Uluslararası Âfet Hukuku Alanındaki İlk Adımlar

Abstract

Dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde milyonlarca insanı etkileyen felâketlerin sıklığı ve şiddetinin giderek artması sebebiyle, âfet yardımı son yıllarda uluslararası hukukun ehemmiyetli konularından biri hâline gelmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, âfet yardımı faâliyetlerinin örgütlenmesi ve kurumsallaşması kritik bir önem kazanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, uluslararası işbirliği en etkili sûrette uluslararası örgütler aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Kurumsal nitelikteki uluslararası âfet yardımının kökenleri, esâsen, 20’nci yüzyılın başlarına kadar uzanmaktadır. Yüzyılın başında âfetlerle alâkalı sorunlara çözüm getirmek amacıyla kurulan öncü hükûmetlerarası örgütlerin incelenmesi, bu alandaki çağdaş girişimlerin târihsel gelişimi ve kavramsal temellerine ışık tutulacaktır.

Keywords

• Âfet Yardımı
• Uluslararası Yardım Birliği
• Belçika Yardım Komisyonu
• Birleşmiş Milletler Yardım ve Rehabilitasyon İdâresi
• Uluslararası Örgütler Arasında Ardıllık

An Assessment On The Nile Basin Cooperation Framework Agreement’s Entry Into Force

Abstract

Due to the increasing frequency and severity of disasters affecting millions of individuals across various regions of the world, disaster relief has become one of the most salient and pressing subjects of international law in recent years. Consequently, the organisation and institutionalisation of disaster relief activities have assumed a position of critical importance. In this regard, international cooperation is most effectively realised through international organisations. The origins of institutionalised international disaster relief may, in fact, be traced back to the early twentieth century. An examination of the pioneering intergovernmental organisations established at the turn of that century to address disaster-related challenges will offer valuable insight into the historical development and conceptual foundations of contemporary efforts in this field.

Keywords

• Disaster Relief
• International Relief Union
• Commission of Relief in Belgium
• United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
• Succession between International Organisations

References

1. Aronsson-Storrier Marie & Breau Susan C. (eds), Research Handbook on Disasters and International Law (2nd edn, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2024).
2. Bartolini Giulio, “A Taxonomy of Disasters in International Law”, in Flavia Zorzi Giustiniani & Emanuale Sommario & Federico Casolari & Giulio Bartolini (eds) Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Disasters (1st edn, Routledge 2018) 10-26.
3. Beigbeder Yves, The Role and Status of International Humanitarian Volunteers and Organizations. The Right and Duty to Humanitarian Assistance (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1991).
4. Bilgin Fehmi Kerem, “Uluslararası İdârî Birlikler”, in Anıl Çamyamaç & Ferit Çağdaş Şahan (eds) İdârî Uluslararası Hukuk (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi 2025) 137-158.
5. Bothe Michael, “Relief Actions” in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed) Encyclopedia of Public International Law, vol. IV (1st edn, North-Holland/Elsevier 2000) 168-174.
6. Bothe Michael & Partsch Karl Josef & Solf Waldemar A. (eds), New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts. Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (2nd edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2013).
7. Caron David D. & Kelly Michael J. & Telesetsky Anastasia (eds), The International Law of Disaster Relief (1st edn, Cambridge University Press 2014).
8. Chiu Hungdah, “Succession in International Organisations” (1965) 14 (1) International & Comparative Law Quarterly 83-120.

