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TERÖR VE YAPISAL GERÇEKÇİLİK: KÜRESEL ANARŞİDE AKTÖRLÜK İDDİASININ KURAMSAL AÇIKLAMASI

Year 2008, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 1 - 23, 01.06.2008

Davut Ateş

Abstract

ABD’de yaşanan 11 Eylül olayının ardından uluslararası ilişkilerde yeni bir evreye girildiği konusunda geniş bir kabul oluşmaya başlamıştır. Eşzamanlı olarak, uluslararası ilişkilerin devletler arasındaki güç ilişkisinden oluştuğunu, anarşide karar verici aktörlerin sadece devletler olduğunu varsayan gerçekçilik ve onun çağdaş yorumu yapısalcılığın, küresel nitelik kazanmaya başlayan terör olgusunu mevcut yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, terörün gerçekçilik paradigmasındaki yeri tartışılacak; 11 Eylül örneği üzerinden küresel terörün paradigmaya neden uymadığı incelenecek; ve gerçekçi varsayımlardaki birkısım dönüşümlerle küresel terörün gerçekçilik kuramı çerçevesinde kavramlaştırılmasının mümkün olduğu gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır

Keywords

Küresel Terör Yapısal Gerçekçilik Aktörlük Yapı Anarşi

References

  • Abbott, K.W., R.O. Keohane, A. Moravcsik, A. Slaughter, ve D. Snidal; 2000; ‘‘The Concept of Legalization’’, International Organization; Volume 54; No.3; 401-419.
  • Akuhata-Brown, M.; 1999; Civil society at the Millennium; West Hartford: Kumarian Press.
  • Albrow, M.; 1997; The Global Age: State and Society beyong Modernity; Standford CA: Standford University Press.
  • Anderson, P.; 1974; Lineages of Absolutist State; London: Verso.
  • Bartley, C.M.; 2005; ‘‘The Art of Terrorism: What Sun Tzu can Teach us about International Terrorism’’; Comparative Strategy; Volume 24; No.3; 237-251.
  • Borum, R. ve M. Gelles; 2005; ‘‘Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioural and Organizational Perspectives’’; Behavioural Sciences and Law; Volume 23; No.4; 467-483.
  • Boyer, R.; 1996; States Sgainst Markets: The Limits of Globalization; London: Routledge.
  • Buzan, B., C. Jones, ve R. Little; 1993; Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism; New York: Colombia University Press.
  • Chomsky, N.; 2002; ‘‘Who are the Global Terrorists?’’; İçinde: Ken Booth and Tim Dunne ed. Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Clark, I.; 1997; Globalization and Fragmentation: International Relations in the 21. Century; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cronin, A.K.; 2002; ‘‘Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism’’; International Security; Volume 27; No.3; 30-58.
  • Duyvesteyn, I.; 2004; ‘‘How New is the New Terrorism?’’; Studies in Conflict&Terrorism; Volume 27; No.5; 439-454.
  • Garrison, A.; 2003; ‘‘ Terrorism: The Nature of its History’’, Criminal Justices Studies; Volume 16; No.1; 39-52.
  • El-Kaide bugün ortada duran en önemli örnek olmakla birlikte, önümüzdeki
  • dönemde başka örgütlerin de benzer yollara başvurmasına sıklıkla rastlanabilecektir.
  • Garrison, A.; 2004; ‘‘Defining Terrorism: Philosophy of the Bomb, Propaganda by Deed and Challenge through Fear and Violence’’; Criminal Justice Studies; Volume 17; No.3; 259-279.
  • Gearson, J.; 2002; ‘‘The Nature of Modern Terrorism’’; Political Quarterly; Volume 73; No.1; 7-24.
  • Gordon, A.; 2005; ‘‘Terrorism as and Academic Subject after 9/11: Searching the Internet Reveals, a Stockholm Syndrome Trend’’; Studies in Conflict and Terrorism; Volume 28; No.1; 45-59.
  • Gurr, T.; 1970; Why Men Rebel?; Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Gün, Ö.R.; 2000; ‘‘Uluslararası Terörizm: Dünya Savaşının Yeni Boyutu’’; Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; Cilt 2; No.4; 79-93.
  • Hill, C.; 1969; Reformation to Industrial Revolution; England: Penguin Books.
  • Hoffman, B.; 2003; ‘‘Al Qaeda, Trends in Terrorism, and Future Potentialitesi: An Assessment’’; Studies in Conflict and Terrorism; Volume 26; No.6; 429-442.
  • Holsti, K.J.; 1987; International Politics: A Framework for Analysis; New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  • Hurd, I.; 1999; ‘‘Legitimacy and Authority in International Relations’’, International Organization; Volume 53; No.2; 379-408.
  • Ignatieff, M.; 2004; The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror; Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jackson, R.; 2006; ‘‘Religion, Politics and Terrorism: A Critical Analysis of Narratives of ‘Islamic Terrorism’’’; Centre of International Politics Working Papers Series; No. 21; Manchester: University of Manchester.
