PSİKOLOJİK GÜÇLENDİRMENİN İŞ TATMİNİNE ETKİSİNDE ÖRGÜTSEL BAĞLILIĞIN ARACILIK ROLÜ

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı psikolojik güçlendirmenin dört boyutunun, çalışanların iş tatminine etkisi ve bu etkide örgütsel bağlılığın aracılık rolünün tespit edilmesidir. Söz konusu değişkenler arasındaki ilişki; faktör analizi, regresyon analizi ve sobel testleri gibi istatistiksel yöntemler ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada Ankara ilinde faaliyet gösteren ve elektronik haberleşme sektöründe yer alan özel işletmeler ele alınmıştır. Bu konuda hazırlanan anket formu ile 476 çalışandan toplanan veriler kullanılarak çalışmada yer alan değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, psikolojik güçlendirmenin dört boyutununda iş tatminini olumlu yönde etkilediği ve örgütsel bağlılığın bu ilişkide kısmi aracılık rolünün olduğu belirlenmiştir

Keywords

• Psikolojik Güçlendirme, İş Tatmini, Örgütsel Bağlılık, Aracılık Etkisi

The Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of psychological empowerment on the employees’ job satisfactions and the mediating role of organizational commitment on this effect. The relationship between the aforementioned variables is analyzed by using a set of statistical techniques, i.e., factor analysis, regression analysis, and sobel tests. The data used in the analysis is obtained through questionnaires filled out by 476 employees of the private firms in the electronic communiciation sector in Ankara. The results of the analysis indicate that psychological empowerment affects job satisfaction positively and organizational commitment has a partial mediating role in that effect

Keywords

• Psychological Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment

References

1. Akıncı, Z. (2002), Turizm Sektöründe İşgören İş Tatminini Etkileyen Faktörler: Beş Yıldızlı Konaklama İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (4), s. 1-25.
2. Arnett, D. B., Laverie, D. A. ve McLane, C. (2002), Using Job Satisfaction and Pride as Internal Marketing Tools, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, April.
3. Arnett, J. J. (1999), Adolescent Storm And Stress, Revisited, American Psychologist, 54(5), 317-326.
4. Arslantaş, C. C. ve Dursun, M. (2008), Etik Liderlik Davranışının Yöneticiye Duyulan Güven ve Psikolojik Güçlendirme Üzerindeki Etkisine Etkileşim Adaletinin Dolaylı Rolü, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt.8, Sayı:1, s. 111-128.
5. Asa, Y. ve Dalkılıç, N. (2008), Örgütsel Bağlılıkta Üç Bileşen ve Yan Unsurlar Teorisine Yönelik Kütahya Kamu Sektörü Araştırması, 16. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 16-18 Mayıs, Antalya: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, s. 852-857.
6. Ataman, G. (2003), Örgüt Tasarımında Yeni Tekniklerin Lisansüstü Eğitim Üzerindeki Etkileri, Öneri Dergisi, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 20, Yıl: 10, Haziran, İstanbul.
7. Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W. ve Bhatia, P. (2004), Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Mediating Role of Structural Distance, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, s. 951-968.
8. Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986), The Moderator Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, s. 1173-1182.

9. Becker, T. E. (1992), Foci and Bases of Commitment: Are They Distinctions Worth Making?, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1, s.
10. Besterfıeld, D. H., Besterfıeld, C., Besterfıeld, G. H. ve Besterfıeld-Sacre, M. (1999), Total Quality Management, Second Edition, Prentice Hall: USA.
11. Bordin C., Bartram, T. ve Casimir, G. (2007), The Antecedents And Consequences Of Psychological Empowerment Among Singaporean IT Employees, Management Research News, Vol.30, No.1, s.37.
12. Bowen, D. E. ve Lawler, E. E. III (1992), The Empowerment of Service Workers: What, Why, How, and When, Sloan Management Review, Spring, 33, (1).
