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The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 290 - 295, 15.11.2025

Mehmet Nesip Çelik , Ömer Faruk Katanalp , Enes Arıca , Almina Güneş , Lale Çivi , Hasan İçen

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132

Abstract

Trichophytosis is a contagious and zoonotic fungal skin disease that primarily affects keratinized tissues such as hair and epidermis, leading to economic losses in cattle production and posing public health concerns. Trace elements play a critical role in maintaining immune function, antioxidant defense, and overall metabolic balance during infectious diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of TrichoDoll® vaccination on serum trace element concentrations, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn), in naturally infected young Holstein cattle with trichophytosis. A total of 40 young Holstein cattle, aged 4–18 months, were included in the study and divided into two groups: healthy controls (Group I; n=20) and young Holstein cattle with trichophytosis (Group II; n=20). Blood samples were collected from infected young Holstein cattle before vaccination (day 0) and after vaccination (day 28). Serum trace element levels were measured and compared within and between groups. In Group I, mean serum levels of Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, and Se were 17.28, 0.97, 583.66, 802.66, and 37.14 ppb, respectively. In Group II, pre-vaccination means were 13.11, 3.32, 832.05, 871.08, and 41.50 ppb, while post-vaccination values were 17.49, 2.52, 810.34, 759.21, and 37.37 ppb, respectively. The results demonstrated that TrichoDoll® vaccination induced significant alterations in serum trace element concentrations, particularly in Mn, Co, and Zn, suggesting a modulatory effect on metabolic and immune-related pathways. These findings highlight the potential role of trace element balance in the pathogenesis of trichophytosis and in shaping the host response to vaccination. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to determine whether targeted trace element supplementation could enhance treatment outcomes.

Keywords

Serum profile Trace elements Trichophytosis Vaccination Young Holstein cattle

Ethical Statement

For our research, the Dicle University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee Presidency issued a letter (Aproval date: July 31, 2025, protocol code: 09/08), stating that local ethics committee approval was not required.

Thanks

This study was supported by Dicle University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit VETERINARY.24.008 project.