  • Jenkins, B.; 1974; ‘‘International Terrorism: New Kind of Warfare’’, Rand Paper Series; No. P-5261; Santa Monica California.
  • Kahler, M.; 1998, ‘‘Rationality in International Relations’’, International Organization; Volume 52, No.4; 919-941.
  • Katzenstein, P.J.; 2003; ‘‘Same War-Different Views: Germany, Japan and Counterterrorism’’; International Organization; Volume 57; No.4; 731-760.
  • Kishore, N.; 1989; International Terrorism: A New Kind of Conflict; New Delhi: S. Chand&Company Ltd..
  • Krebs, R.R. ve J.K. Lobasz; 2007; ‘‘Fixing the Meaning of 9/11: Hegemony, Coercion and the Road to War in Iraq’’; Security Studies; Volume 16; No.3; 409-451.
  • Lacher, H.; 2003; ‘‘Putting the State in its Place: The Critique of State Centrism and its Limits’’; Review of International Studies; Volume 29; No.4; 521-543.
  • Mann, M.; 1997; ‘‘Has Globalization Ended the Rise and the Rise of the Nation State?’’; Review of International Political Economy; Volume 4; No.3; 472-496.
  • Mearsheimer, J.J.; 2001; The Tragedy of Great Power Politics; New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Morgenthau, H.J.; 1992; Politics Among Nations; New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Nacos, B.; 2006; Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding Threats and Responses in the Post-9/11 World; New York: Longman.
  • Perdue, W.D.; 1989; Terrorism and State: A Critique of Domination through Fear; New York: Praeger.
  • Posen, B.R.; 2001; ‘‘The Struggle Against Terrorism’’; International Security; Volume 26; No.2; 39-55.
  • Rapoport, D.C.; 1977; ‘‘Politics of Atrocity’’; İçinde: Y. Alexander ve S.M. Finger ed. Terrorism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives; New York: John Jay Press.
  • Rapoport, D.C.; 1984; ‘‘Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions’’; American Political Science Review; Volume 78; No.3; 658-677.
  • Rasler, K.A. ve W.R. Thompson; 1989; War and State Making: The Shaping of Global Powers; Boston: Unwin and Hyman.
  • Rosecrance, R.; 1999; The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century; New York: Basic Books.
  • Rotberg, R.I. ed.; 2003; State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror; Cambridge: World Peace Foundation Brookings Institutions Press.
  • Schmid, A.P.; 2004; ‘‘Frameworks for Conceptualizing Terrorism’’; Terrorism and Political Violence; Volume 16; No.2; 197-221.
  • Silke, A. ed.; 2004; Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achiements and Failures; London: Frank Cass..
  • Singer, D.J.; 1961; ‘‘The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations’’; World Politics; Volume 14; No.1; 77-92.
  • Stohl, M. ve G.A. Lopez ed.; 1984; The State as Terrorist; Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Taliaferro, J.W.; 2001; ‘‘Security Seeking under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited’’; International Security; Volume 25; No.3; 128- 161.
  • Tilly, C.; 1992; Coercion Capital and European States; Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Tilly, C.; 2004; ‘‘Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists’’; Sociological Review; Volume 22; No.1; 5-13.
  • Thomas, S.M.; 2005; Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations; New York: Palgrave.
  • Thomson, J.E. ve S.D. Krasner; 1989; ‘‘Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty’’; İçinde: Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau ed. Global Changes and Theoretical Challanges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s; Lexington KY: Lexington Books.
  • Waltz, K.N.; 1979; Theory of International Politics; New York: Random House.
  • Waltz, K.N.; 2000; ‘‘Structural Realism after the Cold War’’; International Security; Volume 25; No.1; 4-41.
  • Weber, M.; 1978; Economy and Society: An outline of Interpretive Sociology (edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, translated by Ephraim Fischoff); Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wendt, A.; 1999; Social Theory of International Politics; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wieviorka, M.; 2007; ‘‘From Classical Terrorism to ‘Global’ Terrorism’’; International Journal of Conflict and Violence; Volume 1; No.2; 92- 104.
  • Yusuf, S. ed.; 2000; Local Dynamics in an Era of Globalization: 21st Century Catalysts; Washington D.C.: The World Bank.