13. Brief, A. P. ve Nord, W. R. (1990). Meanings of Occupational Work: A Collection of Easy. Lexington: MA, Lexington Books.
14. Brown, R. B. (1996). Organizational Commitment: Clarifying The Concept And Simplifying The Existing Construct Typology. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, s. 230-251.
15. Brown, S. P., Cron W. L. ve Leigh, T. W. (1993), Do Feelings Of Success Mediate Sales Performance-Work Attitude Relationships? Journal Of The Academy Of Marketing Science, 21 (2), s. 91-100.
16. Causon, J. (2004), The Internal Brand: Succesfull Cultural Change and Employee Empowerment, Journal of Change Mangement, C. 4, No: 4, s. 297-307.
17. Chen, Z. X., Francesco, A. M. (2003), The Relationship Between The Three Components Of Commitment And Employee Performance İn China. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, s. 490-516.
18. Chow, I. H. (1994), Organizational Commitment and Career Development of Chinese Managers in Hong Kong and Taiwan, The International Journal of Career Management, 6 (4).
19. Conger, J. A. ve Kanungo, R. N. (1988), The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice, Academy of Management Review, 13(3), s.471 482.
20. Cunningham, I. ve Hyman, J. (1996), Empowerment: The Right Medicine for Improving Employee Commitment and Morale in the NHS? Health Manpower Management, 22 (6), s. 14-24.
21. Daft, R. L. (2004), Organization Theory and Design, 18th ed., Thompson Learning, Ohio: South Western.
22. Davis, K. (1988), İşletmede İnsan Davranışı: Örgütsel Davranış, (Çev: Kemal Tosun), İ. Ü. İşletme Fakültesi, Yayın No. 199, s.95-97, İstanbul.
23. Dewald, B. W. A. (Ben), Sutton, J. (2000), Hospitality Employees’ Empowerment in Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland, Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, C. 1, No. 1, s. 57-65.
24. Drummond, H. (2000), Introduction To Organizational Behavior, New York, Oxford University Press.
25. Durna U. ve Eren, V. (2005), Üç Bağlılık Unsuru Ekseninde Örgütsel Bağlılık, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 6, 2, s.211.
26. Eade, V. H. (1993), Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry, Gorsuch Scarisbrick Publishers: Arizona.
27. Erdil, O., Keskin, H., (2003), Güçlendirmeyle İş Tatmini, İş Stresi ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişkiler: Bir Alan Çalışması, İ.Ü. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 32, S. 1, s. 7-24.
28. Erkmen, T, Bozkurt, S. (2011), Örgüt Kültürü ve Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, C. XXXI, S. II, s. 197-228.
29. Erstad, M. (1997), Empowerment and Organizational Change, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Manegement, C. 9, No. 7, s. 325- 333.
30. Eylon, D. (1997), An Empirical Test of a Process Model of Empowerment, Journal of Management Systems, 9, s. 15-30.
31. Feldman, D. C. ve Arnold, H. J. (1983), Managing Individual and Group Behavior in Organization. Auckland: McGraw-Hill International Book Company.
32. Ferris, K. R. ve Aranya, N. (1983), A Comparison of Two Organizational Commitment Scales, Personel Psychology, Vol. 36, s. 87-98.
33. Fritzsche, B. A. ve Parrish, T. J. (2005), Theories and Research On Job Satisfaction, In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career Development And Counseling: Putting Theory And Research To Work, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, s. 180–202
34. Fulford, M. D. ve Enz, C. A. (1995), The Impact Of Empowerment On Service Employees, Journal Of Managerial, S. 7 (2), s. 161–175.
35. Gannon, M. J., Noon J. P. (1971), Management’s Critical Deficiency: Executives Unaware of Applicable Research, Business Horizons, (14), s. 49-56.
36. García-Bernal, J., Gargallo-Castel, A., Marzo-Navarro, M. ve Rivera-Torres, P. (2005), Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence Of Gender Differences, Women In Management Review, Vol. 20 Iss: 4, s. 279-288.
