Research Article
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Investigating Contact-induced Change in Heritage Turkish: A Study on the Use of Temporal -DIK Converbial Constructions

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 223 - 241, 26.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1047474

Abstract

This study presents an analysis of a contact-induced language change process
concerning temporal -DIK converbial constructions in the variety of Turkish spoken in
the Netherlands (henceforth, Dutch Turkish). This study particularly aims to
investigate whether these converbial constructions are prone to language change in
the speech production of the first and second generations of Dutch-Turkish speakers
within the framework of usage-based linguistics. In line with the research aims, this
study utilizes semi-structured interviews applied to three groups of participants:
Dutch-Turkish bilingual speakers from a first-generation background (n=11), Dutch-
Turkish bilingual speakers from a second-generation background (n=12) and a control
group of Turkish monolingual speakers (n=12). Analyses of the data obtained from the
three groups of participants reveal that the participants’ speech production of
converbial constructions indicates a linguistic change in converbial constructions in
the frequency of the use of converbs.

References

  • Akkuş, Mehmet. A usage-based investigation of converbial constructions in heritage speakers’ Turkish living in the Netherlands. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Ankara: Middle East Technical University, 2019.
  • Akoğlu, Gözde, and Yağmur, Kutlay. “First-language skills of bilingual Turkish immigrant children growing up in a Dutch submersion context”. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, vol. 19, no. 6, Taylor & Francis, May 2016, pp. 706-721. https://www.tandfonline.com/, doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2016.1181605
  • Backus, Ad. Two in One: Bilingual Speech of Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 1996.
  • Backus, Ad. Turkish as an immigrant language in Europe. In T.K. Bhatia, & W.C. Ritchie (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism (2nd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell, 2013, pp. 770-790.
  • Backus, Ad, and Yağmur, Kutlay. “Differences in Pragmatic Skills between Bilingual Turkish Immigrant Children in the Netherlands and Monolingual Peers”. International Journal of Bilingualism, vol. 23, no. 4, SAGE Publications, Aug. 2019, 817-830. https://journals.sagepub.com/, doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703455
  • Barlow, Michael, and Kemmer, Suzanne. (Eds.). Usage-based Models of Language. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2000.
  • Benmamoun, Elabbas, et al. Heritage languages and their speakers: Opportunities and challenges for linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 129-181.
  • Bybee, Joan. Language, Usage and Cognition. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Dąbrowska, Ewa. Heritage languages: A new laboratory for empirical linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics, 39(3-4), 2013, 195-201.
  • Doğruöz, Ayşe Seza, and Backus, Ad. Postverbal elements in immigrant Turkish: Evidence of change? International Journal of Bilingualism, 11, 2007, 185-220.
  • Doğruöz, Ayşe Seza, & Backus, Ad. Innovative constructions in Dutch Turkish: An assessment of ongoing contact-induced change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(1), 2009, 41-63.
  • Extra, Guus, et al. Tim Methodological considerations. In G. Extra, & K. Yağmur (Eds.), Urban Multilingualism in Europe: Immigrant Minority Languages at Home and School (pp. 109-132). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2004.
  • Haspelmath, Martin. The converb as a cross-linguistically valid category. In M. Haspelmath, & E. König (Eds.), Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Structure and Meaning of Adverbial Verb Forms –Adverbial Participals, Gerunds- (pp. 3-55). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Haugen, Einar. The Norwegian Language in
  • Heine, Bernd. Contact-induced word order change without worder change. In P. Siemund, & N. Kintana (Eds.), Language Contact and Contact Languages. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008.
