Eski Sovyet Baltık Ülkeleri Estonya, Letonya ve Litvanya’nın Güvenlik Politikaları

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 22, 30.06.2024

Ömer Omer Taylan Özbek

https://doi.org/10.48174/buaad.1314069

Abstract

Estonya, Letonya ve Litvanya Baltık ülkeleri olarak bilinir. Bu üç komşu Baltık ülkesinin ortak özelliği eski SSCB ülkesi olmalarıdır.
Bu çalışmada, Baltık ülkelerinin, SSCB sonra elde ettikleri bağımsızlıklarını nasıl korudukları açıklanmıştır. Bu ülkelerin bağımsızlıkları açısından en önemli tehdit Rusya’dır. Bu sebeple, üç ülke de savunma stratejilerini, Rusya’nın ülkelerine müdahalesi veya işgali üzerine kurmuşlardır.
Bağımsızlık sonrası Baltık ülkeleri kendilerini Batı ülkeleri tarafında konumlandırdılar. Bu sebeple AB ve NATO üyelikleri için çabaladılar. 2004 yılında hem AB hem de NATO üyesi olmuşlardır. Özellikle NATO üyeliği Baltık ülkelerin güvenliği için önemlidir. Çünkü bu ülkeler ulusal kaynaklarla Rusya’ya karşı ülkelerini koruyamayacaklarını düşündüler. Güvenlik politikalarını ulus üstü yapılara taşıdılar. Bu politikalarında başarılı oldular. Ulusal programlarla NATO üyelikleri Baltık ülkelerinin güvenlik kaygılarını en aza indirdi. Ancak Kırım’ın Rusya tarafından işgali ve 2022 Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı Baltık ülkelerinin güvenlik politikalarını tekrar gözden geçirmelerine sebep oldu.
Kırım işgali ve Ukrayna savaşıyla Baltık ülkeleri NATO iş birliğini artırmışlardır. Özellikle 2022 NATO Madrid toplantısında önemli kararlar alınmıştır. NATO’nın acil müdahale gücünün Baltık ülkelerinde konuşlanması sağlanmıştır. NATO’nun Baltık bölgesindeki askeri varlığı artırılmıştır. Baltık Denizi ile Karadeniz’in güvenliği aynı konseptte değerlendirilmiştir. Baltık bölgesinde NATO tarafından Rusya’ya karşı konuşlanan dört taburluk askeri yapı bugün kolordu düzeyine çıkmıştır. Baltık ülkeleri ulusal güvenliklerini bu sayede güvence altına almışlardır.

Keywords

Estonya, Letonya, Litvanya, Baltık Ülkeleri, NATO

Security Policies of Former Soviet Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

Abstract

Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are known as the Baltic states. The common feature of these three neighboring Baltic countries is that they are the countries of the former USSR.
In this study, it is explained how the Baltic countries have maintained their independence, which they achieved after the USSR. The most important threat to the independence of these countries is Russia. For this reason, all three countries have based their defense strategies on Russia's intervention or invasion of their countries.
The Baltic states were liberated from the rule of Tsarist Russia after the First World War, but after World War II, they came under the rule of the USSR. The Russians are the only actors who have taken away the sovereignty of these countries throughout history. For this reason, throughout history, the Baltic states have fought with the Russians. In other words, the most important actor threatening the existence and security of the Baltic states is the Russians and Russia.
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the three Baltic countries, have small state capacities in military matters. The Baltic countries, which have both a small geography and a small population, cannot ensure their security alone. Because the country that threatens the security of all three countries is Russia. All three countries are neighbors to Russia. There is a large Russian population in all three countries. It is impossible for them to ensure their security against Russia who is a nuclear power state only with national resources.