References

  • Achterman RR, White TC. 2012. Dermatophyte virulence factors: identifying and analyzing genes that may contribute to chronic or acute skin infections. Int J Microbiol, 2012(1): 358305.
  • Akın I. 2004. İz elementler ve sığır tırnak hastalıkları. Turk J Vet Surg, 10: 54-61.
  • Akyürek FT, Akyürek F. 2020. Evaluation of zinc and copper levels in superficial fungal infections. J Contemp Med, 10: 307-311.
  • Al-Qudah KM, Gharaibeh AA, Al-Shyyab MM. 2010. Trace minerals status and antioxidant enzymes activities in calves with dermatophytosis. Biol Trace Elem Res, 136: 40-47.
  • Arda M. 2000. Temel Mikrobiyoloji, 2. Baskı. Medisan, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 315-368.
  • Arthington J, Havenga L. 2012. Effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune response to multivalent vaccine administration in beef calves. J Anim Sci, 90: 1966-1971.
  • Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ. 2003. Selenium in the immune system. JN or J Nutr, 133: 1457S-1459S.
  • Aslan Ö, Aksoy A, İça T. 2010. Dermatofitozisli genç sığırlarda serum çinko, bakır ve mangan seviyeleri. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 7: 29-33.
  • Carvalho PD, Pita MCG, Loureiro JE, Tanaka HR, Ribeiro JCS. 2010. Manganese deficiency in bovines: connection between manganese metalloenzyme dependent in gestation and congenital defects in newborn calves. Pak J Nutr, 9: 488-503.
  • Çenesiz S, Nisbet C, Yarım GF, Arslan HH, Çiftçi A. 2007. Trikofitozisli ineklerde serum adenozin deaminaz aktivitesi (ADA) ve nitrik oksit (NO) düzeyleri. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 54: 155-158.
  • Chandra RK, Dayton DH. 1982. Trace element regulation of immunity and infection. Nutr Res, 2: 721-733.
  • Chermette R, Ferreiro L, Guillot J. 2008. Dermatophytoses in animals. Mycopathologia, 166: 385-405.
  • ElAshmawy WR, Ali ME. 2016. Identification of different dermatophytes isolated from cattle, cats and horses suffered from skin lesions. Alex J Vet Sci, 49: 126-132.
  • Eman-abdeen WSM. 2018. overview on bovine dermatophytosis. Int J Vet Sci Anim Husb, 3: 16-19.
  • Gökçe G, Șahin M, Irmak K, Otlu S, Aydın F, Genç O. 1999. Prophylactic and therapeutic use of vaccine against Trichophytosis in cattle. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 5: 81-86.
  • Harris B, Van Horn H, Adams AL. 1994. Mineral needs of dairy cattle, Circular 1140, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Ins Food Agric Sci, Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL, US, pp: 1-6.
  • İlhan Z. 2015. Isolation of dermatophytes from cattle, sheep, goats and Van cats in Van and its around. Van Vet J, 26 (1): 1-5.
  • Kırmızıgül AH, Gökçe E, Şahin M, Büyük F, Irmak K. 2008. Effectiveness of enilconazole (10% pour-on) for the treatment of bovine dermatophytosis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 14 (2): 141-144.
  • Kojouri GA, Ebrahimi A, Zaheri M. 2009. Zinc and selenium status in cows with dermatophytosis. Comp Clin Pathol, 18: 283-286.
  • Lee HG, Cho A, Kim UH, An S, Do YJ, Choe C, You AS, Jung YH, Kang S, Bok EY. 2024. Trace element and cytokine imbalances in calves with dermatophytosis. Korean J Vet Serv, 47: 115-122.
  • Lund A, Bratberg AM, Næss B, Gudding R. 2014. Control of bovine ringworm by vaccination in Norway. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 158: 37-45.
  • McDowell LR. 1992. Minerals in animal and human nutrition Academic Press, San Diego, CA, US, pp: 524.
  • Neji S, Trabelsi H, Hadrich I, Cheikhrouhou F, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. 2016. Molecular characterization of strains of the Trichophyton verrucosum complex from Tunisia. Med Mycol, 54: 787-793.
  • Nisbet C, Yarim GF, Ciftci G, Arslan HH, Ciftci A. 2006. Effects of trichophytosis on serum zinc levels in calves. Biol Trace Elem Res, 113: 273-279.
  • Norris D. 1985. Zinc and cutaneous inflammation. Arch Dermatol, 121: 985-989.
  • Paksoy N, Özçelİk M, Erkılç E, Büyük F, Öğün M, Kırmızıgül A. 2013. Serum copper, zinc and manganese concentrations in bovine dermatophytosis in Kars region. Ataturk Univ Vet Bilim Derg, 8: 210-215.
  • Pal M, Dave P. 2013. Ringworm in cattle and man caused by Microsporum canis: Transmission from dog. Int J Livest Res, 3: 100-103.
  • Pal M. 2017. Dermatophytosis in an adult cattle due to Trichophyton verrucosum. Anim Husb Dairy Vet Sci, 1: 1-3.
  • Paryuni AD, Indarjulianto S, Widyarini S. 2020. Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review. Vet World, 13: 1174-1181.
  • Prasad AS. 2008. Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med, 14: 353-357.
  • Şahal M. 1988. Türkiye'de sığırlarda trichophytie enfeksiyonuna karşı ilk avirulent aşı uygulamaları. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 35: 567-587.
  • Samanta I. 2015. Veterinary mycology, Springer, New Delhi, India, pp: 179. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2280-4
  • Serdyuchenko IV, Bobkina EN. 2018. Epidemiological features ringworm in cattle. Sci Herit, 73(2): 6-9.
  • Sezer K, Hanedan B, Ozcelik M, Kirbas A. 2021. Assessment of oxidative stress, trace elements, serum biochemistry, and hormones levels in weaned calves with dermatophytosis. J Hellenic Vet Med Soc, 72: 2653-2660.
  • Sezer M, Batı YU, Kırmızıgül AH. 2024. Çiftlik hayvanlarına multidisipliner yaklaşımlar II. Sığırlarda dermatofitozis. Iksad Publishing, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 3.
  • Shams GM, Mosleh TF, Ranjbar BS, Razaghı AM. 2009. An epidemiological survey on cattle ringworm in major dairy farms of Mashhad city, Eastern Iran. Iran J Microbiol, 1: 31-36.
  • Spears JW. 2000. Micronutrients and immune function in cattle. Proc Nutr Soc, 59: 587-594.
  • Stockdale PM. 1953. Nutritional requirements of the dermatophytes. Biol Rev, 28: 84-104.
  • Suttle N. 2022. Mineral nutrition of livestock. Cabi GB, pp: 259-300.
  • Tel OY, Bozkaya F, Yiğin A, Gürbilek SE, Keskin O. 2018. Isolation and molecular characterization of bovine Trichophyton verrucosum strains based on sequence analysis of internal transcribed Spacer Region (ITS1) and Microsatellite Loci. Pak Vet J, 38: 189-193.
  • Underwood EJ, Suttle NF. 1999. The mineral nutrition of livestock. J S Afr Vet 72: 68-76.
  • Ural K, Karakurum MÇ, Duru O, Cıngı CÇ, Haydardedeoğlu AE. 2009. Serum zinc concentrations in dogs with Microsporum canis dermatophytosis: a pilot study. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 33: 279-283.
  • Westhoff D, Kloes M, Orveillon F, Farnow D, Elbers K, Mueller R. 2010. Treatment of feline dermatophytosis with an inactivated fungal vaccine. Open Mycol J, 4: 10-17.

