Research Article
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Examination of the Properties of 70/100 Bitumen Modified with Activated Carbon

Year 2026, Volume: 22 Issue: 1 , 76 - 85 , 30.03.2026

Öznur Karadağ , Gizem Kaçaroğlu , Mehmet Saltan

https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417
https://izlik.org/JA74WR47AE

Abstract

The volatile organic compounds are dispersed from asphalt fume to air during the construction of the pavement. These volatile organic compounds negatively affect the environment and the health of workers. Activated carbon is utilized to enhance the properties of bitumen and mitigate the impact of volatile organic compounds. In this study, the impacts of commercial activated carbon on the physical properties’ of 70/100 bitumen were examined. 70/100 bitumen was modified for 1 hour at 2000 rpm and 150 ˚C with commercial activated carbon (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4%) using a high-speed mixer. Conventional bitumen tests (penetration, softening point and rotational viscometer) were performed on bitumen modified with activated carbon. Penetration index of modified bitumen was calculated. The findings indicate that the incorporation of activated carbon into 70/100 bitumen results in a decline in penetration values of all modified bitumen, accompanied by an increase in softening point and viscometer values. The storage stability test was conducted to determine the separation that may occur in the bitumen-commercial activated carbon phase and to determine its storability at high temperatures in modified bitumen tankers. Since activated carbon, added to 70/100 bitumen has little effect on the physical properties of modified bitumen, it is thought that activated carbon ratios in bitumen modification should be increased.

Keywords

: Activated carbon bitumen modification conventional bitumen tests storage stability

