Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil and Its GC-MS Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 275 - 282, 15.11.2025

Ceren Baskan

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1653213

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the chemical composition of Salvia officinalis essential oil (EO) and assess its possible antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects. First, the chemical composition of S. officinalis EO sourced from Amasya province was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Next, the antibacterial activity of S. officinalis EO against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated using disc diffusion and microdilution methods. The antioxidant properties of the EO were assessed using scavenging activity (DPPH) and cupric ion-reducing activity (CUPRAC) methods. Finally, the cytotoxic effects were examined using the MTT method on the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cell line. According to the GC-MS result, the S. officinalis EO was found to contain 35 different compounds. The highest antibacterial effect was found against S. mutans (19.00 ± 1.73) among Gram-positive bacteria and against C. freundii (18.33 ± 1.52) among Gram-negative bacteria. Concentrations of 15.62 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL by microdilution were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The MIC value of the EO was 62.25 µg/mL, and the MBC value was 125 µg/mL against the most effective C. freundii. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined to examine the effect of the EO on antioxidant properties. The EO's phenolic and flavonoid amounts were 11.65 mg GAE/g EO and 7.13 mg RE/g EO, respectively. The results of the DPPH and CUPRAC tests were 11.03 and 21.88 mg TE/g EO, respectively. According to the MTT results, the EO had a cytotoxic effect on the DLD-1 with an IC50 value of 125 µg/mL. In conclusion, the S. officinalis exhibits cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Keywords

Antibacterial , Antioxidant , DLD-1 cell line , GC-MS , Salvia officinalis

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because there was no study on animals or humans.

Project Number

Bu çalışma herhangi bir proje kapsamında gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Çalışmada gerçekleşen tüm maddi masraflar kendi bütçem tarafından harcanmıştır.

Thanks

The author are highly thankful Amasya University Central Research and Application Laboratory for their assistance in GC-MS analysis and cell culture donations. In addition, the author thankful to the Çankırı Karatekin University, Central Research and Laboratory for their assistance in determining antioxidant activity.

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