotional consequences of eating and binge eating frequency. Eat Behav, 15(1), 31-36.
  • Demir D, Bektas M, Demir S, Bektas I. 2021. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the addiction-like eating behavior scale for university students. Curr Psychol, 40(6): 2590-2598.
  • Evers C, Dingemans A, Junghans AF, Boevé A. 2018. Feeling bad or feeling good, does emotion affect your consumption of food? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 92, 195-208.
  • Fong M, Li A, Hill AJ, Cunich M, Skilton MR, Madigan CD, Caterson ID. 2019. Mood and appetite: Their relationship with discretionary and total daily energy intake. Physiol Behav, 207: 122-131.
  • Hagan KE, Alasmar A, Exum A, Chinn B, Forbush KT. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of attentional bias toward food in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite, 151: 104710.
  • Heerman WJ, Jackson N, Hargreaves M, Mulvaney SA, Schlundt D, Wallston KA. Rothman RL. 2017. Clusters of healthy and unhealthy eating behavior are associated with body mass index among adults. J Nutr Educ Behav, 49(5): 415-421.
  • Herman CP, Mack D. 1975. Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior. J Abnorm Psychol, 84(6): 666-672.
  • Herman CP, Mack D. (1975). Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers, 43(4): 647-660.
  • Hisli N. 1989. A reliability and validity study of Beck Depression Inventory in a university student sample. J Psychol, 7: 3-13.
  • Koenders PG, and Van Strien T. 2011. Emotional eating, rather than lifestyle behavior, drives weight gain in a prospective study in 1562 employees. J Occup Environ Med, 1287-1293.
  • Konttinen H. 2012. Dietary habits and obesity: The role of emotional and cognitive factors. Academic Dissertation. URL: https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/29437 (accessed date: 23 March 2022).
  • Lazarevich I, Camacho MEI, del Consuelo Velázquez-Alva M, Zepeda MZ. 2016. Relationship among obesity, depression, and emotional eating in young adults. Appetite, 107: 639-644.
  • Macht M. 2008. How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite, 50(1): 1-11.
  • Mills JG, Thomas SJ, Larkin TA, Pai NB, Deng C. 2018. Problematic eating behavior, changes in appetite, and weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: The role of leptin. J Affec Disord, 240: 137-145.
  • Mills JG, Larkin TA, Deng C, Thomas SJ. 2019. Weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: Linking appetite and disordered eating to leptin and ghrelin. Psychiatry Res, 279: 244-251.
  • Nolan LJ, Halperin LB, Geliebter A. 2010. Emotional Appetite Questionnaire. Construct validity and relationship with BMI. Appetite, 54(2): 314-319.
  • O'Connor DB, Jones F, Conner, M., McMillan, B., Ferguson, E. (2008). Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior. Health Psychol, 27(1): 20.
  • Péneau S, Menard E, Mejean C, Bellisle F, Hercberg S. 2013. Sex and dieting modify the association between emotional eating and weight status. Am J Clin Nutr, 97(6): 1307-1313.
  • Ricca V, Castellini G, Fioravanti G, Sauro CL, Rotella F, Ravaldi C, Faravelli C. 2012. Emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Compr Psychiatry, 53(3): 245-251.
  • Roth GA. 2018. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Results. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Lancet, 392: 1736-1788.
  • Ruddock HK, Christiansen P, Halford JC, Hardman CA. 2017. The development and validation of the Addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale. Int J Obes, 41(11): 1710-1717.
  • Thomas EA, Bechtell JL, Vestal BE, Johnson SL, Bessesen DH, Tregellas JR, Cornier MA. 2013. Eating-related behavior and appetite during energy imbalance in obese-prone and obese-resistant individuals. Appetite, 65; 96-102.
  • Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. 1986. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord, 5(2); 295-315.
  • Van Strien T, Konttinen H, Homberg JR, Engels RC, Winkens LH. 2016. Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weight gain. Appetite, 100; 216-224.
  • Wong L, Stammers L, Churilov L, Price S, Ekinci E, Sumithran P. 2020. Emotional eating in patients attending a specialist obesity treatment service. Appetite, 151: 104708.
  • WHO. 1987. Measuring Obesity: Classification and Description of Anthropometric Data: Report on a WHO Consultation on the Epidemiology of Obesity. Warsaw: WHO, 1-22.
  • WHO. 2018. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. Obesity and overweight. URL https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (accessed date: 23 March 2022).
  • WHO. 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO, 1-22.

Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 343 - 351, 01.07.2023

Pınar Göbel , Begüm Defne Şafak Erbağ

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549

Abstract

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the eating behaviour, food addiction and depression status in women with different body mass indexes. Participants included 951 adult women whose BMI ranged from 14.9 kg/m2 to 55.8 kg/m2. In the study, general characteristics of the participants and their eating habits were asked, their anthropometric measurements were requested, and the “Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ)”, “Addiction-Like Eating Behaviour Scale (AEBS)” and “Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)” questions were asked. It was determined that the mean age of the participants was 31.4±7.7 years, and the body mass index of 53.0% was within the normal range. 86.6% of the participants stated that their emotional state affects their eating habits. A statistically significant correlation was determined between the DEBQ and its subscales, AEBS and BDI scores of BMI classes (F(4,914)=13.043; 36.234; 5.386; 36.505; 31.070; 15.388, P<0.05 ). Emotional eating is seen as a mediator between BMI and depression, and it can be said that depressive symptoms are associated with obesity. Individuals with obesity have higher BMI with more depressive symptoms and emotional eating behaviour. The need for multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of obesity is revealed.

Keywords

Obesity Emotional eating Addiction-like eating Eating disorders Depression Women

References

  • Andriessen C, Christensen P, Nielsen LV, Ritz C, Astrup A, Larsen TM, Raben A. 2018. Weight loss decreases self-reported appetite and alters food preferences in overweight and obese adults: observational data from the DiOGenes study. Appetite, 125: 314-322.
  • Annesi JJ, Johnson PH. 2020. Mitigation of the effects of emotional eating on sweets consumption by treatment-associated self-regulatory skills usage in emerging adult and middle-age women with obesity. Appetite, 155: 104818.
  • Barnhart WR, Braden AL, Jordan, AK. 2020. Negative and positive emotional eating uniquely interact with ease of activation, intensity, and duration of emotional reactivity to predict increased binge eating. Appetite, 151: 104688.
  • Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. 1961. Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4(6): 561-571.
  • Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. 2011. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary results. Appetite, 56(3): 564-566.
  • Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH, World Obesity Federation. 2017. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev, 18(7): 715-723.
  • Camilleri GM, Méjean C, Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva VA, Bellisle F, Hercberg S, Péneau S. 2014. The associations between emotional eating and consumption of energy-dense snack foods are modified by sex and depressive symptomatology. J Nutr, 144(8): 1264-1273.
  • Croker H, Cooke L, Wardle J. 2011. Appetitive behavior of children attending obesity treatment. Appetite, 57(2): 525-529.
  • De Young KP, Zander M, Anderson DA. 2014. Beliefs about the emotional consequences of eating and binge eating frequency. Eat Behav, 15(1), 31-36.
  • Demir D, Bektas M, Demir S, Bektas I. 2021. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the addiction-like eating behavior scale for university students. Curr Psychol, 40(6): 2590-2598.
  • Evers C, Dingemans A, Junghans AF, Boevé A. 2018. Feeling bad or feeling good, does emotion affect your consumption of food? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 92, 195-208.
  • Fong M, Li A, Hill AJ, Cunich M, Skilton MR, Madigan CD, Caterson ID. 2019. Mood and appetite: Their relationship with discretionary and total daily energy intake. Physiol Behav, 207: 122-131.
  • Hagan KE, Alasmar A, Exum A, Chinn B, Forbush KT. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of attentional bias toward food in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite, 151: 104710.
  • Heerman WJ, Jackson N, Hargreaves M, Mulvaney SA, Schlundt D, Wallston KA. Rothman RL. 2017. Clusters of healthy and unhealthy eating behavior are associated with body mass index among adults. J Nutr Educ Behav, 49(5): 415-421.
  • Herman CP, Mack D. 1975. Anxiety, restraint, and eating behavior. J Abnorm Psychol, 84(6): 666-672.
  • Herman CP, Mack D. (1975). Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers, 43(4): 647-660.
  • Hisli N. 1989. A reliability and validity study of Beck Depression Inventory in a university student sample. J Psychol, 7: 3-13.
  • Koenders PG, and Van Strien T. 2011. Emotional eating, rather than lifestyle behavior, drives weight gain in a prospective study in 1562 employees. J Occup Environ Med, 1287-1293.
  • Konttinen H. 2012. Dietary habits and obesity: The role of emotional and cognitive factors. Academic Dissertation. URL: https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/29437 (accessed date: 23 March 2022).
  • Lazarevich I, Camacho MEI, del Consuelo Velázquez-Alva M, Zepeda MZ. 2016. Relationship among obesity, depression, and emotional eating in young adults. Appetite, 107: 639-644.
  • Macht M. 2008. How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite, 50(1): 1-11.
  • Mills JG, Thomas SJ, Larkin TA, Pai NB, Deng C. 2018. Problematic eating behavior, changes in appetite, and weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: The role of leptin. J Affec Disord, 240: 137-145.
  • Mills JG, Larkin TA, Deng C, Thomas SJ. 2019. Weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: Linking appetite and disordered eating to leptin and ghrelin. Psychiatry Res, 279: 244-251.
  • Nolan LJ, Halperin LB, Geliebter A. 2010. Emotional Appetite Questionnaire. Construct validity and relationship with BMI. Appetite, 54(2): 314-319.
  • O'Connor DB, Jones F, Conner, M., McMillan, B., Ferguson, E. (2008). Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior. Health Psychol, 27(1): 20.
  • Péneau S, Menard E, Mejean C, Bellisle F, Hercberg S. 2013. Sex and dieting modify the association between emotional eating and weight status. Am J Clin Nutr, 97(6): 1307-1313.
  • Ricca V, Castellini G, Fioravanti G, Sauro CL, Rotella F, Ravaldi C, Faravelli C. 2012. Emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Compr Psychiatry, 53(3): 245-251.
  • Roth GA. 2018. Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Results. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Lancet, 392: 1736-1788.
  • Ruddock HK, Christiansen P, Halford JC, Hardman CA. 2017. The development and validation of the Addiction-like Eating Behavior Scale. Int J Obes, 41(11): 1710-1717.
  • Thomas EA, Bechtell JL, Vestal BE, Johnson SL, Bessesen DH, Tregellas JR, Cornier MA. 2013. Eating-related behavior and appetite during energy imbalance in obese-prone and obese-resistant individuals. Appetite, 65; 96-102.
  • Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. 1986. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. Int J Eat Disord, 5(2); 295-315.
  • Van Strien T, Konttinen H, Homberg JR, Engels RC, Winkens LH. 2016. Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weight gain. Appetite, 100; 216-224.
  • Wong L, Stammers L, Churilov L, Price S, Ekinci E, Sumithran P. 2020. Emotional eating in patients attending a specialist obesity treatment service. Appetite, 151: 104708.
  • WHO. 1987. Measuring Obesity: Classification and Description of Anthropometric Data: Report on a WHO Consultation on the Epidemiology of Obesity. Warsaw: WHO, 1-22.
  • WHO. 2018. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. Obesity and overweight. URL https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (accessed date: 23 March 2022).
  • WHO. 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO, 1-22.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nutrition and Dietetics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Pınar Göbel 0000-0001-7152-1581