-

Year 2008, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 1 - 23, 01.06.2008

Davut Ateş

Abstract

After the occasion of September 11 in the United States there emerged a wide consensus that international relations came to a new stage. Accordingly, the view is widening, which claims that realism and its contemporary versions structural- assuming that international relations are composed of power politics among states and decisive actors in the anarchy are states are incapable, within its existing paradigm, to explain the phenomenon of terrorism acquiring global characteristics. In this paper, locus of terrorism in realist paradigm will be discussed; by following the example of September 11 it will be examined why global terrorism couldn’t be theoretically situated in the paradigm; and it will be tried to show that it is possible to conceptualize global terrorism within realism by reconsidering its certain assumptions

Keywords

Global Terrorism Structural Realism Agency Structure Anarchy

References

  • Abbott, K.W., R.O. Keohane, A. Moravcsik, A. Slaughter, ve D. Snidal; 2000; ‘‘The Concept of Legalization’’, International Organization; Volume 54; No.3; 401-419.
  • Akuhata-Brown, M.; 1999; Civil society at the Millennium; West Hartford: Kumarian Press.
  • Albrow, M.; 1997; The Global Age: State and Society beyong Modernity; Standford CA: Standford University Press.
  • Anderson, P.; 1974; Lineages of Absolutist State; London: Verso.
  • Bartley, C.M.; 2005; ‘‘The Art of Terrorism: What Sun Tzu can Teach us about International Terrorism’’; Comparative Strategy; Volume 24; No.3; 237-251.
  • Borum, R. ve M. Gelles; 2005; ‘‘Al-Qaeda’s Operational Evolution: Behavioural and Organizational Perspectives’’; Behavioural Sciences and Law; Volume 23; No.4; 467-483.
  • Boyer, R.; 1996; States Sgainst Markets: The Limits of Globalization; London: Routledge.
  • Buzan, B., C. Jones, ve R. Little; 1993; Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism; New York: Colombia University Press.
  • Chomsky, N.; 2002; ‘‘Who are the Global Terrorists?’’; İçinde: Ken Booth and Tim Dunne ed. Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Clark, I.; 1997; Globalization and Fragmentation: International Relations in the 21. Century; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cronin, A.K.; 2002; ‘‘Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism’’; International Security; Volume 27; No.3; 30-58.
  • Duyvesteyn, I.; 2004; ‘‘How New is the New Terrorism?’’; Studies in Conflict&Terrorism; Volume 27; No.5; 439-454.
  • Garrison, A.; 2003; ‘‘ Terrorism: The Nature of its History’’, Criminal Justices Studies; Volume 16; No.1; 39-52.
  • El-Kaide bugün ortada duran en önemli örnek olmakla birlikte, önümüzdeki
  • dönemde başka örgütlerin de benzer yollara başvurmasına sıklıkla rastlanabilecektir.
  • Garrison, A.; 2004; ‘‘Defining Terrorism: Philosophy of the Bomb, Propaganda by Deed and Challenge through Fear and Violence’’; Criminal Justice Studies; Volume 17; No.3; 259-279.
  • Gearson, J.; 2002; ‘‘The Nature of Modern Terrorism’’; Political Quarterly; Volume 73; No.1; 7-24.
  • Gordon, A.; 2005; ‘‘Terrorism as and Academic Subject after 9/11: Searching the Internet Reveals, a Stockholm Syndrome Trend’’; Studies in Conflict and Terrorism; Volume 28; No.1; 45-59.
  • Gurr, T.; 1970; Why Men Rebel?; Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Gün, Ö.R.; 2000; ‘‘Uluslararası Terörizm: Dünya Savaşının Yeni Boyutu’’; Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi; Cilt 2; No.4; 79-93.
  • Hill, C.; 1969; Reformation to Industrial Revolution; England: Penguin Books.
  • Hoffman, B.; 2003; ‘‘Al Qaeda, Trends in Terrorism, and Future Potentialitesi: An Assessment’’; Studies in Conflict and Terrorism; Volume 26; No.6; 429-442.
  • Holsti, K.J.; 1987; International Politics: A Framework for Analysis; New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.
  • Hurd, I.; 1999; ‘‘Legitimacy and Authority in International Relations’’, International Organization; Volume 53; No.2; 379-408.
  • Ignatieff, M.; 2004; The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror; Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jackson, R.; 2006; ‘‘Religion, Politics and Terrorism: A Critical Analysis of Narratives of ‘Islamic Terrorism’’’; Centre of International Politics Working Papers Series; No. 21; Manchester: University of Manchester.
  • Jenkins, B.; 1974; ‘‘International Terrorism: New Kind of Warfare’’, Rand Paper Series; No. P-5261; Santa Monica California.