37. Ghazzawi I. (2008), Job Satisfaction Among Information Technology Professionals in the U.S.: An Empirical Study, Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, Vol. 13, s. 1-15.
38. Gist, M. (1987), Self-Efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. Academy of Management Review, 12 (3):472-485.
39. Greenberg, J. ve Baron, R. A. (2003), Behavior in Organization: Understanding and Managing the Human Side of Organization, Eighth Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
40. Gümüştekin, G. E. ve Emet, C. (2007), Güçlendirme Algılarındaki Değişimin Örgütsel Kültür ve Bağlılık Üzerinde Etkileşimi, Dumlupınar Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, s.106.
41. Güner Çöl ve Hasan Gül, Kişisel Özelliklerin Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerine Etkileri ve Kamu Üniversitelerinde Bir Uygulama, Atatürk Üniversitesi, İİBF Dergisi, 2005, 19, 1, s.293
42. Hackman, J. R. ve Oldham, G. R. (1980), Work Redesign, Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley.
43. Harrison, J. K. ve Hubbard, R., (1998), Antecedents To Organizational Commitment Among Mexican Employees Od A US Firm in Mexico, The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 138, No: 5, s. 609-623.
44. Harvey, D. ve Bowin, B. R. (1996), Human Resource Management-An Experiential Approach, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
45. Hechanova, M., Alampay, R. ve Franco, E. (2006), Psychological Empowerment, Job Satisfaction And Performance Among Filipino Service Workers. Asian Journal Of Social Psychology, 9, s. 92-78.
46. Hellman, C. ve MCmıllan, W.L., (1994), Newcomer Socialization And Affective Commitment, The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 134, No: 2, s. 26-27.
47. Honold, L. (1997). A Review of The Literature on Employee Empowerment, Empowerment in Organizations, 5 (4), s. 202-212.
48. Hu, S. L. Y. ve Leung, L. (2003), Effects of Expectancy-value, Attitudes, and use of the Internet on Psychological Empowerment Experiencedby Chinese Women at the Workplace, Telematics and Informatics, Article in Press, s.365 382.
49. Huczynski, A. ve Buchanan, D. (2001), Organizational Behavior: An Introductory Text, England, Prentice Hall.
50. Irvine D. M., Leatt, P., Evans M. G. Ve G. Baker R. (2000), Cognitive And Behavioral Outcomes Of Quality Improvement Teams: The Influence Of Leadership And The Work Unit Environment, Journal Of Quality Management, 4 (2), s. 167-184.
51. Ismail, A., Mohamed, H. B., Sulaiman, A. Z., Mohamed, M. H. ve Yusuf, M. H. (2011), Transformational Commitment, Business and Economics Research Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, s. Empowerment and Organizational
52. Jenkins, M. ve Thomlinson, P. P. (1992), Organisational Commitment And Job Satisfaction ManagementResearch News , 15(10), s. 18-22. of Employee Turnover Intentions,
53. Jones, G. R. ve George, J. M. (2003), Contemporary Management, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill: USA.
54. Judge, T. A., Woolf, E. F., ve Hurst, C. (2009), Is Emotional Labor More Difficult For Some Than For Others? A Multilevel, Experience-Sampling Study, Personnel Psychology, 62(1), s. 57-88.
55. Jun, J. K. ve Lee, C. W. (2000), A Study Of Psychological Empowerment Of Hotel Employees İn South Korea. In: Proceedings From The 6th Asia Pasific Tourism Association Conference. Phuket, Thailand:Prrince Of Sonkla University.
56. Kanter, Rosabeth M. (1993), Men and Women of the Coorporation. New York: Basic Books.
57. Kathleen, K.. Ferrıs G. R., Hochwarter W. A, Douglas C. ve Ammeter A. P. (2004), Leader Political Skill And Team Performance, Journal Of Management, 30(3), s. 309–327.
