Global Supply Chains and Transformation in the COVID-19 Era

Year 2020, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 1 - 16, 28.12.2020

Gülsün Nakıboğlu

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak started in China’s Wuhan region, a strategically important area in terms of global production, at the end of 2019 and quickly spread to the rest of the world and has since been declared a pandemic by the WHO. The coronavirus period, during which many precautions have been taken worldwide, such as social distancing and staying at home as well as the closing of businesses, halting production, and working from home, is considered to be the biggest global economic shock since the World War II. Due to China’s and Wuhan’s key role for many supply chains, the production disruptions in this region have been felt deeply by global supply chains. The impacts of this event on economies and supply chains worldwide have revealed certain faulty structures and prioritisations in globalized supply chains. For instance, offshoring production to low-cost regions as a cost reduction strategy; having lean supply chains that focus on short term costs instead of having lean processes; working with a single supplier/suppliers from the same geographical region are considered to be the reasons behind the inventory shortages that the world has experienced. Therefore, the current situation should be seen as a “black swan”, and how we tackle this crisis should be used as an opportunity to be prepared for any possible future crises. This paper first describes how and why the pandemic has affected supply chains; and then explains from which aspects supply chains should be restructured in order to decrease their vulnerability in the future.

Keywords

COVID-19, pandemic, global trade, globalization, Wuhan

COVID-19 Küresel Tedarik Zincirlerinde Yaşananlar ve Dönüşüm

Abstract

COVID-19, küresel üretim açısından önemli olan Çin’in Wuhan bölgesinde ortaya çıkmış, dünyanın birçok bölgesine hızla yayılmış, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından küresel salgın ilan edilmiştir. Dünya çapında sosyal mesafe ve eve kapanma önlemlerinin alındığı, işletmelerin kapandığı, üretimlerin durduğu ve insanların evden çalıştığı koronavirüs dönemi, 2. Dünya Savaşı’ndan beri en büyük küresel ekonomik şok olarak görülmektedir. Çin’in hammadde tedarikçisi, üretici ve pazar olarak dünya ticareti üzerindeki etkisi, çok büyükken, Wuhan bölgesinin dünya çapındaki birçok büyük işletme ve küresel tedarik zinciri için tedarikçi işletmeler bazında anahtar rolü, buradaki işletmelerde yaşanan üretim kesintisinin tüm dünyada tedarik zinciri kesintisi olarak hissedilmesine sebep olmuştur. Bu sürecin tüm dünyada ekonomiyi ve tedarik zincirlerini etkilemesi, aslında küreselleşen tedarik zincirlerinin bazı yanlış yapılanmalarını ve önceliklendirmelerini de ortaya çıkarmıştır. Örneğin yaşanan stok açıklarının sebepleri olarak, maliyet düşürme stratejisi olarak uygulanan üretimin düşük maliyetli bölgelere kaydırılması, süreçlerin yalınlığına değil kısa dönemlik maliyetlere odaklanan yalınlaştırılmış tedarik zincirleri, zincir boyunca düşük düzeyde stok bulundurmak, tek veya aynı coğrafik bölgeden tedarikçilerle çalışmak, veri görünürlüğü için çalışmamak gösterilmektedir. Dolayısıyla mevcut durum “siyah kuğu” olarak değerlendirilip, bu krizden çıkışın, gelecekte olası kriz durumlarına da hazır olma fırsatı olarak ele alınmak zorundadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle salgının tedarik zincirlerini nasıl ve neden etkilediği anlatılmış ardından da tedarik zincirlerinin gelecekte kırılganlıklarının azaltılması için hangi açılardan yeniden yapılandırılması gerektiği açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

COVID-19, pandemi, küresel ticaret, küreselleşme, Wuhan

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