Research Article
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Prognostic Value of BUN/Albumin Ratio in Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Haemorrhage

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 21 - 26, 29.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.61678/bursamed.1701240

Abstract

Objectives: Acute upper gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage is a life-threatening condition with significant morbidity and mortality. Although risk stratification tools such as AIMS65 and Glasgow-Blatchford Score (GBS) are widely used, there is growing interest in biochemical markers that are easy to calculate and may aid clinical decision-making. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/albumin ratio (BAR) in predicting mortality in patients presenting with acute upper GI haemorrhage and to compare its performance with the AIMS65 and GBS scores.
Methods: This retrospective observational study included 356 adult patients admitted to a tertiary emergency department with a diagnosis of acute upper GI haemorrhage between January 2020 and October 2023. Patients with malignancy, liver or renal failure, sepsis, or incomplete records were excluded. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. BAR and AIMS65 scores were calculated from initial laboratory results. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to compare the predictive abilities of BAR, AIMS65, and GBS.
Results: The mean age of the study population was 67.25 ± 16.78 years, and 40.7% were female. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 18.7%. The mean BAR was 1.45 ± 1.15. ROC analysis demonstrated that the AIMS65 score had a significantly better predictive ability for mortality than BAR (AUC difference p = 0.002). Similarly, GBS outperformed BAR in predicting discharge status (AUC difference p < 0.001). While BAR showed some correlation with mortality, it did not exhibit sufficient predictive power to replace established scoring systems.
Conclusion: Although the BUN/albumin ratio is an accessible and easily calculable biomarker with theoretical relevance in acute upper GI haemorrhage, this study found that its prognostic utility is inferior to AIMS65 and GBS. BAR alone should not be used in place of established clinical risk scores. However, given its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, further multicentre prospective studies are warranted to explore its role as a supportive prognostic tool in specific patient subgroups.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the İzmir Katip Çelebi University Ethics Committee (Protocol No: 0097).

References

  • Uysal Y, Babus SB, Kose A, Ates F, Biricik S, Erdogan S, vd. The prognostic significance of the risk scores at upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Niger J Clin Pract. 08 Ocak 2019;22(8):1099.
  • Lam KLY, Wong JCT, Lau JYW. Pharmacological Treatment in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. Aralık 2015;13(4):369-76.
  • Kim MS, Moon HS, Kwon IS, Park JH, Kim JS, Kang SH, vd. Validation of a new risk score system for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol. 17 Haziran 2020;20(1):193.
  • Mohammad S, Chandio B, Shaikh A, Soomro AA, Rizwan A. Endoscopic Findings in Patients Presenting with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Cureus. 19 Mart 2019;11(3):e4280.
  • Lee YJ, Min BR, Kim ES, Park KS, Cho KB, Jang BK, Chung WJ, Hwang JS, Jeon SW. Predictive factors of mortality within 30 days in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Korean J Intern Med. 2016 Jan;31(1):54-64. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2016.31.1.54. Epub 2015 Dec 28. PMID: 26767858; PMCID: PMC4712435.
  • Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M. A risk score to predict need for treatment for uppergastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet Lond Engl. 14 Ekim 2000;356(9238):1318-21.
  • Saltzman JR, Tabak YP, Hyett BH, Sun X, Travis AC, Johannes RS. A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. Aralık 2011;74(6):1215-24.
  • Ernst AA, Haynes ML, Nick TG, Weiss SJ. Usefulness of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Jan;17(1):70-2. doi: 10.1016/s0735-6757(99)90021-9. PMID: 9928705.
  • Ronit A, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Dohlmann TL, Lundgren J, Sabin CA, Phillips AN, et al. Plasma albumin and incident cardiovascular disease: results from the CGPS and an updated meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(2):473–82.
  • Kim H, Jo S, Lee JB, Jin Y, Jeong T, Yoon J, et al. Diagnostic performance of initial serum albumin level for predicting in-hospital mortality among aspiration pneumonia patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(1):5–11
  • González-Pacheco H, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Sandoval J, Martínez-Sánchez C, OrtizLeón XA, Peña-Cabral MA, et al. Prognostic implications of serum albumin levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(7):951–8.
  • Hong W, Lin S, Zippi M, Geng W, Stock S, Basharat Z, et al. Serum albumin is independently associated with persistent organ failure in acute pancreatitis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2017
  • Dogru, U., Yuksel, M., Ay, M. O., Kaya, H., Ozdemır, A., Isler, Y., & Bulut, M. (2022). The effect of the shock index and scoring systems for predicting mortality among geriatric patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective cohort study. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 140, 531-539.
  • Hyett, B., Abougergi, M., Charpentier, J., Kumar, N., Brozović, S., Claggett, B., Travis, A., & Saltzman, J. (2013). The AIMS65 score compared with the Glasgow-Blatchford score in predicting outcomes in upper GI bleeding.. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 77 4, 551-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.11.022.
  • Doğanay, F., & Yılmaz, E. (2021). AIMS65 score and shock index in predicting mortality in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. https://doi.org/10.4328/acam.20803.
  • Laursen, S., Hansen, J., & De Muckadell, O. (2012). The Glasgow Blatchford score is the most accurate assessment of patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 10 10, 1130-1135.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.06.022.
  • Wang, Y., Gao, S., Hong, L., Hou, T., Liu, H., Li, M., Yang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Prognostic impact of blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio on patients with sepsis: a retrospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37127-8.
  • Dundar, Z., Kucukceran, K., & Ayranci, M. (2020). Blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio is a predictor of in-hospital mortality in older emergency department patients.. The American journal of emergency medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.008.
  • Efgan, M., Payza, U., Çınaroğlu, O., Güler, E., & Kayali, A. (2023). Akut pankreatitte şiddetin öngörülmesinde BUN/albumin oranı ile BISAP skorunun karşılaştırılması. Cukurova Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1334913.
  • Efgan, M. G., Payza, U., Çınaroğlu, O. S., Acar, H., & Kayalı, A. (2022). A Comparison of BUN/Albumin Ratio with PSI and CURB-65 for Predicting Mortality in COVID-19 Pneumonia in the Emergency Department. Istanbul Medical Journal= Istanbul Tip Dergisi, 23(4), 296.