58. Kazlauskaite, R., Buciuniene, I. ve Turauskas, L. (2006), Building Employee Commitment in the Hospitality Industry, Baltic Journal of Management, 1 (3), s. 300-314.
59. Ketchland, A. (1998), The Existence Of Multiple Measures Of Organizational Commitment and Experience-Related Differences in A Public Accounting Setting, Behavioral Research in Accounting, 10, s. 112-115.
60. Khaleque, A. ve Rahman, M. A. (1987), Perceived Importance of Job Facets and Overall Job Satisfaction on Industrial Workers. Human Relations, 40 (7), s. 401-415.
61. Kim, W. G., Leong, J. K. ve Lee, Y. K. (2005), Effect of Service Orientation on Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Intention of Leaving in a Casual Dining Chain Resteurant. International Hospitality Management, 24 (2), s. 171-193.
62. Koçel, T. (2010), İşletme Yöneticiliği Yönetim ve Organizasyon Organizsyonlarda Davranış Klasik- Modern- Çağdaş ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12. Bası, Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti., İstanbul.
63. Koustelios, A. D. (2001), Personal Characteristics And Job Satisfaction Of Grek Teachers, The International Journal Of Educational Management, 15/7, s. 354.
64. Kuo, H.T., Yin, T.J ve Li, I.C. (2007), Relationship Between Organizational Empowerment And Job Satisfaction Perceived By Nursing Assistants At Long-Term Care Facilities. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 10:1-9.
65. Kuokkanen, L., Leino-Kilpi, H. ve Katajisto, J. (2002), Do Nurses Feel Empowered? Nurses’ Assessments Of Their Own Qualities And Performance With Regard To Nurse Empowerment, Journal Of Professional Nursing, 18(6), S. 328–335.
66. Kuokkanen, L., Leino-Kilpi, H. ve Katajisto, J. (2003), Nurse Empowerment, Job-Related Satiffaction, and Organizational Commitment, Journal of Nursing Care Quality, Vol. 18, No 3, September-July.
67. Laschınger, H.K.S., Fınegan, Joan E., Shamıan, J. And Wılk, P. (2004). A Longitudinal Analysis Of The Impact Of Workplace Empowerment On Work Satisfaction. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 25 (4):527-545.
68. Laschinger, H.K, Finegan, J. ve Shamian, J. (2001), The Impact of Workplace Empoverment, Organizational Trust on Staff Nurses’ Work Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment, Health Care Management Review, Summer.
69. Lashley, C. (1995). Towards on Understanding of Employee Empowerment in Hospitality Services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7 (1):27-32.
70. Leck, J.D., Saunders D.M. (1992). Hirschman’s Loyalty: Attitude or Behavior?, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, (5): 3: 219-230.
71. Lee, M. ve Koh, J. (2001), Is Empowerment Realy a New Concept? International Journal of HRM, 12 (4):684-695.
72. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J. ve Sparrowe, R. T. (2000), An Examination of the Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment on the Relations Between the Job, Interpersonal Relationships, and Work Outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol:85 No:3, s. 407-416.
73. Luthans, F. (1994), Organizational Behavior, McGraw-Hill, Inc.: USA.
74. Matthews, R. A., Diaz, W. M. ve Cole, S. G. (2003), The Organizational Empowerment Scale, Personnel Review, (32)3, s. 297-318.
75. Mcdonald T. ve Siegall, M. (1993), The Effect Of Tecnological Self-Efficacy And Job Focus On Job Performance, Attitudes, And Withdrawal Behaviors. Journal Of Psychology, 126 (5), s. 465-475.
76. Menon, S. T. (2001), Employee Empowerment: An Integrative Psychological Approach, International Review, 50 (1), s. 153-180.
77. Meyer, J. P. ve Allen, N. J. (1991), A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment, Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), s. 61-89.
78. Meyer, J. P. ve Allen, N. J. (1997), Commitment in the Workplace Theory Research and Application, Sage Publications, California.