The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 6, 290 - 295, 15.11.2025

Mehmet Nesip Çelik , Ömer Faruk Katanalp , Enes Arıca , Almina Güneş , Lale Çivi , Hasan İçen

https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132

Abstract

Trichophytosis is a contagious and zoonotic fungal skin disease that primarily affects keratinized tissues such as hair and epidermis, leading to economic losses in cattle production and posing public health concerns. Trace elements play a critical role in maintaining immune function, antioxidant defense, and overall metabolic balance during infectious diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of TrichoDoll® vaccination on serum trace element concentrations, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), and manganese (Mn), in naturally infected young Holstein cattle with trichophytosis. A total of 40 young Holstein cattle, aged 4–18 months, were included in the study and divided into two groups: healthy controls (Group I; n=20) and young Holstein cattle with trichophytosis (Group II; n=20). Blood samples were collected from infected young Holstein cattle before vaccination (day 0) and after vaccination (day 28). Serum trace element levels were measured and compared within and between groups. In Group I, mean serum levels of Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, and Se were 17.28, 0.97, 583.66, 802.66, and 37.14 ppb, respectively. In Group II, pre-vaccination means were 13.11, 3.32, 832.05, 871.08, and 41.50 ppb, while post-vaccination values were 17.49, 2.52, 810.34, 759.21, and 37.37 ppb, respectively. The results demonstrated that TrichoDoll® vaccination induced significant alterations in serum trace element concentrations, particularly in Mn, Co, and Zn, suggesting a modulatory effect on metabolic and immune-related pathways. These findings highlight the potential role of trace element balance in the pathogenesis of trichophytosis and in shaping the host response to vaccination. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to determine whether targeted trace element supplementation could enhance treatment outcomes.

Keywords

Serum profile Trace elements Trichophytosis Vaccination Young Holstein cattle

Ethical Statement

For our research, the Dicle University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee Presidency issued a letter (Aproval date: July 31, 2025, protocol code: 09/08), stating that local ethics committee approval was not required.

Thanks

This study was supported by Dicle University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit VETERINARY.24.008 project.