  • Heine, Bernd, and Kuteva, Tania. On contact-induced grammaticalization. Studies in Languages, 27(3), 2003, 529-572.
  • Herkenrath, Annette. The acquisition of –DIK and its communicative range in monolingual versus bilingual constellations. In N. Demir & A. Menz (eds.), Turcology and Linguistics. Éva Ágnes Csató Festschrift (pp. 219-236). Ankara: Hacettepe University Publications, 2014.
  • Johanson, Lars. Structural Factors in Turkic Language Contacts. Curzon, 2002.
  • Kupisch, Tanja. A new term for a better distinction? A view from the higher end of the proficiency scale. Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 203-214.
  • Langacker, Ronald W. Concept, Image and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
  • Matras, Yaron. Language Contact. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Matras, Yaron. Contact, convergence, and typology. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Handbook of Language Contact, (pp. 66-85). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.
  • Meir, Natalia, and Polinsky, Maria. Restructuring in heritage grammars: Adjective-noun and numeral-noun expressions in Israeli Russian. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 11(2), 2021, 222-258.
  • Meisel, Jürgen M. Heritage language learners: Unprecedented opportunities for the study of grammars and their development? Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 225- 236.
  • Muysken, Pieter. Challenges of comparability. Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 237- 239.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. Contact Linguistics: Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Onar Valk, Pelin. Transformation in Dutch Turkish Subordination? Converging Evidence of Change Regarding Finiteness and Word Order in Complex Clauses. Doctoral Dissertation. Utrecht: LOT, 2015.
  • Ramstedt, Gustav John. Über die Konjugation des Khalkha-Mongolischen. Otto Zeller, 1903.
  • Rehbein, Jochen, and Herkenrath, Annette. Converbs in monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ Turkish. Turkish in Germany – On contact-induced language change of an immigrant language in the multilingual landscape of Europe. In D. Zeyrek, Ç. Sağın
  • Şimşek, U. Ataş, & J. Rehbein (eds.), Ankara Papers in Turkish and Turkic Linguistics, Turcologica 103, (pp. 493-513.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015.
  • Rothman, Jason, and Treffers-Daller, Jeanine. A Prolegomenon to the Construct of the Native Speaker: Heritage Speaker Bilinguals are Natives Too! Applied Linguistics, 35, 2014, 93-98.
  • Sankoff, David, and Poplack, Shana. A formal grammar for code-switching. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 14(1), 1981, 3-45.
  • Siemund, Peter. Language contact: Constraints and common paths of contact-induced language change. In P. Siemund & N. Kintana (Eds.), Language Contact and Contact Languages (pp. 3-11). John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008.
  • Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. The gradual loss of mood distinctions in Los Angeles Spanish. Language Variation and Change, 6(3), 1994, 255-272.
  • Thomason, Sarah Grey. Language Contact. Edinburgh University Press, 2001.
  • Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Kaufman, Terrence. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. University of California Press, 1988.
  • Turan, Dilek, et al. Looking for contact-induced language change: Converbs in heritage Turkish. International Journal of Bilingualism. 24 (5-6), 2020, 1035-1048.
  • Van Rijswijk, Remy. The strength of a weaker first language - Language production and comprehension by Turkish heritage speakers in the Netherlands. Doctoral Dissertation. Utrecht: LOT, 2016.
  • Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague: Mouton 1964 [1953].
  • Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing, 2003.

Miras Dil Olarak Türkçede Değinim-Kaynaklı Değişimi İnceleme: Zaman Ulacı -DIK’ın Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Çalışma

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 223 - 241, 26.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1047474