79. Meyer, J. P., David J. S., Herscovitch, L. ve Topolnytsky, L. (2002), Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta- analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, s. 20-52.
80. Moorhead, G. ve Griffin, R. W. (2001), Organizational Behaviour, 6th Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
81. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M. (1979), The Measurement of Organizational Commitment, Journal of Vocational Behavior, C. 14, s. 224-247.
82. Mrayyan, M. T. (2005), Nurse Job Satisfaction and Retention: Comparing Public to Private Hospitals in Jordan, Journal of Nursing Management, Vol:13, s. 40-50.
83. Muchinsky, P. M. (2000), Psychology Applied to Work (Sixth Edition), USA: Wadsworth.
84. Nasurdin, A. M., Ramayah, T. ve Hemdi, M. A. (2005), Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: Is Commitment a Mediator?, 2nd International Conference on Business & Economics, “Capitalising the Potential of the Asian Integrated Market”, 28th–30th July 2005, Padang, Indonesia, 180.
85. Odom, R. Y., Boxx, W. R., Dunn, M. G. (2000), Organizational Cultures, Commitment, Satisfaction and Cohesion, Public Productivity and Management Review, Vol:14, No:2, s. 157-168.
86. O’Reilly, C., Chatman, J. (1986), Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment: The Effect of Compliance, Identification and Internalization on Prosocial Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, cilt 71, sayı 3, , s. 492-499.
87. Oshagbemi, T. (2000), Is Length Of Service Related To The Level Of Job Satisfaction?, International Journal Of Social Economics, 27 (3), s. 213- 226.
88. Özdevecioğlu, M. (2003), İş Tatmini ve Yaşam Tatmini Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma, 11. Yönetim veOrganizasyon Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, s. 22-24.
89. Peccei, R. ve Rosenthal, P. (2001), Delivering Customer-Oriented Behaviour Through Empowerment: an Empirical Test of HRM Assumptions. Journal of Management Studies, 38 (6), s. 831-858.
90. Pizam, A. (2007), International Encyclopedia of Hospitality Management, Elsevier Ltd.
91. Poon, J. M. L. (2004), Effects Of Performance Appraisal Politics On Job Satisfaction And Turnover Intention, Personel Review, 33(3), s. 325.
92. Porter, L., Steers, R., Mowday, R., Boulian, P. (1974), Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover amnong Psychıatric Technicians, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.59, No 5, s. 603-609.
93. Poyraz, K., Kama, B. (2008), Algılanan İş Güvencesinin, İş Tatmini, Örgütsel Bağlılık Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 13, S. 2, s. 143-164.
94. Rafiq, M. ve Ahmed, P.K. (1998), A Contingency Model For Empowering Customer-Contact Services Employees. Management Decision, 36 (10), s. 686-693.
95. Riggs, M. L. ve Knight, P. A. (1994), The Impact of Perceived Group Success- Failure on Motivational Beliefs and Attitudes: A Causal Model. Journal of Applies Psychology, 79 (5), s. 755-766.
96. Romzek, B. S. (1989), Personal Consequences of Employee Commitment, Academy of Management Journal, 32 (3), s. 649–661.
97. Rowden, R. W (2000), The Relationship Between Charismatic Leadership Behaviors and Organizational Commitment, Leadership Organizational Development Journal, 21(1), s. 30-35.
98. Samad, S. (2006), Predicting Turnover Intentions: The Case of Malaysian Government Doctors, The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, Vol:8, No:2, s. 113-119.
99. Sarker, S. J., Crossman, A. ve Chinmeteepituck, P. (2003), The Relationships Of Age And Length Of Service With Job Satisfaction: An Examination Of Hotel Employees in Thailand, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18 (7), 745-758.
100. Schoderbek, P. P., Cosier R. A. ve Aplin J. C. (1991), Management, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, USA.