  • Kahler, M.; 1998, ‘‘Rationality in International Relations’’, International Organization; Volume 52, No.4; 919-941.
  • Katzenstein, P.J.; 2003; ‘‘Same War-Different Views: Germany, Japan and Counterterrorism’’; International Organization; Volume 57; No.4; 731-760.
  • Kishore, N.; 1989; International Terrorism: A New Kind of Conflict; New Delhi: S. Chand&Company Ltd..
  • Krebs, R.R. ve J.K. Lobasz; 2007; ‘‘Fixing the Meaning of 9/11: Hegemony, Coercion and the Road to War in Iraq’’; Security Studies; Volume 16; No.3; 409-451.
  • Lacher, H.; 2003; ‘‘Putting the State in its Place: The Critique of State Centrism and its Limits’’; Review of International Studies; Volume 29; No.4; 521-543.
  • Mann, M.; 1997; ‘‘Has Globalization Ended the Rise and the Rise of the Nation State?’’; Review of International Political Economy; Volume 4; No.3; 472-496.
  • Mearsheimer, J.J.; 2001; The Tragedy of Great Power Politics; New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Morgenthau, H.J.; 1992; Politics Among Nations; New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Nacos, B.; 2006; Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding Threats and Responses in the Post-9/11 World; New York: Longman.
  • Perdue, W.D.; 1989; Terrorism and State: A Critique of Domination through Fear; New York: Praeger.
  • Posen, B.R.; 2001; ‘‘The Struggle Against Terrorism’’; International Security; Volume 26; No.2; 39-55.
  • Rapoport, D.C.; 1977; ‘‘Politics of Atrocity’’; İçinde: Y. Alexander ve S.M. Finger ed. Terrorism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives; New York: John Jay Press.
  • Rapoport, D.C.; 1984; ‘‘Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions’’; American Political Science Review; Volume 78; No.3; 658-677.
  • Rasler, K.A. ve W.R. Thompson; 1989; War and State Making: The Shaping of Global Powers; Boston: Unwin and Hyman.
  • Rosecrance, R.; 1999; The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century; New York: Basic Books.
  • Rotberg, R.I. ed.; 2003; State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror; Cambridge: World Peace Foundation Brookings Institutions Press.
  • Schmid, A.P.; 2004; ‘‘Frameworks for Conceptualizing Terrorism’’; Terrorism and Political Violence; Volume 16; No.2; 197-221.
  • Silke, A. ed.; 2004; Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achiements and Failures; London: Frank Cass..
  • Singer, D.J.; 1961; ‘‘The Level of Analysis Problem in International Relations’’; World Politics; Volume 14; No.1; 77-92.
  • Stohl, M. ve G.A. Lopez ed.; 1984; The State as Terrorist; Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Taliaferro, J.W.; 2001; ‘‘Security Seeking under Anarchy: Defensive Realism Revisited’’; International Security; Volume 25; No.3; 128- 161.
  • Tilly, C.; 1992; Coercion Capital and European States; Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Tilly, C.; 2004; ‘‘Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists’’; Sociological Review; Volume 22; No.1; 5-13.
  • Thomas, S.M.; 2005; Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations; New York: Palgrave.
  • Thomson, J.E. ve S.D. Krasner; 1989; ‘‘Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty’’; İçinde: Ernst-Otto Czempiel and James N. Rosenau ed. Global Changes and Theoretical Challanges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s; Lexington KY: Lexington Books.
  • Waltz, K.N.; 1979; Theory of International Politics; New York: Random House.
  • Waltz, K.N.; 2000; ‘‘Structural Realism after the Cold War’’; International Security; Volume 25; No.1; 4-41.
  • Weber, M.; 1978; Economy and Society: An outline of Interpretive Sociology (edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich, translated by Ephraim Fischoff); Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wendt, A.; 1999; Social Theory of International Politics; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wieviorka, M.; 2007; ‘‘From Classical Terrorism to ‘Global’ Terrorism’’; International Journal of Conflict and Violence; Volume 1; No.2; 92- 104.
  • Yusuf, S. ed.; 2000; Local Dynamics in an Era of Globalization: 21st Century Catalysts; Washington D.C.: The World Bank.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA73RY55DP
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Davut Ateş This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2008
Published in Issue Year 2008 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ateş, D. (2008). TERÖR VE YAPISAL GERÇEKÇİLİK: KÜRESEL ANARŞİDE AKTÖRLÜK İDDİASININ KURAMSAL AÇIKLAMASI. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 1-23.