References

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  • [19]. Erdem, Eİ. Activated carbon production from biomass and use of activated carbon as catalyst support material; Master’s Thesis, Eskişehir Technical University, Türkiye, 2020, pp 62.
  • [20]. Czerwinska, N, Giosue, C, Matos, I, Sabbatini, S, Ruello, ML, Bernardo, M. 2024. Development of activated carbons derived from wastes: coffee grounds and olive stones as potential porous materials for air depollution. Science of the Total Environment; 914: 169898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169898.
  • [21]. Çuhadar, Ç. Production and characterization of activated carbon from hazelnut shell and hazelnut husk. Master’s Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Türkiye, 2020, pp 110.
  • [22]. Şen, N. Production of activated carbon from hazelnut shell and its characterization. Master’s Thesis, Fırat University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Türkiye, 2009, pp 84.
  • [23]. Sayın, ZE, Kumaş, C, Ergül, B. 2016. Activated carbon production from hazelnut shells. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering; 16(2): 409-419. https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.28129.
  • [24]. Li, L, Wu, S, Liu, G, Cao, T, Amirkhanian, S. 2017. Effect of organo-montmorillonite nanoclay on VOCs inhibition of bitumen. Construction and Building Materials; 146: 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.040.
  • [25]. Zhou, X, Moghaddam, TB, Chen, M, Wu, S, Adhikari, S. 2020. Biochar removes volatile organic compounds generated from asphalt. Science of the Total Environment; 745: 141096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141096.
  • [26]. Gasthauer, E, Mazé, M, Marchand, JP, Amouroux, J. 2008. Characterization of asphalt fume composition by GC/MS and effect of temperature. Fuel; 87(7): 1428-1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.025.
  • [27]. Cui, P, Wu, S, Li, F, Xiao, Y, Zhang, H. 2014. Investigation on using SBS and active carbon filler to reduce the VOC emission from bituminous materials. Materials; 7(9): 6130-6143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096130.
  • [28]. Long, Y, Wu, S, Xiao, Y, Cui, P, Zhou, H. 2018. VOCs reduction and inhibition mechanisms of using active carbon filler in bituminous materials. Journal of Cleaner Production; 181: 784-793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.222.
  • [29]. Cui, P, Schito, G, Cui, Q. 2020. VOC emissions from asphalt pavement and health risks to construction workers. Journal of Cleaner Production; 244: 118757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118757.
  • [30]. Xiao, Y, Wan, M, Jenkins, KJ, Wu, SP, Cui, PQ. 2017. Using activated carbon to reduce the volatile organic compounds from bituminous materials. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering; 29(10): 04017166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002024.
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  • [32]. Bostancioğlu, M, Oruç, Ş. 2016. Effect of activated carbon and furan resin on asphalt mixture performance. Road Materials and Pavement Design; 17(2): 512-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1092465.
  • [33]. Ani, OJ, Shafabakhsh, G, Mirabdolazimi, SM. 2024. Investigation of rheological characteristics of powered activated carbon modified bitumen for use in self-healing mechanism of asphalt concrete. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering; 12(2): 58-68. https://doi.org/10.22075/JRCE.2022.26176.1610.
  • [34]. Mamat, R, Hainin, MR, Hassan, NA, Abdulrahman, S, Kamarudin, SNN. 2024. Impact of coconut shell carbon and activated carbon on bitumen’s physical and rheological properties. Available at SSRN 4925748.
  • [35]. Yalcin, E, Ince, R, Yilmaz, M. 2025. Exploring activated carbon as an alternative to SBS in asphalt mixtures: performance and fatigue analysis. Alexandria Engineering Journal; 121: 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.078.
  • [36]. Bostancioğlu, M, Oruç, Ş. 2017. Optimizing activated carbon size and ratio in bitumen modification. Gradevinar; 69(3): 215-220. https://doi.org/10.14256/jce.1461.2015.
  • [37]. Karimi, MM, Jahanbakhsh, H, Jahangiri, B, Nejad, FM. 2018. Induced heating-healing characterization of activated carbon modified asphalt concrete under microwave radiation. Construction and Building Materials; 178: 254-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.012.
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  • [43]. Adnan, AM, Luo, X, Lü, C, Wang, J, Huang Z. 2020. Physical properties of graphene-oxide modified asphalt and performance analysis of its mixtures using response surface methodology. International Journal of Pavement Engineering; 23(5): 1378-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1804061.
  • [44]. Seyrek, EŞ, Yalcin, E, Yilmaz, M, Kök, BV, Arslanoğlu, H. 2020. Effect of activated carbon obtained from vinasse and marc on the rheological and mechanical characteristics of the bitumen binders and hot mix asphalts. Construction and Building Materials; 240: 117921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117921.
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Year 2026, Volume: 22 Issue: 1 , 76 - 85 , 30.03.2026

Öznur Karadağ , Gizem Kaçaroğlu , Mehmet Saltan

https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417
https://izlik.org/JA74WR47AE