101. Sekaran, U. (1992), Research Methods For Business, Canada: John Wiley ve Sons, Inc.
102. Serbest, F. (2000), İş Yaşamı Niteliği, Verimlilik Dergisi, Sayı:2000/2, s. 21-35.
103. Sigler, T. H., Pearson, C. M. (2000), Creating An Empowering Culture: Examining The Relationship Between Organizational Culture And Perceptions Of Empowerment. Journal of Quality Management, Vol.5, s. 27-52.
104. Škerlavaj M., Song J. H. ve Lee Y. (2010), Organizational Learning Culture, Innovative Culture and Innovations in South Korean Firms Expert Systems With Applications, 37, s. 6390–6403.
105. Smith, P. C., Kendal, L. M. ve Hulin, C. L. (1969), The measurement of study of satisfaction in work and retirement: A strategy for the study of attitudes, Rand McNally, Chicago, IL.
106. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995), Psychological Empowerment in The Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation, Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), s.1442 1465.
107. Spreitzer, G. M. (1996),Soeiaı Structural Characteristies of Psychologieal Empowerment, Academy ofManagemem Journal, 39(2), 8, s.483 504.
108. Spreitzer, G. M. (2007), Taking Stock: A Review of More Than Twenty Years of Research On Empowerment At Work, In C. Cooper, J. Barling, ed., Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Sage Publications.
109. Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A. ve Nason, S. W. (1997), A Dimensional Analysis of The Relationship Between Psychologial Empowerment and Effeetiveness Satisfaction and Strain, Journal of Management, 23(5), 8, s.679 704.
110. Steers, M. R. (1977), Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment, Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, s. 46-56.
111. Suominen, T., Leino-Kilpi H., Merja M., Doran D. I. ve Puukka P. (2001), Staff Empowerment İn Finnish Intensive Care Units, Intensive And Critical Care Nursing, 17, s. 341–347.
112. Tietjen, M. A., Myers, R. M. (1998), Motivation and Job Satisfaction, Management Decision, Vol. 36, S. 4, s. 226-231.
113. Thakur, M. (2007), Job Satisfaction in Banking: A Study Of Private And Public Sector Banks, The Icfai Journal Of Bank Management, 6(4), s. 60-68.
114. Ugboro, I. O. ve Obeng, K. (2000), Top Management Leadership, Employee Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, and Customer Satisfaction in TQM Organizations: An Emprical Study, Journal of Quality Management, 5, s. 247-272.
115. Umashankar, V. ve Kulkarni, A. (2002), Employee Motivation and Empowerment in Hospitality, Rhetoric or Reality- Some Observations from India, Journal of Services Research, C.. 2, No. 1, s. 31-53.
116. Wagner, J. A. ve Hollenbeck, J. R. (1995), Management of Organizational Behavior, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc., USA.
117. Wall, T.D., Wood, S.J. ve Leach, D.J. (2004), Empowerment and Performance, in International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Eds. C. L. Cooper ve I. T. Robertson, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., s. 1-46.
118. Wilkinson, A. (1998), Empowerment: Theory and Practise, Personel Review, Vol:27, No:1, 1998, s. 40-56.
119. Yıldırım, M. H. ve Demirel, Y. (2009), Örgütsel Güven ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Otomotiv Yan Sanayi Çalışanlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma, 17. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 21-23 Mayıs, Eskişehir: Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, s. 585-589.
120. Yousef, D. A. (2000), The Interactive Effects Of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity on Job Satisfaction and Attitudes Toward Organizational Change: A Moderated Multiple Regression Approach, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 7, No: 4, s. 289-303.
121. Yozgat, U. ve Şişman, A. F. (2007), Yeniden Yapılanma Süreci ve Bunun Çalışanların İş Tatmini ve Örgüte Bağlılıkları Üzerindeki Etkisi Bir Kamu Kurumunda Araştırma, 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 25-27 Mayıs, Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi, s. 745-752.
122. Yukl, G. (2002), Leadership in Organizations, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.