References

  • Achterman RR, White TC. 2012. Dermatophyte virulence factors: identifying and analyzing genes that may contribute to chronic or acute skin infections. Int J Microbiol, 2012(1): 358305.
  • Akın I. 2004. İz elementler ve sığır tırnak hastalıkları. Turk J Vet Surg, 10: 54-61.
  • Akyürek FT, Akyürek F. 2020. Evaluation of zinc and copper levels in superficial fungal infections. J Contemp Med, 10: 307-311.
  • Al-Qudah KM, Gharaibeh AA, Al-Shyyab MM. 2010. Trace minerals status and antioxidant enzymes activities in calves with dermatophytosis. Biol Trace Elem Res, 136: 40-47.
  • Arda M. 2000. Temel Mikrobiyoloji, 2. Baskı. Medisan, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 315-368.
  • Arthington J, Havenga L. 2012. Effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune response to multivalent vaccine administration in beef calves. J Anim Sci, 90: 1966-1971.
  • Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ. 2003. Selenium in the immune system. JN or J Nutr, 133: 1457S-1459S.
  • Aslan Ö, Aksoy A, İça T. 2010. Dermatofitozisli genç sığırlarda serum çinko, bakır ve mangan seviyeleri. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 7: 29-33.
  • Carvalho PD, Pita MCG, Loureiro JE, Tanaka HR, Ribeiro JCS. 2010. Manganese deficiency in bovines: connection between manganese metalloenzyme dependent in gestation and congenital defects in newborn calves. Pak J Nutr, 9: 488-503.
  • Çenesiz S, Nisbet C, Yarım GF, Arslan HH, Çiftçi A. 2007. Trikofitozisli ineklerde serum adenozin deaminaz aktivitesi (ADA) ve nitrik oksit (NO) düzeyleri. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 54: 155-158.
  • Chandra RK, Dayton DH. 1982. Trace element regulation of immunity and infection. Nutr Res, 2: 721-733.
  • Chermette R, Ferreiro L, Guillot J. 2008. Dermatophytoses in animals. Mycopathologia, 166: 385-405.
  • ElAshmawy WR, Ali ME. 2016. Identification of different dermatophytes isolated from cattle, cats and horses suffered from skin lesions. Alex J Vet Sci, 49: 126-132.
  • Eman-abdeen WSM. 2018. overview on bovine dermatophytosis. Int J Vet Sci Anim Husb, 3: 16-19.
  • Gökçe G, Șahin M, Irmak K, Otlu S, Aydın F, Genç O. 1999. Prophylactic and therapeutic use of vaccine against Trichophytosis in cattle. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 5: 81-86.
  • Harris B, Van Horn H, Adams AL. 1994. Mineral needs of dairy cattle, Circular 1140, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Ins Food Agric Sci, Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL, US, pp: 1-6.
  • İlhan Z. 2015. Isolation of dermatophytes from cattle, sheep, goats and Van cats in Van and its around. Van Vet J, 26 (1): 1-5.
  • Kırmızıgül AH, Gökçe E, Şahin M, Büyük F, Irmak K. 2008. Effectiveness of enilconazole (10% pour-on) for the treatment of bovine dermatophytosis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 14 (2): 141-144.
  • Kojouri GA, Ebrahimi A, Zaheri M. 2009. Zinc and selenium status in cows with dermatophytosis. Comp Clin Pathol, 18: 283-286.
  • Lee HG, Cho A, Kim UH, An S, Do YJ, Choe C, You AS, Jung YH, Kang S, Bok EY. 2024. Trace element and cytokine imbalances in calves with dermatophytosis. Korean J Vet Serv, 47: 115-122.
  • Lund A, Bratberg AM, Næss B, Gudding R. 2014. Control of bovine ringworm by vaccination in Norway. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 158: 37-45.
  • McDowell LR. 1992. Minerals in animal and human nutrition Academic Press, San Diego, CA, US, pp: 524.
  • Neji S, Trabelsi H, Hadrich I, Cheikhrouhou F, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. 2016. Molecular characterization of strains of the Trichophyton verrucosum complex from Tunisia. Med Mycol, 54: 787-793.
  • Nisbet C, Yarim GF, Ciftci G, Arslan HH, Ciftci A. 2006. Effects of trichophytosis on serum zinc levels in calves. Biol Trace Elem Res, 113: 273-279.
  • Norris D. 1985. Zinc and cutaneous inflammation. Arch Dermatol, 121: 985-989.
  • Paksoy N, Özçelİk M, Erkılç E, Büyük F, Öğün M, Kırmızıgül A. 2013. Serum copper, zinc and manganese concentrations in bovine dermatophytosis in Kars region. Ataturk Univ Vet Bilim Derg, 8: 210-215.
  • Pal M, Dave P. 2013. Ringworm in cattle and man caused by Microsporum canis: Transmission from dog. Int J Livest Res, 3: 100-103.
  • Pal M. 2017. Dermatophytosis in an adult cattle due to Trichophyton verrucosum. Anim Husb Dairy Vet Sci, 1: 1-3.
  • Paryuni AD, Indarjulianto S, Widyarini S. 2020. Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review. Vet World, 13: 1174-1181.
  • Prasad AS. 2008. Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Mol Med, 14: 353-357.
  • Şahal M. 1988. Türkiye'de sığırlarda trichophytie enfeksiyonuna karşı ilk avirulent aşı uygulamaları. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 35: 567-587.
  • Samanta I. 2015. Veterinary mycology, Springer, New Delhi, India, pp: 179. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2280-4
  • Serdyuchenko IV, Bobkina EN. 2018. Epidemiological features ringworm in cattle. Sci Herit, 73(2): 6-9.
  • Sezer K, Hanedan B, Ozcelik M, Kirbas A. 2021. Assessment of oxidative stress, trace elements, serum biochemistry, and hormones levels in weaned calves with dermatophytosis. J Hellenic Vet Med Soc, 72: 2653-2660.
  • Sezer M, Batı YU, Kırmızıgül AH. 2024. Çiftlik hayvanlarına multidisipliner yaklaşımlar II. Sığırlarda dermatofitozis. Iksad Publishing, Ankara, Türkiye, pp: 3.
  • Shams GM, Mosleh TF, Ranjbar BS, Razaghı AM. 2009. An epidemiological survey on cattle ringworm in major dairy farms of Mashhad city, Eastern Iran. Iran J Microbiol, 1: 31-36.
  • Spears JW. 2000. Micronutrients and immune function in cattle. Proc Nutr Soc, 59: 587-594.
  • Stockdale PM. 1953. Nutritional requirements of the dermatophytes. Biol Rev, 28: 84-104.
  • Suttle N. 2022. Mineral nutrition of livestock. Cabi GB, pp: 259-300.
  • Tel OY, Bozkaya F, Yiğin A, Gürbilek SE, Keskin O. 2018. Isolation and molecular characterization of bovine Trichophyton verrucosum strains based on sequence analysis of internal transcribed Spacer Region (ITS1) and Microsatellite Loci. Pak Vet J, 38: 189-193.
  • Underwood EJ, Suttle NF. 1999. The mineral nutrition of livestock. J S Afr Vet 72: 68-76.
  • Ural K, Karakurum MÇ, Duru O, Cıngı CÇ, Haydardedeoğlu AE. 2009. Serum zinc concentrations in dogs with Microsporum canis dermatophytosis: a pilot study. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 33: 279-283.
  • Westhoff D, Kloes M, Orveillon F, Farnow D, Elbers K, Mueller R. 2010. Treatment of feline dermatophytosis with an inactivated fungal vaccine. Open Mycol J, 4: 10-17.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Nesip Çelik 0009-0000-0757-0637