Begüm Defne Şafak Erbağ 0000-0002-0371-9809

Early Pub Date June 8, 2023
Publication Date July 1, 2023
Submission Date March 30, 2023
Acceptance Date April 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Göbel, P., & Şafak Erbağ, B. D. (2023). Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 6(3), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549
AMA Göbel P, Şafak Erbağ BD. Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression. BSJ Health Sci. July 2023;6(3):343-351. doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549
Chicago Göbel, Pınar, and Begüm Defne Şafak Erbağ. “Body Mass Index in Women Is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6, no. 3 (July 2023): 343-51. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549.
EndNote Göbel P, Şafak Erbağ BD (July 1, 2023) Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6 3 343–351.
IEEE P. Göbel and B. D. Şafak Erbağ, “Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression”, BSJ Health Sci., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 343–351, 2023, doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549.
ISNAD Göbel, Pınar - Şafak Erbağ, Begüm Defne. “Body Mass Index in Women Is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6/3 (July 2023), 343-351. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549.
JAMA Göbel P, Şafak Erbağ BD. Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression. BSJ Health Sci. 2023;6:343–351.
MLA Göbel, Pınar and Begüm Defne Şafak Erbağ. “Body Mass Index in Women Is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, vol. 6, no. 3, 2023, pp. 343-51, doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1273549.
Vancouver Göbel P, Şafak Erbağ BD. Body Mass Index in Women is Related to Eating Behaviour, Addictive Eating and Depression. BSJ Health Sci. 2023;6(3):343-51.
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