Abstract

Bu çalışma Hollanda’da yaşayan Türkçe-Hollandaca iki dilli bireyler tarafından
konuşulan Türkçe değişkesinde kullanılan zaman ulacı -DIK yapısını incelemektedir.
Bu çalışma kapsamında Hollandaca-Türkçe iki dilli bireylerin kullandığı Türkçede
zaman ulaç eki -DIK yapıları incelenmekte ve bu iki dilli ortamda söz konusu Türkçe
ulaç yapısının, Hollandacanın etkisiyle, dilbilgisel bir değişim içinde olup olmadığı
kullanım tabanlı dilbilim kuramı çerçevesinde sorgulanmaktadır. Bu araştırma
amaçları için Hollandaca-Türkçe iki dilli ve Türkçe tek dilli katılımcılardan yarıyapılandırılmış
görüşmeler aracılığıyla veri toplanmıştır. Üç farklı katılımcı grubundan
veri toplanmıştır. Grup 1’de yer alan 11 katılımcı Hollanda’ya çalışmak amaçlı giden
birinci nesil Hollandaca-Türkçe iki dilli bireylerden oluşurken Grup 2’deki katılımcılar
Hollanda’da doğup büyüyen ve ikinci nesil içerisinde değerlendiren 12 iki dilliden oluşmaktadır. Hollanda’da toplanan verinin karşılaştırılması amacıyla Türkiye’de
katılımcıların göç ettikleri illerdeki 11 tek dilli Türkçe konuşurundan da veri
toplanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler; ulaç kullanım biçimleri bağlamında
inceleneceğinden öncelikle beş Türkçe-Hollandaca iki dilli ve beş Türkçe tek dilli
katılımcının günlük yaşamları içerisinde, farklı dilsel bağlamlarda, kullandıkları sözlü
iletişimleri ses-kaydı yapılarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde
Hollanda’da yaşayan Hollandaca-Türkçe iki dilli bireylerin kullanım bağlamında ulaçlı
yapıların Türkçe tek dilli katılımcılara göre daha az kullandıkları ve kullanım türleri
bağlamında ise devam eden değinim-odaklı bir değişimin var olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