Abstract

References

  • [1]. Akyıldız, H. Production of activated carbon from olive stones with H3PO4 activation; Master's Thesis, İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye, 2007, pp 130.
  • [2]. Mamat, RB. Performance of bitumen improved with coconut shell activated carbon additives; Doctoral Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, 2023, pp 161.
  • [3]. Chowdhury, ZZ, Hamid, SBA, Das, R, Hasan, MR, Zain, SM, Khalid, K, Uddin, MN. 2013. Preparation of carbonaceous adsorbents from lignocellulosic biomass and their use in removal of contaminants from aqueous solution. Bioresources; 8(4): 6523-6555. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.4.6523-6555.
  • [4]. Nagano, S, Tamon, H, Adzumi, T, Nakagawa, K, Suzuki, T. 2000. Activated carbon from municipal waste. Carbon; 38(6): 915-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00208-0.
  • [5]. Yahya, MA, Mansor, MH, Zolkarnaini, WAAW, Rusli, NS, Aminuddin, A, Mohamad, K, Sabhan, FAM, Atik, AAA, Ozair, LN. 2018. A brief review on activated carbon derived from agriculture by-product. AIP Conference Proceedings; 1972(1): 030023. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041244.
  • [6]. Morin-Crini, N, Loiacono, S, Placet, V, Torri, G, Bradu, C, Kostić, M, Cosentino, C, Chanet, G, Martel, B, Lichtfouse, E, Crini, G. 2019. Hemp-based adsorbents for sequestration of metals: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters; 17: 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0812-x.
  • [7]. Heidarinejad, Z, Dehghani, MH, Heidari, M, Javedan, G, Ali, I, Sillanpää, M. 2020. Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters; 18: 393-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00955-0.
  • [8]. Ahmadpour, A, Do, DD. 1996. The preparation of active carbons from coal by chemical and physical activation. Carbon; 34(4): 471-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00204-9.
  • [9]. Fadaei, Z, Daraei, A, Pakravan, P. 2024. Adsorptive removal of heavy metals by utilizing activated carbon derived from natural bitumen. Journal of Water and Wastewater; 35(4): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.22093/wwi.2025.487432.3447.
  • [10]. Abuelnoor, N, Alhajaj, A, Khaleel, M, Vega, LF, Abu-Zahra, MRM. 2021. Activated carbon from biomass-based sources for CO2 capture applications. Chemosphere; 282: 131111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131111.
  • [11]. Williams, PT, Reed, AR. 2006. Development of activated carbon pore structure via physical and chemical activation of biomass fibre waste. Biomass and Bioenergy; 30(2): 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.11.006.
  • [12]. Demiral, H, Demiral, İ. 2008. Surface properties of activated carbon prepared from wastes. Surface and Interface Analysis: An International Journal Devoted to the Development and Application of Techniques for the Analysis of Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films; 40(3‐4): 612-615. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.2716.
  • [13]. Orbak, İ. Removal of environmental pollutants by using activated carbon; Doctoral Thesis, İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, Türkiye, 2009, pp 227.
  • [14]. Baker, FS, Miller, CE, Repik, AJ, Tolles, ED. 2000. Activated carbon. In: Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1st edn. Wiley, New York, 2000.
  • [15]. Hayashi, JI, Kazehaya, A, Muroyama, K, Watkinson, AP. 2000. Preparation of activated carbon from lignin by chemical activation. Carbon; 38(13): 1873-1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00027-0.
  • [16]. Bouchelta, C, Medjram, MS, Bertrand, O, Bellat, JP. 2008. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from date stones by physical activation with steam. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis; 82(1): 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2007.12.009.
  • [17]. Cazetta, AL, Vargas, AM, Nogami, EM, Kunita, MH, Guilherme, MR, Martins, AC, Silva, TL, Moraes, JCG, Almeida, VC. 2011. NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from coconut shell: Kinetics and equilibrium studies from the methylene blue adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal; 174(1): 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.08.058.
  • [18]. Yagmur, E, Gokce, Y, Tekin, S, Semerci, NI, Aktas, Z. 2020. Characteristics and comparison of activated carbons prepared from oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fruit using KOH and ZnCl2. Fuel; 267: 117232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117232.
  • [19]. Erdem, Eİ. Activated carbon production from biomass and use of activated carbon as catalyst support material; Master’s Thesis, Eskişehir Technical University, Türkiye, 2020, pp 62.
  • [20]. Czerwinska, N, Giosue, C, Matos, I, Sabbatini, S, Ruello, ML, Bernardo, M. 2024. Development of activated carbons derived from wastes: coffee grounds and olive stones as potential porous materials for air depollution. Science of the Total Environment; 914: 169898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169898.
  • [21]. Çuhadar, Ç. Production and characterization of activated carbon from hazelnut shell and hazelnut husk. Master’s Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Türkiye, 2020, pp 110.
  • [22]. Şen, N. Production of activated carbon from hazelnut shell and its characterization. Master’s Thesis, Fırat University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Türkiye, 2009, pp 84.
  • [23]. Sayın, ZE, Kumaş, C, Ergül, B. 2016. Activated carbon production from hazelnut shells. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering; 16(2): 409-419. https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.28129.
  • [24]. Li, L, Wu, S, Liu, G, Cao, T, Amirkhanian, S. 2017. Effect of organo-montmorillonite nanoclay on VOCs inhibition of bitumen. Construction and Building Materials; 146: 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.040.