Ömer Faruk Katanalp 0000-0003-3353-1871

Enes Arıca 0000-0002-8663-4826

Almina Güneş 0000-0002-5542-2345

Lale Çivi 0009-0002-7461-5617

Hasan İçen 0000-0002-6034-3203

Early Pub Date November 13, 2025
Publication Date November 15, 2025
Submission Date October 7, 2025
Acceptance Date October 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Çelik, M. N., Katanalp, Ö. F., Arıca, E., … Güneş, A. (2025). The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 8(6), 290-295. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132
AMA Çelik MN, Katanalp ÖF, Arıca E, Güneş A, Çivi L, İçen H. The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis. BSJ Health Sci. November 2025;8(6):290-295. doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132
Chicago Çelik, Mehmet Nesip, Ömer Faruk Katanalp, Enes Arıca, Almina Güneş, Lale Çivi, and Hasan İçen. “The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle With Trichophytosis”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 8, no. 6 (November 2025): 290-95. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132.
EndNote Çelik MN, Katanalp ÖF, Arıca E, Güneş A, Çivi L, İçen H (November 1, 2025) The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 8 6 290–295.
IEEE M. N. Çelik, Ö. F. Katanalp, E. Arıca, A. Güneş, L. Çivi, and H. İçen, “The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis”, BSJ Health Sci., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 290–295, 2025, doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132.
ISNAD Çelik, Mehmet Nesip et al. “The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle With Trichophytosis”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 8/6 (November2025), 290-295. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132.
JAMA Çelik MN, Katanalp ÖF, Arıca E, Güneş A, Çivi L, İçen H. The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis. BSJ Health Sci. 2025;8:290–295.
MLA Çelik, Mehmet Nesip et al. “The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle With Trichophytosis”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, vol. 8, no. 6, 2025, pp. 290-5, doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1798132.
Vancouver Çelik MN, Katanalp ÖF, Arıca E, Güneş A, Çivi L, İçen H. The Effect of Trichodoll® Application on Serum Trace Element Profile in Young Holstein Cattle with Trichophytosis. BSJ Health Sci. 2025;8(6):290-5.
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