9. Cubie Dug, “Identifying Principles of International Disaster Law”, in Marie Aronsson-Storrier & Susan C. Breau (eds) Research Handbook on Disasters and International Law (2nd edn, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2024) 11-29.
10. Çamyamaç Anıl, “Uluslararası Hukuk Çerçevesinde EFTA’nın Kurumsal Yapısı”, in Uğur Burç Yıldız (eds) Avrupa Serbest Ticaret Birliği (EFTA). Tarihçe, Kurumlar, Ticaret Anlaşmaları ve Avrupa Birliği ile İlişkiler (1st edn, Detay Yayıncılık 2019) 33-97.
11. Çamyamaç Anıl, “Bir Uluslararası Hukuk Müessesesi Olarak Uluslararası Örgütler Arasında Ardıllık” (2022) 24 (1) Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1-37.
12. Çamyamaç Anıl, “Dünya Sağlık Örgütüne Giden Yolun Taşlarla Döşenmesinde Önemli Bir Adım: Birleşmiş Milletler Yardım ve Rehabilitasyon İdaresi ve Tarihi Perspektifi” (2023) 12 (23) Tıp Hukuku Dergisi 47-78.
13. Çamyamaç Anıl, “Uluslararası Örgütlerde Ardıllık ve Uluslararası Memûriyet”, in Anıl Çamyamaç & Ferit Çağdaş Şahan (eds) İdârî Uluslararası Hukuk (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi 2025) 87-114.
14. de Vattel Emmerich, The Law of Nations, or, Principles of the Law of Nature, Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns, with Three Early Essays on the Origin and Nature of Natural Law and on Luxury, (translated by Nugent) (1st edn, Liberty Fund, Inc. 2008) (from the edition of 1797).
15. den Hertog Johan, “The Commission for Relief in Belgium and the Political Diplomatic History of the First World War” (2010) 21 (4) Diplomacy & Statecraft 593-613.
16. Fisher David, “International Disaster Relief: A Growing Regulatory Dilemma” (2007) 101 Proceedings of American Society of International Law 114-118.
17. Focarelli Carlo, “Duty to Protect in Cases of Natural Disasters” in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online edn, December 2020) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e781 (son ziyâret târihi: 29/08/25).
18. Gay George I., Public Relations of the Commission for Relief in Belgium-Documents, vol. I (1st edn, Stanford University Press 1929).
19. Gay George I., Public Relations of the Commission for Relief in Belgium-Documents, vol. II (1st edn, Stanford University Press 1929).
20. Gerbet Pierre, “Rise and Development” (1977) 29 (1) International Social Science Journal 7-27.
21. Gerbet Pierre, “Rise and Development of International Organization: A Synthesis”, in Georges Abi-Saab (ed) The Concept of International Organization (1st edn, UNESCO 1981) 27-49.
22. Giustiniani Flavia Zorzi, International Law in Disaster Scenarios. Applicable Rules and Principles (1st edn, Springer 2021).
23. Goodman Neville M., International Health Organizations and Their Work (2nd edn, Churchill Livingstone 1971).
24. Gorman Robert F., Historical Dictionary of Refugee and Disaster Relief Organizations (1st edn, The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2000).
25. Green Stephen, International Disaster Relief toward a Responsive System (1st edn, McGraw-Hill Book Company 1977).
26. Hahn Hugo J., “Continuity in the Law of International Organization” (1963) 13 (1) Österreichische Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 167-239.
27. Holborn Louise W., The International Refugee Organization. A Specialized Agency of the United Nations – Its History and Work 1946-1952 (1st edn, Oxford University Press 1956).
28. Hoover Herbert, An American Epic. Introduction: The Relief of Belgium and Northern France 1914-1930, vol. I (1st edn, Henry Regnery Company 1959).
29. Hutchinson John F., “Disasters and the International Order-II: The International Relief Union” (2001) 23 (2) International History Review 253-298.
30. Kavak Muhammed Halid, Uluslararası Sorumluluk Hukukunda Tazminatın Belirlenmesi ve Hesaplanması (1st edn, Seçkin 2022).
31. Kızılay ve Kızıhaç’ın Milletlerarası Kaynakları. Sözleşmeler-Tüzükler-Kararlar (1st edn, Türkiye Kızılay Derneği 1964).
32. Knipping Franz & von Mangoldt Hans & Rittberger Völker (eds), The United Nations System and Its Predecessors, vol. II (Predecessors of the United Nations) (1st edn, Oxford University Press 1997).
33. MacAlister-Smith Peter, “The International Relief Union of 1932” (1981) 5 (2) Disasters 147-154.
34. MacAlister-Smith Peter, International Humanitarian Assistance. Disaster Relief Actions in International Law and Organization (1st edn, Springer-Science+Business Media B.V. 1985).
35. MacAlister-Smith Peter, “The International Relief Union. Reflections on the Convention Establishing an International Relief Union of July 12, 1927” (1986) 54 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 363-374.
36. MacAlister-Smith Peter, “Non-Governmental Organizations and Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance” (1987) 27 (260) International Review of the Red Cross 501-508.