Keywords

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Baltic States, NATO

References

• ABD Savunma Bakanlığı. (2022). DOD, Latvian MOD Enter into Non-Binding Security of Supply Arrangement, U.S. Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3203753/dod-latvian-mod-enterinto-non-binding-security-of-supply-arrangement, Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2023.
• Arbušauskaitė, A. L. (2012). Episodes of the Klaipeda/Memel Anschluss in March 1939. Baltic Region, 2, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2012-2-3.
• Auers, D. (2015). Comparative Politics and Government of the Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the 21st Century, Palgrave Mcmillan: London.
• Bajarnas E., Haab M., Viskne I. (1995). The Baltic States: security and defense after independence. Chatillon paper no 19, Institute for Security Studies.
• Baran A. (2012). Wojna po wojnie. Antysowieckie podziemie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej w latach 1944-1953. Scholar, Gdańsk-Warsaw.
• BNS. (2022). NATO summit to take place in Vilnius in July 2023, IRT, 9 November. Available at: https:// www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1817322/natosummit-to-take-place-in-vilnius-in-july-2023, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023.
• Brown, L. (2022). Britain to halve soldiers in Estonia force amid rising tension with Russia, The Times, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britain-to-halve-soldiersestonia-russia-tensionslcw9h72rn, 08.06.2023.
• Company UAB. (2023). What to know about Lithuania, https://tet.lt/blog/what-to-know-about-lithuania/, Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2023.
• Eberhardt P. (1996). Między Rosją a Niemcami. Przemiany narodowościowe w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej w XX w. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warsaw.
• Estonia.ee. (2023). Estonia, https://estonia.ee/overview/, Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2023.
• Estonya Anayasası. (1992). Anayasa Maddeleri, https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/521052015001/consolide.
• Estonya Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2022). Estonia is sending Ukraine ammunition and equipment, Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 7 October, https://www.kaitseministeerium.ee/en/news/estonia-sending-ukraine-ammunition-and-equipment, Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2023.
• Estonya İstatistik Bürosu. (2023). 2021 Nüfus Sayımı, https://rahvaloendus.ee/en/results/demographic-and-ethno-cultural-characteristics-of-the-population, Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2023.
• European Centre Minority Issues. (1998). Minorities and Majorities in Estonia: Problem of Integrations at the Threshold of the EU, Flensburg: Germany. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/25735/report_02.pdf.
• Garamone, J. (2022). Austin’s Visit to Latvia Underscores U.S. Commitment, U.S. Department of Defense, www.defense.gov%2FNews%2FNewsStories%2FArticle%2FArticle%2F312380%2Faustins-visit-to-latvia-underscores-us-commitment%2F, Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2023.
• Government of Estonia. (2022). Kallas at a meeting with Colonna: we will continue to support Ukraine to win the war, https://www.valitsus.ee/en/news/kallas-meeting-colonna-we-will-continue-support-ukraine-win-war, Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2023.
• Hardwell, L., vd. (2022). Winter is Coming: The Baltics and Russia-Ukraine War, LSE IDEAS, s. 16.
• Hudson, L. ve McLeary, P. (2022). U.S. industry cranks up HIMARS production as Ukraine war intensifies. Politico, https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/18/himars-production-war-ukraine-00062301#:~:text=The%2020%20HIMARS%20sent%20to,the%20Donbas%20and%20around%20Kherson, Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2023.
• Kasekamp, A. (2010). A History of the Baltic States, Palgrage Mcmillan: Hampshire.
• Kozakiewicz J. (2003). Polityka bezpieczeństwa państw bałtyckich. Fundacja Instytut Studiów Strategicznych, Krakow. https://kamunikat.org/usie_knihi.html?pubid=50464&lang=PL.
• Liik K. ve Kaljurand R. (2012). Baltic-Nordic-US cooperation as a vehicle for democratic change, International Center for Defence Studies. https://icds.ee/en/baltic-nordic-us-cooperation-as-a-vehicle-for-democratic-change/, Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2023.
• Litvanya Cumhuriyeti Anayasası. (1992). https://www.lrs.lt/home/Konstitucija/Constitution.htm.
• Litvanya İstatistik Ofisi. (2021). Litvanya Bilgileri, https://stat.gov.lv/en/statistics-themes/population/population, Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2023.
• Litvanya Ulusal Savunma Stratejisi. (2016). https://www.newstrategycenter.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2017-nacsaugstrategijaen.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2023.
• Łossowski P. (1995). Stabilizacja pozycji międzynarodowej Polski (czerwiec 1921 – marzec 1923).
• LSM. (2022). Latvia plans to buy six HIMARS systems, https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/latviaplans-tobuy-six-himars-systems.a477726,/, Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2023.
• Łukasik-Duszyńska M. (2008). Brytyjskie poselstwo donosi. Posłowie brytyjscy wobec stosunków Polski z państwami bałtyckimi w latach 1920–1926, Szkoła Wyższa Psychologii Społecznej, Warsaw.
• Moller F. (2002). The Baltic States: Security, Identity, and the Identity of the State. Bonn International Centre for Conversation.
• Moller F. (2007). Thinking peaceful change. Baltic Security Policies and security Community Building, Syracuse University Press: Syracuse-New York.
• Molotov-Ribbentrop Paktı. (1939). Secret Additional Protocol, Article I. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/125339/1393_Molotov-Ribbentrop_Pact.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2023.
• NATO. (2004). NATO members countries, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm#coldwar2, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023.
• NATO. (2022). NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023.
• NATO. (2023). Estonia, https://shape.nato.int/estonia, Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2023.
• NATO. (2023). New NATO Force Model, https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/6/pdf/220629-infographic-new-nato-force-model.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2023.
• NBC News. (2023). Russia to deploy tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus in July, Putin says, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-deploy-tactical-nuclear-weapons-belarus-july-putin-rcna88522, Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023.
• Palmer, A. (2010). The Baltic: A New Histort of the Region and its People, Duchwork&Co: London.
• Piotrowski, S. (2018). Security Policy of the Baltic States and Its Determining Factors, Security and Defence Quarterly, 22 (5).
• Riiji Teataja. (1993). National Minorities Cultural Othonmy Act. Kabul Tarihi: 26.10.1993, No: RT I 1993, 71, 1001, Yayımlanma Tarihi: 28.11.1993. https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/519112013004/consolide.
• Szymański, P. (2015). Between Continuation and adaptation: The Baltic States security policy and arm forces, OSW Commentary. https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/commentary_190.pdf.
• Taagepera, R. (1990). The Baltic States, Electrol Studies, 9-4, 303-3011.
• Themoscowtimes. (2018). Russian Blogosphere Bemused U. S. Agency Inclues Ukranie in Russia in Map Gaffe, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/04/04/russian-blogosphere-left-bemused-after-us-association-places-ukraine-part-russia-map-gaffe-a61045, Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2023.
• Tidey, A. (2022). Ukraine war: Hungary comparing EU sanctions on Russia to bombs is “inappropriate”. Euronews, https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/10/19/hungary-comparing-eu-sanctions-on-russia-to-bombs-is-inappropriate-says-eu-commission, Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2023.
• Ulusal Savunma Geliştirme Planı 2013-2022. (2013). http://www.kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/elfinder/article_files/national_defence_development_plan.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2023.
• Urbelis, V. (2003). Defence Policies of the Baltic States: form the Concept of Neutrality towars NATO membership, NATO-EAPC Individual Fellowship Report 2001-2003: Vilnius. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/01-03/vaidotas.pdf.
• Worldata. (2023). Members of CIS, https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/cis-commonwealth-of-independent-states.php, Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2023.