References

  • Akkuş, Mehmet. A usage-based investigation of converbial constructions in heritage speakers’ Turkish living in the Netherlands. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Ankara: Middle East Technical University, 2019.
  • Akoğlu, Gözde, and Yağmur, Kutlay. “First-language skills of bilingual Turkish immigrant children growing up in a Dutch submersion context”. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, vol. 19, no. 6, Taylor & Francis, May 2016, pp. 706-721. https://www.tandfonline.com/, doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2016.1181605
  • Backus, Ad. Two in One: Bilingual Speech of Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 1996.
  • Backus, Ad. Turkish as an immigrant language in Europe. In T.K. Bhatia, & W.C. Ritchie (Eds.), The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism (2nd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell, 2013, pp. 770-790.
  • Backus, Ad, and Yağmur, Kutlay. “Differences in Pragmatic Skills between Bilingual Turkish Immigrant Children in the Netherlands and Monolingual Peers”. International Journal of Bilingualism, vol. 23, no. 4, SAGE Publications, Aug. 2019, 817-830. https://journals.sagepub.com/, doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703455
  • Barlow, Michael, and Kemmer, Suzanne. (Eds.). Usage-based Models of Language. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2000.
  • Benmamoun, Elabbas, et al. Heritage languages and their speakers: Opportunities and challenges for linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 129-181.
  • Bybee, Joan. Language, Usage and Cognition. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Dąbrowska, Ewa. Heritage languages: A new laboratory for empirical linguistics. Theoretical Linguistics, 39(3-4), 2013, 195-201.
  • Doğruöz, Ayşe Seza, and Backus, Ad. Postverbal elements in immigrant Turkish: Evidence of change? International Journal of Bilingualism, 11, 2007, 185-220.
  • Doğruöz, Ayşe Seza, & Backus, Ad. Innovative constructions in Dutch Turkish: An assessment of ongoing contact-induced change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(1), 2009, 41-63.
  • Extra, Guus, et al. Tim Methodological considerations. In G. Extra, & K. Yağmur (Eds.), Urban Multilingualism in Europe: Immigrant Minority Languages at Home and School (pp. 109-132). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2004.
  • Haspelmath, Martin. The converb as a cross-linguistically valid category. In M. Haspelmath, & E. König (Eds.), Converbs in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Structure and Meaning of Adverbial Verb Forms –Adverbial Participals, Gerunds- (pp. 3-55). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Haugen, Einar. The Norwegian Language in
  • Heine, Bernd. Contact-induced word order change without worder change. In P. Siemund, & N. Kintana (Eds.), Language Contact and Contact Languages. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008.
  • Heine, Bernd, and Kuteva, Tania. On contact-induced grammaticalization. Studies in Languages, 27(3), 2003, 529-572.
  • Herkenrath, Annette. The acquisition of –DIK and its communicative range in monolingual versus bilingual constellations. In N. Demir & A. Menz (eds.), Turcology and Linguistics. Éva Ágnes Csató Festschrift (pp. 219-236). Ankara: Hacettepe University Publications, 2014.
  • Johanson, Lars. Structural Factors in Turkic Language Contacts. Curzon, 2002.
  • Kupisch, Tanja. A new term for a better distinction? A view from the higher end of the proficiency scale. Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 203-214.
  • Langacker, Ronald W. Concept, Image and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar. Mouton de Gruyter, 1991.
  • Matras, Yaron. Language Contact. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Matras, Yaron. Contact, convergence, and typology. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Handbook of Language Contact, (pp. 66-85). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.
  • Meir, Natalia, and Polinsky, Maria. Restructuring in heritage grammars: Adjective-noun and numeral-noun expressions in Israeli Russian. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 11(2), 2021, 222-258.
  • Meisel, Jürgen M. Heritage language learners: Unprecedented opportunities for the study of grammars and their development? Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 225- 236.
  • Muysken, Pieter. Challenges of comparability. Theoretical Linguistics, 39, 2013, 237- 239.
  • Myers-Scotton, Carol. Contact Linguistics: Bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Onar Valk, Pelin. Transformation in Dutch Turkish Subordination? Converging Evidence of Change Regarding Finiteness and Word Order in Complex Clauses. Doctoral Dissertation. Utrecht: LOT, 2015.
  • Ramstedt, Gustav John. Über die Konjugation des Khalkha-Mongolischen. Otto Zeller, 1903.
  • Rehbein, Jochen, and Herkenrath, Annette. Converbs in monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ Turkish. Turkish in Germany – On contact-induced language change of an immigrant language in the multilingual landscape of Europe. In D. Zeyrek, Ç. Sağın
  • Şimşek, U. Ataş, & J. Rehbein (eds.), Ankara Papers in Turkish and Turkic Linguistics, Turcologica 103, (pp. 493-513.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015.
  • Rothman, Jason, and Treffers-Daller, Jeanine. A Prolegomenon to the Construct of the Native Speaker: Heritage Speaker Bilinguals are Natives Too! Applied Linguistics, 35, 2014, 93-98.
  • Sankoff, David, and Poplack, Shana. A formal grammar for code-switching. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 14(1), 1981, 3-45.
  • Siemund, Peter. Language contact: Constraints and common paths of contact-induced language change. In P. Siemund & N. Kintana (Eds.), Language Contact and Contact Languages (pp. 3-11). John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008.
  • Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. The gradual loss of mood distinctions in Los Angeles Spanish. Language Variation and Change, 6(3), 1994, 255-272.
  • Thomason, Sarah Grey. Language Contact. Edinburgh University Press, 2001.
  • Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Kaufman, Terrence. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. University of California Press, 1988.
  • Turan, Dilek, et al. Looking for contact-induced language change: Converbs in heritage Turkish. International Journal of Bilingualism. 24 (5-6), 2020, 1035-1048.
  • Van Rijswijk, Remy. The strength of a weaker first language - Language production and comprehension by Turkish heritage speakers in the Netherlands. Doctoral Dissertation. Utrecht: LOT, 2016.
  • Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague: Mouton 1964 [1953].
  • Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Language Studies, Linguistics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Akkuş This is me 0000-0002-9604-1418

Çiğdem Sağın Şimşek 0000-0002-5234-7546

Albert M. Backus This is me 0000-0001-8596-8915

Publication Date December 26, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akkuş, M., Sağın Şimşek, Ç., & Backus, A. M. (2021). Investigating Contact-induced Change in Heritage Turkish: A Study on the Use of Temporal -DIK Converbial Constructions. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 15(2), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1047474

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