37. MacLeod Rachel, “The Evolution of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies’ Work in Disaster Law” in Marie Aronsson-Storrier & Susan C. Breau (eds) Research Handbook on Disasters and International Law (2nd edn, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 2024) 298-319.
38. Mangone Gerard J., A Short History of International Organization (1st edn, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 1954).
39. Mehring Sigrid, “International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies” in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online edn, February 2016) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1924 (son ziyâret târihi: 29/10/25).
40. Menon P. K., “International Organizations as Subjects of International Law” (1992) 70 Revue de droit international, de sciences, diplomatiques et politiques 61-81.
41. Mochi-Onory Andrea G., “The Nature of Succession between International Organizations: Functions and Treaties” (1968) 21 (1) Revue hellénique de droit international 33-48.
42. Morse Bradford, “Practice, Norms and Reform of International Humanitarian Rescue Organizations” (1977) 157 (IV) Recueil des cours 121-194.
43. Myers Patrick R., Succession between International Organizations (1st edn, Keagan Paul International 1993).
44. Nishimoto Kentaro, “The Role of International Organizations in Disaster Response: A Case Study of Recent Earthquakes in Japan” in David D. Caron & Michael J. Kelly & Anastasia Telesetsky (eds) The International Law of Disaster Relief (1st edn, Cambridge University Press 2014) 295-313.
45. Özkerim Güner Neslihan, Uluslararası Örgütlerin Ardıllığı (1st edn, Adalet Yayınevi 2025).
46. Patrnogic Jovica, “Some Reflections on Humanitarian Principles Applicable in Relief Actions” in Christophe Swinarski (ed) Études et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-Rouge / Studies and Essays on International Humanitarian Law and Red Cross Principles. En l’honneur de Jean Pictet / In Honour of Jean Pictet (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1984) 925-936.
47. Pazarcı Hüseyin, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, II. Kitap (6th edn, Turhan Kitabevi 1999).
48. Ruegger Paul, “The Juridical Aspects of the Organisation of the International Red Cross” (1953) 82 (I) Recueil des cours 481-586.
49. Sandoz Yves, “Article 61-Definitions and Scopes” in Yves Sandoz & Christophe Swinarski & Bruno Zimmermann (eds) Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1947 (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1987) 717-736.
50. Sandoz Yves & Swinarski Christophe & Zimmermann Bruno (eds), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1947 (1st edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1987).
51. Schindler Dietrich & Toman Jiri (eds), The Laws of Armed Conflicts. A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents (4th edn, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2004).
52. Schmalenbach Kirsten, “International Organizations or Institutions, Succession” in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online edn, September 2017) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e510 (son ziyâret târihi: 03/11/25).
53. Schüster Sandra & Kellett Jan, UNDP and the Hyogo Framework for Action. 10 Years of Reducing Disaster Risk (1st edn, UNDP 2015) via www.undp.org (son ziyâret târihi: 09/02/23).
54. Tokunaga Emika, “Evolution of International Disaster Response Law: Toward Codification and Progressive Development of the Law” in David D. Caron & Michael J. Kelly & Anastasia Telesetsky (eds) The International Law of Disaster Relief (1st edn, Cambridge University Press 2014) 46-64.
55. Vukas Budislav, “Humanitarian Assistance in Cases of Emergency” in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online edn, March 2013) via https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e823 (son ziyâret târihi: 29/08/25).
56. Watson Scott D., “Institutionalizing and Implementing the Disaster Relief Norm: The League of Red Cross Societies and the International Relief Union” in Alexander Betts & Phil Orchard (eds) Implementation and World Politics: How International Norms Change Practice (1st edn, Oxford University Press 2014) 230-247.
57. Westgate Kenneth N. & O’Keefe Phil, “Some Definitions of Disaster” (1976) 4 University of Bradford Disaster Research Unit Occasional Paper.
58. Woodbridge George, UNRRA. The History of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, vol. III (1st edn, Columbia University Press 1950).
59. Yamaner Batur Melike & Öktem A. Emre & Kurtdarcan Bleda R. & Uzun Mehmet C., 12 Ağustos 1949 tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri (1st edn, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları târih belirtilmemiş).