Akut Üst Gastrointestinal Sistem Kanamalarında BUN/Albümin Oranının Prognostik Değeri

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 21 - 26, 29.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.61678/bursamed.1701240

Abstract

ÖZET
Amaç: Akut üst gastrointestinal (Gİ) kanama, önemli morbidite ve mortaliteye sahip, yaşamı tehdit eden bir durumdur. AIMS65 ve Glasgow-Blatchford Skoru (GBS) gibi risk stratifikasyon araçları yaygın olarak kullanılsa da, hesaplanması kolay ve klinik karar vermeye yardımcı olabilecek biyokimyasal belirteçlere olan ilgi artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, akut üst Gİ kanama ile başvuran hastalarda mortaliteyi öngörmede kan üre nitrojen (BUN)/albümin oranının (BAR) prognostik değerini araştırmak ve performansını AIMS65 ve GBS skorları ile karşılaştırmaktır.
Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif gözlemsel çalışmaya Ocak 2020 ve Ekim 2023 tarihleri arasında akut üst GI kanama tanısıyla üçüncü basamak bir acil servise başvuran 356 yetişkin hasta dahil edilmiştir. Malignite, karaciğer veya böbrek yetmezliği, sepsis veya eksik kayıtları olan hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Demografik, klinik ve laboratuvar verileri toplanmıştır. BAR ve AIMS65 skorları ilk laboratuvar sonuçlarından hesaplanmıştır. Birincil sonuç hastane içi mortalite idi. BAR, AIMS65 ve GBS'nin prediktif yeteneklerini karşılaştırmak için alıcı işletim karakteristiği (ROC) analizleri yapıldı.
Sonuçlar: Çalışma popülasyonunun ortalama yaşı 67,25 ± 16,78 yıldı ve %40,7'si kadındı. Genel hastane içi mortalite oranı %18.7 idi. Ortalama BAR 1.45 ± 1.15 idi. ROC analizi, AIMS65 skorunun mortalite için BAR'dan anlamlı derecede daha iyi bir öngörü yeteneğine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir (AUC farkı p = 0.002). Benzer şekilde, GBS taburculuk durumunu öngörmede BAR'dan daha iyi performans göstermiştir (AUC farkı p < 0.001). BAR mortalite ile bir miktar korelasyon gösterirken, yerleşik skorlama sistemlerinin yerini almak için yeterli öngörü gücü sergilememiştir.
Sonuç: BUN/albümin oranı akut üst GİS kanamasında teorik önemi olan erişilebilir ve kolay hesaplanabilir bir biyobelirteç olmasına rağmen, bu çalışmada prognostik faydasının AIMS65 ve GBS'den daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. BAR tek başına yerleşik klinik risk skorlarının yerine kullanılmamalıdır. Bununla birlikte, basitliği ve maliyet etkinliği göz önüne alındığında, belirli hasta alt gruplarında destekleyici bir prognostik araç olarak rolünü araştırmak için daha fazla çok merkezli prospektif çalışma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the İzmir Katip Çelebi University Ethics Committee (Protocol No: 0097).