  • [25]. Zhou, X, Moghaddam, TB, Chen, M, Wu, S, Adhikari, S. 2020. Biochar removes volatile organic compounds generated from asphalt. Science of the Total Environment; 745: 141096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141096.
  • [26]. Gasthauer, E, Mazé, M, Marchand, JP, Amouroux, J. 2008. Characterization of asphalt fume composition by GC/MS and effect of temperature. Fuel; 87(7): 1428-1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.025.
  • [27]. Cui, P, Wu, S, Li, F, Xiao, Y, Zhang, H. 2014. Investigation on using SBS and active carbon filler to reduce the VOC emission from bituminous materials. Materials; 7(9): 6130-6143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096130.
  • [28]. Long, Y, Wu, S, Xiao, Y, Cui, P, Zhou, H. 2018. VOCs reduction and inhibition mechanisms of using active carbon filler in bituminous materials. Journal of Cleaner Production; 181: 784-793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.222.
  • [29]. Cui, P, Schito, G, Cui, Q. 2020. VOC emissions from asphalt pavement and health risks to construction workers. Journal of Cleaner Production; 244: 118757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118757.
  • [30]. Xiao, Y, Wan, M, Jenkins, KJ, Wu, SP, Cui, PQ. 2017. Using activated carbon to reduce the volatile organic compounds from bituminous materials. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering; 29(10): 04017166. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002024.
  • [31]. Yılmaz, B. 2021. Investigation of physical and rheological properties of magnetic activated carbon modified bitumen. Fırat University Journal of Engineering Science; 33(2): 491-505. https://doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.865600.
  • [32]. Bostancioğlu, M, Oruç, Ş. 2016. Effect of activated carbon and furan resin on asphalt mixture performance. Road Materials and Pavement Design; 17(2): 512-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1092465.
  • [33]. Ani, OJ, Shafabakhsh, G, Mirabdolazimi, SM. 2024. Investigation of rheological characteristics of powered activated carbon modified bitumen for use in self-healing mechanism of asphalt concrete. Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering; 12(2): 58-68. https://doi.org/10.22075/JRCE.2022.26176.1610.
  • [34]. Mamat, R, Hainin, MR, Hassan, NA, Abdulrahman, S, Kamarudin, SNN. 2024. Impact of coconut shell carbon and activated carbon on bitumen’s physical and rheological properties. Available at SSRN 4925748.
  • [35]. Yalcin, E, Ince, R, Yilmaz, M. 2025. Exploring activated carbon as an alternative to SBS in asphalt mixtures: performance and fatigue analysis. Alexandria Engineering Journal; 121: 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.078.
  • [36]. Bostancioğlu, M, Oruç, Ş. 2017. Optimizing activated carbon size and ratio in bitumen modification. Gradevinar; 69(3): 215-220. https://doi.org/10.14256/jce.1461.2015.
  • [37]. Karimi, MM, Jahanbakhsh, H, Jahangiri, B, Nejad, FM. 2018. Induced heating-healing characterization of activated carbon modified asphalt concrete under microwave radiation. Construction and Building Materials; 178: 254-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.012.
  • [38]. McKight, PE, Najab, V. Kruskal-Wallis Test. In: The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1st edn. Wiley, New York, 2010.
  • [39]. Zeng, W, Wu, S, Pang, L, Sun, Y, Chen Z. 2017. The utilization of graphene oxide in traditional construction materials: asphalt. Materials; 10(1): 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010048.
  • [40]. He, J, Hu, W, Xiao, R, Wang, Y, Polaczyk, P, Huang, B. 2022. A review on graphene/GNPs/GO modified asphalt. Construction and Building Materials; 330: 127222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127222.
  • [41]. Adnan, AM, Luo, X, Lü, C, Wang, J, Huang, Z. 2020. Improving mechanics behavior of hot mix asphalt using graphene-oxide. Construction and Building Materials; 254: 119261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119261.
  • [42]. Zhu, J, Zhang, K, Liu, K, Shi, X. 2019. Performance of hot and warm mix asphalt mixtures enhanced by nano-sized graphene oxide. Construction and Building Materials; 217: 273-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.054.
  • [43]. Adnan, AM, Luo, X, Lü, C, Wang, J, Huang Z. 2020. Physical properties of graphene-oxide modified asphalt and performance analysis of its mixtures using response surface methodology. International Journal of Pavement Engineering; 23(5): 1378-1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1804061.
  • [44]. Seyrek, EŞ, Yalcin, E, Yilmaz, M, Kök, BV, Arslanoğlu, H. 2020. Effect of activated carbon obtained from vinasse and marc on the rheological and mechanical characteristics of the bitumen binders and hot mix asphalts. Construction and Building Materials; 240: 117921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117921.
  • [45]. Bala, N, Kamaruddin, I, Napiah, M, Danlami, N. 2017. Rheological and rutting evaluation of composite nanosilica/polyethylene modified bitumen. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 201(1): 012012. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/201/1/012012.
  • [46]. Gan, X, Zhang, W. 2021. Application of biochar from crop straw in asphalt modification. Plos One; 16(2): e0247390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247390.
  • [47]. Abo-Shanab, ZL, Ragab, AA, Naguib, HM. 2021. Improved dynamic mechanical properties of sustainable bio-modified asphalt using agriculture waste. International Journal of Pavement Engineering; 22(7): 905-911. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1652301.
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There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Construction Materials
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Öznur Karadağ 0000-0003-0755-5626

Gizem Kaçaroğlu 0000-0002-5734-7131

Mehmet Saltan 0000-0001-6221-4918

Submission Date April 20, 2025
Acceptance Date November 27, 2025
Publication Date March 30, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417
IZ https://izlik.org/JA74WR47AE
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karadağ, Ö., Kaçaroğlu, G., & Saltan, M. (2026). Examination of the Properties of 70/100 Bitumen Modified with Activated Carbon. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, 22(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417
AMA 1.Karadağ Ö, Kaçaroğlu G, Saltan M. Examination of the Properties of 70/100 Bitumen Modified with Activated Carbon. CBUJOS. 2026;22(1):76-85. doi:10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417
Chicago Karadağ, Öznur, Gizem Kaçaroğlu, and Mehmet Saltan. 2026. “Examination of the Properties of 70 100 Bitumen Modified With Activated Carbon”. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science 22 (1): 76-85. https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417.
EndNote Karadağ Ö, Kaçaroğlu G, Saltan M (March 1, 2026) Examination of the Properties of 70/100 Bitumen Modified with Activated Carbon. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science 22 1 76–85.
IEEE [1]Ö. Karadağ, G. Kaçaroğlu, and M. Saltan, “Examination of the Properties of 70/100 Bitumen Modified with Activated Carbon”, CBUJOS, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 76–85, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417.
ISNAD Karadağ, Öznur - Kaçaroğlu, Gizem - Saltan, Mehmet. “Examination of the Properties of 70 100 Bitumen Modified With Activated Carbon”. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science 22/1 (March 1, 2026): 76-85. https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417.
JAMA 1.Karadağ Ö, Kaçaroğlu G, Saltan M. Examination of the Properties of 70/100 Bitumen Modified with Activated Carbon. CBUJOS. 2026;22:76–85.
MLA Karadağ, Öznur, et al. “Examination of the Properties of 70 100 Bitumen Modified With Activated Carbon”. Celal Bayar University Journal of Science, vol. 22, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 76-85, doi:10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417.
Vancouver 1.Öznur Karadağ, Gizem Kaçaroğlu, Mehmet Saltan. Examination of the Properties of 70/100 Bitumen Modified with Activated Carbon. CBUJOS. 2026 Mar. 1;22(1):76-85. doi:10.18466/cbayarfbe.1680417