References

  • Uysal Y, Babus SB, Kose A, Ates F, Biricik S, Erdogan S, vd. The prognostic significance of the risk scores at upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Niger J Clin Pract. 08 Ocak 2019;22(8):1099.
  • Lam KLY, Wong JCT, Lau JYW. Pharmacological Treatment in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. Aralık 2015;13(4):369-76.
  • Kim MS, Moon HS, Kwon IS, Park JH, Kim JS, Kang SH, vd. Validation of a new risk score system for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol. 17 Haziran 2020;20(1):193.
  • Mohammad S, Chandio B, Shaikh A, Soomro AA, Rizwan A. Endoscopic Findings in Patients Presenting with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Cureus. 19 Mart 2019;11(3):e4280.
  • Lee YJ, Min BR, Kim ES, Park KS, Cho KB, Jang BK, Chung WJ, Hwang JS, Jeon SW. Predictive factors of mortality within 30 days in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Korean J Intern Med. 2016 Jan;31(1):54-64. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2016.31.1.54. Epub 2015 Dec 28. PMID: 26767858; PMCID: PMC4712435.
  • Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M. A risk score to predict need for treatment for uppergastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet Lond Engl. 14 Ekim 2000;356(9238):1318-21.
  • Saltzman JR, Tabak YP, Hyett BH, Sun X, Travis AC, Johannes RS. A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. Aralık 2011;74(6):1215-24.
  • Ernst AA, Haynes ML, Nick TG, Weiss SJ. Usefulness of the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio in gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Emerg Med. 1999 Jan;17(1):70-2. doi: 10.1016/s0735-6757(99)90021-9. PMID: 9928705.
  • Ronit A, Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Dohlmann TL, Lundgren J, Sabin CA, Phillips AN, et al. Plasma albumin and incident cardiovascular disease: results from the CGPS and an updated meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(2):473–82.
  • Kim H, Jo S, Lee JB, Jin Y, Jeong T, Yoon J, et al. Diagnostic performance of initial serum albumin level for predicting in-hospital mortality among aspiration pneumonia patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(1):5–11
  • González-Pacheco H, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Sandoval J, Martínez-Sánchez C, OrtizLeón XA, Peña-Cabral MA, et al. Prognostic implications of serum albumin levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(7):951–8.
  • Hong W, Lin S, Zippi M, Geng W, Stock S, Basharat Z, et al. Serum albumin is independently associated with persistent organ failure in acute pancreatitis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2017
  • Dogru, U., Yuksel, M., Ay, M. O., Kaya, H., Ozdemır, A., Isler, Y., & Bulut, M. (2022). The effect of the shock index and scoring systems for predicting mortality among geriatric patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective cohort study. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 140, 531-539.
  • Hyett, B., Abougergi, M., Charpentier, J., Kumar, N., Brozović, S., Claggett, B., Travis, A., & Saltzman, J. (2013). The AIMS65 score compared with the Glasgow-Blatchford score in predicting outcomes in upper GI bleeding.. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 77 4, 551-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2012.11.022.
  • Doğanay, F., & Yılmaz, E. (2021). AIMS65 score and shock index in predicting mortality in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. https://doi.org/10.4328/acam.20803.
  • Laursen, S., Hansen, J., & De Muckadell, O. (2012). The Glasgow Blatchford score is the most accurate assessment of patients with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 10 10, 1130-1135.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.06.022.
  • Wang, Y., Gao, S., Hong, L., Hou, T., Liu, H., Li, M., Yang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Prognostic impact of blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio on patients with sepsis: a retrospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37127-8.
  • Dundar, Z., Kucukceran, K., & Ayranci, M. (2020). Blood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio is a predictor of in-hospital mortality in older emergency department patients.. The American journal of emergency medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.008.
  • Efgan, M., Payza, U., Çınaroğlu, O., Güler, E., & Kayali, A. (2023). Akut pankreatitte şiddetin öngörülmesinde BUN/albumin oranı ile BISAP skorunun karşılaştırılması. Cukurova Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1334913.
  • Efgan, M. G., Payza, U., Çınaroğlu, O. S., Acar, H., & Kayalı, A. (2022). A Comparison of BUN/Albumin Ratio with PSI and CURB-65 for Predicting Mortality in COVID-19 Pneumonia in the Emergency Department. Istanbul Medical Journal= Istanbul Tip Dergisi, 23(4), 296.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Süleyman Kırık 0000-0003-1477-6363

Mehmet Göktuğ Efgan 0000-0002-0794-1239

Efe Kanter 0000-0002-0208-950X

Tutku Duman Şahan 0000-0001-9641-4176

Umut Payza 0000-0002-5297-1066

Osman Sezer Çınaroğlu 0000-0002-3860-2053

Publication Date October 29, 2025
Submission Date May 17, 2025
Acceptance Date October 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

EndNote Kırık S, Efgan MG, Kanter E, Duman Şahan T, Payza U, Çınaroğlu OS (October 1, 2025) Prognostic Value of BUN/Albumin Ratio in Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Haemorrhage. Journal of Bursa Faculty of Medicine 3 3 21–26.

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